Home / Ilm / Adabiyot va mavzui bahsi on

Adabiyot va mavzui bahsi on

Adabiyot lafzi arabi buda, reshai on adab ast, ki ba ma- noi donish, marifat, guftoru kirdori nek va khirad dalolat mekunad. Adabiyot dar mafhumi vasei on majmui osori khattiyu shifohii qavme, khalqe, millate buda, dar fahmishi mahdudi on inikosi badeii hayot ast va in tarzi tasviri zindagi ba vositai obrazho ba tasvir ovardani hayot meboshad. YAne adabiyot dar fahmishi istilohii on yak navi sanat buda, ba vositai obrazho tasvir namudani hayot, dunyo ast yo inikosi obraznoki hayot buda, dar on har du pahlui zindagi-tarafhoi musbat va pahluhoi manfi ba vositai obrazho, timsolho, namunaho tasvir karda meshavad. Ba in vosita padidahoi manfii jomea mahkum karda shuda, pahluhoi musbati on targibu tashviq megardad. Az in ru, adabiyot hamchun navi sanat baroi rushdu numui jamiyat tasiri nihoyat qavi dorad va digargun- sozihoi hayoti jamiyati ba on vobasta ast. Umuman, adabiyot inikosi voqeiyat ba vositai obrazhost, ki tavassuti kalomi manzum (nazm) va mansur (nasr) amali megardad.

bez-nazvaniya-11

Adabiyot kitobi darsii hayot ast. Ejodkori adabiyotro adib menomand va adibero, ki bo kalomi manzum-sher saru kor dorad, ejod mekunad, shoir va adibero, ki osori mansur meofarad, navisanda menomand.

Hadaf az lafzi «adabiyot», pesh az hama, adabiyoti badei buda, onro dar guzashta kalomi bade guftaand. Kalomi bade – sukhani nav, ajib, nodir buda, dar mantiqi odii ifoda sukhani obraznok, tasviri obraznok ast. Az in ru, adabiyoti badei ba inson saru kor dorad, ruzgoru faoliyati insonro meomuzad. Ba ehsosotu tafakkuri inson tasir merasonad. Jahonbini, donishu khirad, marifatu tafakkuri uro takmil medihad va az in jost, ki adibro muhandisi ruhi inson niz meguyand.

Kalimai «adabiyot» mahsuli miyonahoi asri XIX buda, tarikhi zukhuri aDabiyot khamchun sanati sukhan khele qaDim ast. Az in ru, Dar asrhoi miyona iborahoi ulumi aDabi, ulumi aDabiya, fununi adabiya mavridi istifoda qaror giriftaand, ki az 12 to 22 juzi fununi adabiro faro megirand. Az jumla: ilmhoi lugat, nahv, sarf, bayon, aruz, qofiya, khat, insho, maoni va gayra ba shumor meraftaast.

Dar markazi adabiyoti badei simoi inson, shakhs meistad. YAne mavzui bahsi adabiyoti badei hamono inson va jamiyat, odamon va voqeiyatu muhiti ihotakunandai onhost. Kamoloti manavii inson hadafi adabiyoti badeist.

Adabiyot fanni insonshinosi, sanati sukhan va vositai tarbiyaviyu takmili kamoloti manavii bashariyat ast. Adabiyot tarikhi khalq, andozai jahonbini, tafakkuri badei, khazinai zehni, tavonoii aqloni va bardoshthoi mafkuravii insoniyat ast va az sababi on ki fanni millist, burdu bokhti hamon millatu khalqiyat niz hast.

Adabiyot dar zaminai ejodiyoti shifohii khalq dar zamonhoi khele qadim paydo shudaast va az ruyi ittilooti olimon adabiyoti tojik 8 hazor sol qabl zuhur kardaast. Dar adabiyoti shifohi unsurhoi sukhanoni obraznokro dar asotir justaand va mintaqahoi madani yo gahvorai tamaddunro dar Eron, Misru CHin, Hindustonu Rim donistaand. Dar Misri qadim ahdi Romsisi II osori manzum takhmin karda meshavad, ki ogozi sadai XIV to milod ejod shudaast. YO khud «Illiada» va «Odisseya»-i Homeri YUnoni ogozi asri IX to milod va «Vedo»-i hinduho dar asri XII to milod manzum shudaand. «Avasto» (guyo avvalin sher-ro Hazrati Odam guftaast) va khususan, gotho qadimtarin bakhshi on ba shumor meravad, ki az zuhuri adabiyot va farhangu hunar guvohi medihad. Vale chunon ki ishora namudem, tarikhi ejodiyoti shifohi (folklor) boz ham qadimtar ast, zero ejodiyoti shifohii khalq to zuhuri khat va alifbo paydo shudavu ibtido yo khud ogozi paydoishi adabiyoti kasbi ba shumor meravad.

