«BUSTON»

Sadi pas az safari tuloni, pas az didanu shunidanho ba diyor omad va ba inshoi «Buston» ogoz kard. Hamin tavr u «Buston»-ro dar tuli yak sol (soli 1257) ba anjom rasond. Dar in bora dar ogozi «Buston» SHaykh Sadi chunin meguyad:

Ba ruzi humoyunu soli saiD,

Ba tarikhi farrukh miyoni du id.

Zi shashsaD fuzun buD panjohu panj,

Ki pur gasht in nombarDor ganj.

Soli 655-i hijri barobar ast ba 1257 melodi. «Buston» ba vazni «SHohnoma»-i Firdavsi dar bahri mutaqoribi musamma- ni mahzuf va maqsur insho shudaast. Har bayti on az hasht rukni faulun, faulun, faulun, faul tarkib yoftaast.

Raiyat chu bekhandu sulton darakht,

Darakht, ey pisar, boshad az bekh sakht.

Faulun, faulun, faulun faul

Asar az chahor hazor bayt iborat buda, az dah fasl tarkib yof- taast. Sadi dar ogozi asar bobhoi asarashro ba tariqi nazm yod kardaast:

CHu in kokhi davlat bipardokhtam,

Bar u Dah Dar az marifat sokhtam.

YAke bobi adl astu tadbiru roy,

Nigahbonii khalqu tarsi HuDoy.

Duvum bobi eqson niqoDam asos,

Ki muqsin kunaD fazli Hakro sipos.

Sevum bobi ishq astu mastiyu shur,

Na ishqe, ki banDanD bar khuD ba zur.

CHaqorum-tavozu, rizo – panjumin,

SHashum -zikri mardi qanoatguzin.

Ba qaftum Dar az olami tarbiyat,

Ba qashtum Dar az shukr bar ofiyat.

Nuqum bobi tavba-st bobi savob,

Daqum Dar munojotu khatmi kitob.

Bad az in Sadi ba khonandagon murojiat namuda, dar borai mohiyati «Buston», ahamiyati asar baythoi purqimat meorad:

Hamono, ki Dar Pors inshoi man

CHu mushk ast beqimat andar Hutan.

Gul ovarD SaDi sui buston,

Ba shukhi chu filfil ba HinDuston.

SHoir dar bayti avval kamoli khoksoriro ba jo ovarda, ta- kid menamoyad, ki asari man dar diyori Pors, diyori fozilonu do- noyon chandon arzishu qimat nadorad. In monandi on ast, ki dar Hu- tan, dar sarzamine, ki mushku anbar meruyad, mushk beqadr ast. Dar bayti digar boz hamin maniro yod mekunad, ki man gul ba buston ovardam, yane kinoya az gul fikru andeshahoi toza, ahamiyatnok, pandu andarzhoi oqilona ast. Pas, hamin manii boloro dar misrai okhir boz ham qudrat bakhshida, gushzad menamoyad, ki in misli on ast, ki filfil, yane murch ba Hinduston barand. Murch dar kishvari Hind mamul ast va qimatu arzishi ziyod nadorad.

Nihoyat, pas az in guftor Sadi ba asli maqsad guzashta, ba shohoni zamoni khud ru meorad va ononro pandu nasihat medihad. Bakhusus Abubakr ibni Sadi Zangi (1231 – 1260)- ro ki «Buston»- ro ba u bakhshida bud, sitoish mekunad. Zero dar zamoni hukmronii u SHeroz az kushtoru khunrezihoi chingiziyon raho yofta bud. Digar, dar zamoni hukmronii u khalq osuda va kishvar khele obod gardid. Sadi ba Abubakr murojiat namuda chunin meguyad:

Hama vaqt marDum zi javri zamon

Binolandu az gardishi osmon.

Dar ayyomi aDli tu, ey shaqryor!

NaDoraD shikoyat kas az ruzgor.

