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AMRIKOI LOTINI

Hususiyathoi khosi tabiat va aholii mintaqa kadomhoand? CHaro darajai rushdi davlathoi Amrikoi Lotini nisbat ba mamlakathoi ru ba inkishofi Osiyo va Afriqo farq mekunad? Sabab dar chist?

Amrikoi Lotini tamomi Amrikoi Janubi, yak qismi Amrikoi SHimoli, ba samti janub az daryoi Rio-Grand, az jumla Meksika, Amrikoi Markazi, inchunin kishvarhoi jaziravii havzai bahri Karibro dar bar megirad.

Amrikoi Lotini khususiyathoi khosi joygirshavii geografii khudro dorad. On dar bayni uqyonushoi Orom va Atlantik joygir ast, ki in uqyonusho tavassuti kanali Panama payvast shudaand. Rohi baromad ba Uqyonusi Jahoni baroi mamlakathoi mintaqa (gayr az Boliviya va Paragvay) na tanho dar robitahoi bayni kishvarhoi dokhili mintaqa, inchunin dar aloqahoi bayni mamlakathoi mintaqahoi qitahoi digar naqshi buzurg dorad.

Gunogunii sharoit va sarvathoi tabiii Amrikoi Lotini ba hududi vase tul kashida az biyobonhoi subtropikii nimkurai SHimoli to mintaqai mutadili nimkurai Janubi, mintaqanokii amudi (vertikali), mavjudiyati silsilakuhhoi And, pastihoi nihoyat vase va sufakuhho vobastagi dorad.

Mintaqa zakhirahoi buzurgi tabii dorad. Az jihati tamin budan bo zakhirahoi ob Amrikoi Lotini dar jahon zinai avvalro ishgol menamoyad. Solhoi okhir istifodai zakhirahoi boyi gidroenergetiki avj girift. Dar sarhadi Paragvay va Braziliya yake az kalontarin komplekshoi gidroenergetiki dar dunyo dar daryoi Parana sokhta shudaast. Zaminhoi nisbatan serhosil dar pastii La-Plata (Pampa) pahn shudaand. Jangalzori hameshasabzi tropiki maydoni vasero

ishgol mekunad, ki solhoi okhir masohati on bo surati baland mahdud shuda istodaast.

Dar tarkibi zamini Amrikoi Lotini beshazor bartari dorad (50%).

Amrikoi Lotini az madanhoi tabii boy ast. Bakhusus zakhirahoi nafti Meksika, Venesuela, Ekvador; madani ohani Braziliya, Venesuela, Boliviya, boksithoi YAmayka, Surinam, Braziliya, misi CHili, Peru, Meksika va gayra.

Amrikoi Lotini mintaqahoero Dar bar megiraD, ki bo zakhirahoi ob, zamin va ashyoi khomi minerali tamin meboshand.

Aholii Amrikoi Lotini chi guna khususiyathoi khosi khudro dorad?

Tarkibi etnikii aholii Amrikoi Lotini nihoyat gunogun ast. Aholii tahjoyii in mintaqa khalqiyat va millathoi gunoguni hinduhoi mahalli meboshand. Dar natijai ba mustamlika tabdil dodani kishvarhoi mintaqa, barobari afzudani kreolho (naslhoi aslii ispaniho), shumorai metisho niz afzud (metisho dar natijai omekhtashavii safedpustho bo hinduhoi mahalli paydo shudand). Mustamlikadoron baroi kor dar maydoni kishtzorhoi ziroathoi tropiki az Afriqo zangihoi gulomro ovardand. Omekhtashavii avrupoiho bo zangiho boisi ba vujud omadani khalqiyathoi guruhi mulatho shud. YAk guruh gulomoni zangi, ki ba kori nihoyat purmashaqqat tob nameovardand, ba dokhili beshazorho gurekhta, bo qabilahoi hinduho yakjoya meshudand. Omekhtashavii onho boisi ba vujud omadani qabilahoi guruhi sambo shud. Hissai ziyodi hinduhoi bumi dar Boliviya (ziyoda az 60%) va Gvatemala (50%) maskun shudaand. Baroi kishvarhoi mintaqai Amrikoi Lotini surati balandi afzoishi tabiii aholi khos ast.

Darajai urbanizatsiya (shahrinavii aholi) dar mintaqa baland ast. Dar Amrikoi Lotini ziyoda az 40 shahri doroi besh az million nafar aholi mavjudand, az jumla chortoi onho ba dahgonai buzurgtarin aglomeratsiyahoi jahon vorid meshavand. In aglomeratsiyaho – Mekhiko, San-Paulu, Buenos-Ayres, Rio-de-Janeyro meboshand.

Mintaqai Amrikoi Lotini chi guna sokhti khojagi dorad?