Dar asrhoi miyona mo hanuz dar ogozi paydoishi feodalizm tashakkuli adabiyotro mushohida mekunem, ki ibtidoi on ba ejodiyoti Rudaki va muosironi vay rost meoyad, ki ba qavle dar in asr nazdik ba 250 tan adib zindagi va ejod kardaand.

Davrai navi inkishofi adabiyoti asrhoi miyona ba zamoni ehyoi madani rost omadaast. Hususan jarayoni maorifparvari (nimai II asri XIX) miyoni neruhoi adabi tabadduloti mafkuraviro tavlid namud va takoni ijtimoie zuhur kard, ki baroi peshrafti jamiyat zaminai khele musoid faroham ovard.

Tarzu usuli tasvir dar adabiyot mohiyati balandi zeboi- parasti dorad, zero nafosatro hama dust medorand va az in ru, adabiyot tamoyuli tamom ba nafosat dorad. Masalan, juziyoti tabiat: sang, zamin, kuh, darakht, daryo, giyoh, boron, abr, bod, osmon va gayra mavzui bahsi ilmhoi digar niz hast. Adabiyot hangomi ba tasvir giriftani onho, pesh az hama, ba onho zeboi mebakhshad, chunonchi tasviri bahor dar yak bahoriyai ustod Rudaki:

Omad bahori khurram bo rangu buyi tib,

Bo sad hazor nuzhatu oroishi ajib.

SHoyad, ki mardi pir bad-in gah shavad javon,

Geti badil yoft shabob az payi mashib[1].

CHarkhi buzurgvor yake lashkare bikard,

Lashkar-sh abri tiravu bodi sabo – naqib[2]

 Naffot[3] barqi ravshanu tundar-sh tablzan,

Didam hazor khaylu nadidam chunin mahib[4].

On abr bin, ki giryad chun mardi sugvor

V-on rad bin, ki nolad chun oshiqi kaib5.

Hurshedro zi abr damad ruy goh-goh,

CHunon hisorie, ki guzar dorad az raqib.

YAkchand ruzgor jahon dardmand bud,

Beh shud, ki yoft buyi suman bodro tabib.

Boroni mushkbuy biborid nav ba nav

V-az abr barkashid yake hullai qasib6.

Kunje, ki barf pesh hamedosht, gul girift,

Har juyake, ki khushk hamebud, shud ratib7.

Tundar miyoni dasht hame bod bardamad,

Barq az miyoni abr hame barkashad qazib8.

Lola miyoni kisht bikhandad hame zi dur,

CHun panjai arus ba hinno shuda khazib9.

Bulbul hame bikhonad dar shokhsori bed,

Sor az darakhti sarv mar uro shuda mujib[5].

Sulsul ba sarvbun-bar bo nagmai kuhan,

Bulbul ba shokhi gul-bar bo lahnaki garib.

Aknun khured bodavu aknun zied shod,

K-aknun barad nasib habib az bari habib.

Soqi guzinu bodavu may khur ba bongi Zer[6],

K-az kisht sor noladu az bog andaleb.

Harchand navbahor jahon as(t) ba chashm khub,

Didori khoja khubtar-on mehtari hasib12.

SHebi tu bo farozu farozi tu bo nisheb,

Farzandi odami ba tu-andar ba shebu teb13.

Didi tu rejukom bad-u andarun base,

Bo ridakoni mutrib budi ba farru zeb.