Ham az bakhti farkhunDafarjomi tust,

Ki tarikhi SaDi Dar ayyomi tust,

Ki to Dar falak Mohu Hurshed hast,

Dar in Daftarat zikri joviD hassh…

Bad az in sitoishho Sadi mamduhi khudro pandi sudmand medihad. Hamai in bo bobi nakhusti «Buston», ki dar «Adli jahondorii shohon» ast payvandi nogusastani dorad. SHaykh Sadi dar in bob podshohro sutuni davlat gufta, vujud asosi kishvarro dar raiyat dida, maqomi ononro ravshan namudaast. Adib dar in mavrid shohro ba chuponu raiyati kishvarro ba rama, podshohro ba darakhtu raiyatro ba reshai darakht tashbeh namuda, oqilonavu fozilona az nomi podshohoni odilu adolatparvari guzashta fikrashro taqviyat medihad:

SHuniDam, ki Dar vaqti nazi ravon

Ba Hurmuz chunin guft Nushervon,

Ki khotirnigahDori Darvesh bosh!

Na dar bandi osoishi khesh bosh!

Nayosoyad andar diyori tu kas,

Ki osoishi khesh khohiyu bas.

Nayoyad ba nazdiki dono pisand,

SHubon khuftavu gurg Dar gusfanD.

Birav, posi Darveshi muhtoj Dor,

Ki shoh az raiyyat buvaD tojDor!

Raiyyat chu bekhandu sulton darakht,

Darakht, ey pisar, boshad az bekh sakht.

Makun, to tavoni, Dili khalq resh!

Agar mekuni, mekani bekhi khesh.

Sadi pas az bayoni masalai adolatparvari yo masoili diga- re baroi tasdiqi fikrash az hayoti shohoni peshin va digar mar- dumi tabaqoti jomea hikoyoti voqei va hikoyoti tamsili meo- rad. In tarzu usul, in ustukhonbandi ba tamomi bobhoi «Buston» mutaalliqand. Ba in vosita shoir hadafi kheshro behtaru khubtar ifoda mekunad va tir ba nishon amiqtar merasad.

Sadi dar hamin bob hamchun mardi siyosatmador va jomeashinos bisyor masalahoi siyosiro ba miyon meguzorad va dar libosi badeiyat in masoilro hallu fasl menamoyad. In andeshaho imruz ham dar miqyosi baynalkhalqi ahamiyati buzurg dorand. Masalai davlatdori, munosibat bo kishvarhoi khoriji, masa- lai jangu sulh az nazari Sadi baso ravshanu vozeh dar in fasli «Buston» matrah shudaand.

Sadi takid menamoyad, ki to tavoni kushish ba kharj dehu peshi rohi jangu khunreziro bigir. On vaqt oromiyu tinjii mulk- ro metavon nigoh dosht va mardum bosaodat khohand zist. Hulosa, az kushtoru khunrezi sulh behtar:

Agar pilzuriyu gar sherchang,

Ba nazDiki man sulh behtar, ki jang.

Digar, Sadi ba podshohon maslihat medihad, ki bo dushma- nat sulhu saloh kardi, osuda kheshro napindor, hushyor bosh va lash- karatro baroi hifzi raiyatu kishvar omoda kun, omoda nigoh dor, ki mabodo shabokhunat bizanad:

Naguyam, zi jangi baDanDesh tars,

Ki Dar holati sulh az u besh tars!

Baso kas ba ruz oyati sulh khonD,

CHu shab shuD, sipah bar sari khufta ronD.

Garat kheshi dushman shavad dustdor,

Zi talbisash^[1] emin mashav zinhor,

Ki gardad darunash ba kini tu resh,

CHu yod oyaDash mehri payvanDi khesh.

Sadi boz ba shohon pand medihad, ki agar dushman qaviyu piltan boshad va bidoni, ki muqovimatu istodagari natvoni kard va sulhro napaziruft, rohi ehsonu sakhovatro barguzin va in tadbir ham shoista boshad:

Hame to baroyaD ba taDbir kor,

MuDoroi Dushman beh az korzor^[2].

CHu natvon aDuro ba kuvvat shikast,

Ba nemat biboyad dari fitna bast.

Gar anDesha Dori zi Dushman gazanD,

Ba tavizu ehson zabonash bubanD!

SHoir lashkarro asosi davlat medonad. Binobar in, ta- kid menamoyad, ki baroi nigohdorii istiqloli kishvar va sohibikhtiyorii mamlakat hamesha lashkar boyad dar holati omodagi boshad. Baroi nigoh doshtani on boyad sarbozon az har jihat tamin bigardandu maoshi shoista bigirand, to ki ahlu ayoli khudro tamin karda bitavonand. Agar in amal rohrav nabo- shad, askar difoi mulk nasozad va kheshro dar ruzhoi sakhti kish- var kanor bigirad:

Kunun Dasti marDoni jangi bibus,

Na on gah, ki Dushman furu kuft kus.