Solhoi okhir dar hayoti siyosi va iqtisodii davlathoi Amrikoi Lotini tagyiroti kulli ba amal omad. Diktaturai harbi, ki dar idora namudani yak qator mamlakatho dast dosht, mavqei khudro az dast doda, joyi onro hokimiyati intikhobii demokrati ishgol kard. Iqtisodi bozori iqtisodiyoti davlathoro ba nizom darovarda, nishonahoi peshrafti on muayyan shuda istodaast. Sathi kambizoati dar tarkibi aholi tagyir yoft. Holo vazi iqtisodii mamlakathoi Amrikoi Lotini beshtar ba hamsoyai puriqtidori onho, yane IMA vobastaast. Az nisf ziyodi sarmoyaguzorii in mamlakat, bakhusus ba hamin mintaqa rost meoyad. Az hamin jost, ki IMA ziyoda az 70% ashyoi khomi zarurii khudro az hamin mamlakatho megirad (az jumla naft va madanhoi metalliro). Simoi sanoati mintaqaro davlathoi Braziliya, Meksika, Argentina, qisman CHili, Venesuela, Kolumbiya va Peru tajassum mekunand.

Hususiyati khosi khojagii davlathoi Amrikoi Lotini afzudani hissai sanoat dar iqtisodiyoti onho meboshad.

Dar barobari afzudani sohahoi sanoati korkard dar tarkibi khojagii aksar mamlakathoi mintaqa, mavqei asosiro sanoati madani kuhi ishgol mekunad (bakhusus ashyoi khomi madani va naft). Jahish dar peshrafti sohahoi sanoati korkard ba «segonai buzurg» – Braziliya, Meksika, Argentina rost meoyad, ki ba qatori kishvarhoi navi sanoati mansuband. Dar davlathoi Amrikoi Markazi, havzai bahri Karib, Boliviya, Paragvay va digar davlatho dar sohahoi sanoati khurokvori va sabuk bartari dorand.

Amrikoi Lotini yake az buzurgtarin sodirkunandahoi ashyoi khomi sanoati (pesh az hama naft, madani metalhoi siyoh va ranga) dar bozori jahoni meboshad. Az jihati sodiroti naft davlathoi Meksika va Venesuela, mis CHili, qalagi Boliviya, boksit YAmayka va Surinam, madani ohan Braziliya, ruhu surb Peru peshsaf meboshand. Az digar mahsulot pakhta (Braziliya), gusht, pashm, pust (Argentina, Urugvay), qand (Braziliya, Kuba, Vest-Indiya) niz ba khorija barovarda meshavand.

Rushdi munosibathoi iqtisodi dar bozori beruna boisi ba vujud omadani shahr-bandarho shudaast. Az jumla shahrhoi Buenos-Ayres, Montevideo, Gavana. Dar aksar mamlakathoi mintaqa sohai asosii istehsoliro kishovarzi tashkil mekunad, ki qismi ziyodi aholii qobili mehnat dar on band ast. Albatta, bo istifoda az «inqilobi sabz» khojagihoi fermerii kaloni davlathoi Meksika, Braziliya, Argentina, Kolumbiya mahsulnokii sohahoi kishovarziro bolo burdand, ammo dar kishvarhoi Gaiti, Gvatemala, Salvador, Boliviya dastovardho kam ba nazar merasand va munosibathoi nimfeodaliyu afzoishi bosurati aholi boisi qafomonii sohahoi kishovarzi shudaast.

Ziroatkori dar tarkibi kishovarzi mavqei avvalro ishgol mekunad. Tarkibi sohavii ziroatkori dar mamlakathoi alohida az hamdigar farq mekunand. Masalan dar Braziliya qahva, nayshakar va soyya, dar Kolumbiyai Gvatemala, Salvador, Kosta-Rika qahva, dar Ekvador, Gonduras va Panama banan, dar Gayana, Jumhurii Dominikan va Kuba nayshakar, dar Meksika juvorimakka (mansa), dar Peru va Nikaragua pakhta bartari dorand. Nohiyahoi asosii chorvodorii vodii daryoi La-Plata, hududi mamlakathoi Argentina va Urugvay meboshand. Vobasta ba sharoiti tabii chorvodori dar mintaqa tamoili khos paydo kardaast. Aslan dar atrofi Pampai Argentina va Braziliya chorvoi kaloni shokhdor, dar Patagoniya gusfand va domanakuhhoi And (CHili, Peru, Ekvador, Boliviya) gusfand va lama parvarish karda meshavand.

YAke az moneahoe, ki baroi rushdi iqtisodiyoti mintaqa tasiri bad merasonad, mavjud nabudani naqliyoti hozirazamon meboshad. Sababi asosii in aloqahoi sust bayni kishvarhoi mintaqa tavassuti rohhoi khushki ast (tanho 5% savdoi dokhilii mintaqa tavassuti rohhoi khushki amali megardadu khalos). Rohhoi ohan va avtomobilgard az avval baroi borkashoni to bandarho ba naqsha girifta shuda budand. Az hama muhimtarin shohroh, ki ahamiyati khudro to hol nigoh doshtaast, shohrohi Panamriko ast, ki az sarhadi IMA to Buenos- Ayres tavassuti poytakhthoi hamai davlathoi mintaqa (gayr az Gayana, Gviana va Surinam) tul kashidaast va magistrali Transamazonka meboshad.

Инчунин кобед

TAQSIMOTI AHOLII JAHON DAR GURUHI MAMLAKATHO VA MINTAQAHO

TAQSIMOTI AHOLII JAHON DAR GURUHI MAMLAKATHO VA MINTAQAHO   1950 1970 1990 2010 Jahon (mln …