Dar in bahoriya hama chiz zebost va adabiyot, pesh az hama, ba onho chunin nafosatro ehdo namudaast. Bahor bo chandin hazor vositai zebu zinat hamroh meoyad va avvalindarajai on muhassanot rangu buyi ajib ast. In ast, ki bahor mardi pirro shoyad javon gardonad, vale tabiati sarmozadaro bedor namuda javoniyu jamol bakhshidaast. Zero boron- mushkbuy, abr-hullavash, ruyi zamin (dashtu daman)-gulpush, kishtzoronro lola misli panjahoi hinobastai aruson namudavu parandagon nagmasaroi dorand. Maqsadi shoir khushguzaronii umri aziz, ru ovardan ba shodiyu nishot va bahra- bardori az hayot ast.

Adabiyot na tanho tabiat va ajzoi onro husnu tarovat, nafosatu zeboi mebakhshad, besh az on ba inson az nigohi zohiru botin, shaklu namud va nihodu sirat niz neru medihad. Bashariyat hangomi ba zabon giriftan yo khondani nomhoi Rustam-tahamtani muqtadir, khalqparvar, vatandust, ozodikhoh, adolatjuro tasavvur mekunad. YO ki barobari ba yod ovardani Layli, SHirin, Majnun, YUsuf iffatu ismat, pokiyu safo ba khotir merasad. Baraks, hangomi shunidani nomi Zahhok, SHiruya, Husrav, Afrosiyob, Kaykovus simoi manfuri khudpisandi, takabbur, pasttinati, kutohnazari, bekhiradi, gumrohi, khudkhohi, khiyonatu bevafoi, ziyonu badkirdori, zolimiyu qotili va gayra ba yodi kas meoyad, ki on az tasiri kuvvai sukhan, nerui kalom- adabiyot ast.

Albatta, dar in miyon simohoi mashhur misli Rustam, Suhrob, Siyovush niz galatho kardaand, vale insoniyat az galathoi onho niz sabaki hayoti megirad. Az in ru, hatto obrazhoi manfi niz ba insonho tasiri musbat merasonand, zero odamon az kirdori zishti onho niz tajriba hosil namuda, dar hayot az khislathoi razila hazar mekunand, duri mejuyand, to ki ba raftoru kirdori zisht ru ba ru nashavand. Az in ru, ejodkoroni adabiyotro vobasta ba donishu mahorat, istedodu hunar, jahonbiniyu poyai ejodiashon bashariyat kadrshinosi menamoyad. In ast, ki dar tarikhi ejodi bade unvonhoi iftikhorii «Malikushshuaro», «Amirushshuaro», «Nadimushshuaro», «Odamushshuaro», «Hallokulmaoni», «Afsahulmutakallimin», «Abulakhlok», «Abulmaoni», «Lisonulgayb», «Malikulkalom», «Sultonulfuzalo» va gayra ba miyon omadand va sukhanvaron vobasta ba poyai ejodiyashon sazovor donista shudaand. Masalan, Rudaki «Odamush- shuaro», Kamoli Ismoil (okhiri asri XII) «Hallokulmaoni», Sadi «Abulakhlok», Hofiz «Lisonulgayb», Bedil «Abulmaoni» donista shudaand.

Adabiyoti badei, ki ba inson saru kor dorad va maksadi asosii on targibi khislathoi hamidai inson va mahkum namudani amoli razila buda, baroi ba maksad rasidani odamon dar jomea yori merasonad. Adabiyoti badei ba inson baroi rasidan ba maksad yori menamoyad va odamonro ba hayot, ba zindagi dilgarm, sherdil, bogayrat va uhdabaro megardonad. Barobari peshraviyu inkishofi inson, muhitu jamiyat, adabiyo- ti badei niz dar zaminai konunhoi muayyan inkishof meyobad, pesh meravad va konuniyathoi ba khud khosu judogona dorad. Ilme, ki konunhoi paydoishu tashakkul, rushdu tahvvuloti adabiyoti badeiro meomuzad, adabiyotshinosi nom dorad, ki on dar navbati khud, doroi se kism ast: tarikhi adabiyot, nazariyai adabiyot, nakdi adabi. Tarikhi adabiyot-paydoish, tashakkul va rushdu tahavvuli adabiyotro meomuzad.

Qonunhoi zuhuru tashakkul va inkishofi anvoi adabi, prinsiphoi ejod va bardoshthoi janriyu jinsii adabiyotro kismati nazariyai adabiyot tadqiq mekunad. Ba hunari ejodiyu husnu qubhi talif nakdi adabi saru kor dorad. Bakhshhoi mazkuri adabiyotshinosiro be yakdigar nametavon mukammal donist, zero onho dar hambastagii yakdigar inkishof meyoband.