Sipohi Dar osuDagi khush biDor!

Ki Dar holashi sakhti oyaD ba kor.

Sipohi, ki korash naboshaD babarg,

CHaro Dil nihaD ruzi hayjo ba marg?

CHu DoranD ganj az sipohi Dareg, D

areg oyaDash Dast burDan ba teg.

Sadi ba shohon dar masalai intikhobi sarlashkaron, sipahsoloron, sarhangon maslihathoi mufid medihad, ki in peshnihodho imruz ham dar lashkardori va difoi kishvar sud- mandand. Masalan, adib ba podshoh meguyad, ki ba sarvari ashkho- si jangdida, korozmuda va daleru jasurro boyad barguzid. CHunin ashkhos az javoni ilmi harb, shikor, gushtingiri, chavgonbozi, ti- randoziro boyad omuzand. Hargiz dar kori harb ashkhosi tarson- chak, begurdaro namon:

Sipahro makun peshrav juz kase,

Ki Dar jangho buDa boshaD base!

Ba khurdon mafarmoy kori durusht,

Ki sandon nashoyad shikastan ba musht!

Raiyyatnavoziyu sarlashkari

Na korest bozichavu sarsari.

Nakhohi, ki zoe shavaD ruzgor,

Ba noozmuda mafarmoy kor!

NatobaD sagi sayD ruy az palang,

Zi rubah ramaD sheri noDiDajang.

CHu parvarda boshad pisar dar kanor,

Bitarsad, chu pesh oyadash korzor.

Ba gushtiyu nakhchiru omoju guy

Dilovar shavaD marDi parkhoshjuy.

Ba garmoba parvardavu ayshu noz,

BitarsaD, chu binaD Dari jang boz.

Sadi dar anjomi in fasl boz ba masalai dodgustari, raiyatparvary va insofu adolat barmegardad, boz takid bar on mekunad, ki agar ba dushman zafar yofti, bandiyonro khor mador, kishvarro obod kun, raiyatnavoz bosh. To raiyat bidonand, ki az on shohi zolim bartari, karimtari, to paru bolat bishavand va dar har kor madadgorat boshand:

CHu iqlimi Dushman ba jangu qisor Girifti, ba zinDonash – anDar supor! CHu barkanDi az changi Dushman Diyor, Raiyyat basomontar az vay bidor! Karam kun, na parkhoshu kinovari, Ki olam ba zeri nigin ovari!

SHoiri insondustu khayrkhoh dar poyoni fasli okhir boz shohonro ba sulhu saloh hidoyat menamoyad. Onhoro ogoh mekunad, ki gururu khudkhohi, tundivu gardankashi khisoli shoista nestand va dar tariqi davlatdori arzandagi nadorand. Onon boyad bo yak- digar dust boshand va masalahoi davlatdoriro bo rohi guftu- shunid, bo rohi lutfu khushi hallu fasl namoyand.

CHu kore baroyad ba lutfu khushi,

CHi qojat ba tunDiyu garDankashi.

Nakhoqi, ki boshaD Dilat DarDmanD,

Dili dardmandon barovar zi band.

Duoi zaifoni ummedvor

Zi bozui marDon beq oyaD ba kor!

Hamon tavre ki dar bolo ishorat kardem, «Buston» az dah bob iborat ast va mo dar in jo tanho yak bobi avvalro to ando- zae tahlil kardem. Az tahlili in bob musallam gardid, ki SHaykh Sadii SHerozy mardi jahondida va siyosatmadorest, ki bisyor andeshahoi qobili qabul va mufid dar borai jangu sulh, himoyati vatan az begonagon, nigoh doshtani lashkar, tayin kardani shakh- soni loiqu arzanda ba lashkar va digar masalahoi marbuti onro bisyor saheh va bo ovardani dalelu burhon nishon dodast, ki dar zamoni hozira ahamiyati buzurg dorand va rohnamoi har yak rohbaru sarvari kishvar shuda metavonand.

[1]  Talbis – shar, nayrang

[2]   Korzor – maydoni nabard, jang, muhoriba