Ammiak. Istehsoli on. Hosiyathoi fizikavi va khimiyavii ammiak

Usuli sanoatii hosil kardani ammiak in sintezi on az nitro- gen va gidrogen meboshad:

+ 3N₂ ~ 2X1N

Reaksiya dar harorati 450-500°S va fishori 2 • 10⁴ kPa bo ish- tiroki katalizator amaly megardad. In reaksiya ekzotermi buda, muvofiqi prinsipi Le SHatele bo ziyod shudani harorat muvozi- nat ba tarafi chap melagjad. Dar harorati past boshad, faoli- yatnokii katalizator va ham surati reaksiyai khimiyavi sust me- shavad. Baroi halli muammo fishorro ziyod menamoyand, ki dar in hol muvozinat ba tarafi mahsuli reaksiya melagjad. Ba sifati katalizator khokai ohan bo ilovagii (promotor) oksidhoi alyu- miniy, kaliy, kalsiy va silitsiy ishtirok mekunad.

Istehsoli sanoatii ammiak dar manorai sintezi bo prinsipi tobkhuri (sirkulyatsioni) amali megardad. Ammiaki hosilshudaro dar hamjoyagii N va N₂, ki qisman dar reaksiya sarf nashudaast, judo karda megirand. Hangomi khunuk namudani in omekhta ammia- ki on kondensatsiya shuda, az muhit judo meshavad. Omekhtai ni- trogen va gidrogeni az ammiak judoshuda bori digar ba manorai sintezi ravona karda meshavad.

Judo namudani ammiak az omekhtai reaksioni muvozinati khimiyavii ravandro ba tarafi rost melagjonad (rasmi 35). Dar sharoiti laboratori ammiakro dar asosi garmkunii omekhtai namakhoi ammoniy bo ishqorho hosil mekunand:

(MSD + 2\aON = \a%(S + 2N₂O +2\N,’
2\N₄S1 + Sa(ON)₂ = SaS1₂ + 2N₂O +2\NN
2\N₄\O_; + Sa(ON)₂ = Sa(\O_;), + 2N₂O +2\N_;‘