Bakhshhoi mazkur qismathoi asosii adabiyotshinosi buda, onho bakhshhoi yorirasoni digar niz dorand, ki baroi inkishofu peshrafti ilmi adabiyotshinosi musoidat menamoyand. Masalan, ba qismathoi yovari adabiyotshinosi matnshinosi, sabkshinosi, sarchashmashinosi, kitobshinosi va gayra dokhil meshavand. Dar tarikhi adabiyoti tojik hatto dovarihoi shoirona tarikhi naqdi adabiro mukammal sokhtaast. SHoironi fors- tojik: Rudaki, Firdavsi, Unsuri, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, Nosiri Husrav, Sanoi, Hoqoni, Nizomi, Zahiri Foryobi, Anvari, Attor, Husravi Dehlavi, Hasani Dehlavi, Sadi, Salmoni Sovaji, Hojui Kirmoni, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Ubaydi Zokoni, Hofizi SHerozi, Kamoli Hujandi, Jomi, Hiloli, Mushfiqi, Kalimi Koshoni, Soibi Tabrezi, Nozimi Hiroti, Sayyido, Bedil, Vozeh, SHohin va digaron, ki 14 hazori onho sohibdevonand, har kadom sabki khosi khesh, joyu makon va maqomi kheshro dorand. Onho dar ashori khud az nazokat, nerui aqloni, hunari sukhanvariyu sanati sukhani khud yod karda, norasoii hamkasboni kheshro niz yodras namudaand. Masalan, Manuchehrii Domgoni (nimai avvali asri XI) meguyad:

SHer noguftan beh az shere, ki boshad nodurust, Bachcha nozodan beh az shashmoha bifkandan janin.

Hadafi shoir dar in bayt ejodi badero farzandi ejodkor guftan buda, u sherro farzandi shoir medonad va boyad hamatarafa dar kamoloti ejod say namud, to nuqsone dar on roh nayobad. YO khud Hoqonii SHarvoni bad az Hakim Sanoii Gaznavi duyumin shoir ast, ki dar ashori khud bo olami ulvi saru kor megirad, zero az shoiron hampanjai khudro nameyobad. CHunonchi, u meguyad:

Sukhan guftan ba ki khatm ast, medoniyu mepursi, Falakro bin, ki meguyad: ba Hoqoni, ba Hoqoni.

YAne ba hamin tariq, shoiron bartariyu afzaliyati hunari khudro vasf namudavu nuqsoni ashori hampeshagonashonro khotirrason kardaand. Masalan, Unsurii Balkhi – shoiri nimai avvali asri XI darbori Gaznaviyon-avvalin malikushshuaro dar tarikhi adabiyoti forstojik ast, vale Hoqoni uro bo on sarzanish mekunad, ki ba juz gazalu qasidasaroi hunari digar nadorad:

Juz az tarzi madhu tirozi gazal Nakardi zi tab imtihon Unsuri. SHinosand afozil, ki chun man nabud Ba madhu gazal durfishon Unsuri. Zi dah sheva, k-on hilyati shoirist, Ba yak sheva shud doston Unsuri. Na tahqiq guftu na vazu na zuhd, Ki harfe nadonist az on Unsuri. Maro shevai khosu tozastu dosht Hamon shevai boston Unsuri.

In andeshahoi shoiron-ejodkoron baroi peshrafti ilmi adabiyotshinosi yorii farovon menamoyand, zero dar tarikhi adabiyoti fors-tojik on ba hukmi anana daromadaast.

Adabiyoti badei majmui donishu tafakkur, mahoratu istedod, tabu tavon, khudshinosiyu jahonbinii adib ast. CHun adib ba in va yo on khalqe, millate taalluq dorad, pas, adabiyot burdu bokhti mafkuravii hamon khalq, simoi hamon millat meboshad.

Adabiyoti badei hamchun navi sanat, yane sanati sukha- nu sukhanvari nisbat ba navhoi digari sanat: memori, haykaltaroshi, musiqi, teatru kino va gayra dar jamiyat tasiri beshtar dorad, zero yake az sarchashmahoi asosii navhoi digari sanat niz adabiyoti badei ast. Murodu maqsad va hadafi ejodkor az adabiyot tarbiyai omma, talimi mardum budaast. Ba in mani SHaykh Sadi meguyad:

Murodi mo nasihat budu guftem, Havolat bo Hudo kardemu raftem.

Adabiyoti badei hissiyotu hayajoni insonro angezish medihad, odamonro az pastiyu balandiho, shebu farozho, burdu bokhtho, chunu charoho, beshu kamho, tazodhoi zindagi, ruydodhoi olam ogoh mesozad. Firdavsi dar «SHohnoma»-i khud az paydoishi olamu odam, az zuhuri nakhustin shoh Kayumars to istiloi arab, to okhirin shohi sulolai Sosoniyon-YAzdgirdi III (soli 651 melodi) sukhan rondaast. Dar mantiqi oditari ifodai mazkur dar «SHohnoma»-i Hakim Firdavsi mo sarguzashti 50 shohro mebinem. «SHohnoma» moli adabiyot-sher ast va ejodkori on hakimi Tusi. Magar akhbori u az akhbori sarchashmahoi tarikhi batafsilu mutamad va boarzishtaru sudmandtar nest?!, Az in ru, adabiyoti badei dar jomea, pesh az hama, naqshi tarbiyavi va talimi dorad. Dar barobari on, adabiyoti badei ba hissu taassuroti khonanda tasir rasonida, ba hodisahoi musbati hayot tavajjuhi uro bedor mesozad, uro ba zindagi dilgarm ba muborizahovu taloshhoi ruzgor omoda menamoyad. Dar dili khonanda ba arzishhoi umumiinsoni: khalkdusti, vatanparvari, ilmdusti, kasbomuzi, mehnatkarini, halolkori, nafrasoni, sofdili, halimi, mehruboni, khushmuomilagi, sherdili, gayuri, subotkori, daleri, shujoat shikastanafsi, durandeshi va gayra muhabbati beandoza barmeangezad. Adabiyoti badei dar sirati inson baroi bedor namudani hissiyoti zeboi va idealhoi hayotii u yake az muhimtarin vositahoi barangezish ast.

Tamomi yodgorhoi khattii adabiyoti badei, ki dar shakli nazmu nasr ejod gardidavu mahfuz mondaand, merosi adabi nom dorand. Merosi adabiro sarvati manavi, khazinai zehni, bardoshthoi mafkuravi, hofizai tarikhi, kuti jon va gizoi ruh niz menomand. Dar in joda khalki tojik hampanja nadorad, zero tanho shoironi sohibdevon dar tarikhi adabiyoti tojik besh az 14 hazor buda, ashori shoironi devonashon mahfuz namondavu osori mansuri talifgardida ba on dokhil nameshavand. In osor ba kavle tarikhi hashthazorsola doshta, to kunun az on kokhi begazandi niyogon 108 matni khattii (az yodgorhoi ahdi boston) to jorishavii islom boki mondaast, ki az onho 16-to- yashro andarznomaho faroham ovardaand.

Boyad guft, ki in osor to okhiri asri XV-™ zuhuri davlathoi Safaviho (dar Eron) va SHayboniho (dar Movarounnahru Huroson) miyoni forsizabononi kalamravi mazkur mushtarak ast va az in ru, dar ilmi adabiyotshinosi istilohi “fors-tojik” kabul gardidaast, ki mafhumi zikrshuda mohiyati mushtarak budani in osori adabiro ifoda menamoyad.

Mashib – piri, kuhansoli, Naqib – peshvo, Naffot – otashboz, partavafruz, Ma-

hib – bohaybat, Kaib – gamgin, Hullai qasib – libosi abreshimin, Ratib – tar,

namnok, Qazib – shokh, shokha, Hazib – rangin.Mujib – javobdihanda, “Zer – pardae az musiqi,

Hasib – sohibi fazilat, 13SHebu teb – sargashta, oshufta, Rej – murod, maqsad, Ridakon – gulombachaho.

Инчунин кобед

1_5254f6315b2e55254f6315b323

Narkh va tashakkuli narkhguzori dar sharoiti bozor

Dar adabiyoti muosiri iqtisodi tahti narkh shakli pulii ifodai arzish (qimat)-i nemathovu khadamot, manfiatnokii onho …