Az vaqti tavallud shudani organizm yo az parda berun shudan, davrai janini ba okhir rasida, davrai inkishofi badijanini ogoz meyobad. Davrai badijanini purra va nopurra meshavad. Dar davrai inkishofi purrai janin az tukhm yo batni modar orga- nizme paydo meshavad, ki hamai uzv va khosiyathoi fardi boligro dorad (masalan, dar khazandagon, parandagon, shirkhuron). Inki- shofi badijaninii in guna hayvonot asosan sabzish va ba ba- logat rasidan ast. Dar inkishofi nopurra yo metamorfozi az tukhm kirmina paydo shuda, on sokhti nisbatan soda va uzvhoi makhsuse dorad, ki dar holati boligi dida nameshavad. Kirmina inkishof yofta, tadrijan uzvhoi kirminagii on ba uzvhoi organizmi bolig mubaddal megardand.
Hamin tariq, dar metamorfoz uzvhoi kirminagi az bayn raf- ta, uzvhoi ba hayvoni kalon khos paydo meshavand. Aknun chand mi- soli inkishofi nopurrai badijaniniro dida mebaroem.
Dar astsidiya (az navi khordadoron) kirmina paydo meshavad, ki doroi hamai khususiyathoi asosii khordadoron ast: khorda, nay- chai asab, surokhi galsama. Kirminaho ozodona shino karda, bad ba yagon jismi zeriobi mechaspand va metamorfozro az sar meguzaronand. Dar in vaqt dum nest shuda, khorda, mushakho, naychahoi asab ba hujayrahoi alohida judo megardand va duchori fagositoz meshavand.
Metamorfoz dar astsidiya:
A – kirminai shinokunanda
B – kirminai ba modda chaspida;
V – astsidiyai bolig,
1 – khorda, 2 – naychai asab,
- – javfi galsama.
Az silsilai asabi kirmina faqat on hujayrahoe boqi memo- nand, ki az onho girehhoi asab paydo meshavand. Sokhti badani astsidiyai bolig, ki dar holati chaspida hayot ba sar mebarad, ba sokhti organizmi hayvonoti muhrador monandi nadorad. Faqat donistani khususiyathoi ontogenez imkon medihand, ki joyi onro dar sistemahoi olami hayvonot muayyan sozand. Sokhti kirminai onho nishon medihad, ki paydoishi in mavjudot az khordadorho buda, ozodona hayot ba sar mebarand. Dar rafti metamorfoz ast- sidiya ba hayoti beharakat meguzarad, binobar in, sokhti on soda gashtaast.
Kirminai obkhokiho kaflesak buda, baroi on javfi galsama, khatti pahlugi, dili dukhonagi va yak gardishi khun khos ast. Dar rafti metamorfoz, ki zeri tasiri gadudhoi siparshakl ba amal meoyad, dum va khatti pahlui nest shuda, poyho paydo mesha- vand, shushu gardishi duyumi khun inkishof meyoband.
Dar in mavrid baze khosiyathoi monand ba kaflesak va mohi- yon ba nazar merasand (khatti pahlui, sokhti dil va gardishi khun, javfi galsama). Misoli digari metamorfoz inkishofi hasharot meboshad. Kirminai shabparakho yo kirminai suzanak vobasta ba sokht, tarzi hayot va joyi zist az jonvari boligi khud farq mekunad. Boyad guft, ki metamorfoz bo tagyir yoftani tarzi hayot va muhiti zist sakht aloqamand ast.
Ahamiyati metamorfoz az on iborat ast, ki kirmina mustaqil gizo girifta, kalon meshavad va mavoddi hujayragiro jam me- kunad. In baroi tashakkuli uzvhoi doimii jonvari kalon lozi- mand.
Gayr az in, ozod zindagi kardani kirminaho, ki ba yagon mavod mechaspand yo holati parazitiro az sar meguzaronand, ba- roi pahnshavii namud va gustarishi areali zisti onho muhim ast. Tagyiryobii tarzi hayot va muhiti zist dar rafti inkisho- fi fardi, ki zimni on davrai kirminagii baze hayvonot dar muhiti tamoman digar meguzarad va manbai gizoi digar dorand, nisbat ba fardhoi kalon surati muborizai dokhilinamudiro ba- roi sukunat past mekunad.
Davomoti davrai inkishofi badijanini gunogun ast. Masa- lan, agar hasharoti yakruza dar holati kirminagi 2-3 sol zindagi kunand, dar holati boligi az 2-3 soat to 2-3 ruz umr mebinand.
Dar bisyor holatho davrai badijanini nisbatan daroz da- vom meyobad. On dar odam to davrai balogatro dar bar megirad. Davrai ba balogat rasidani odamro davrai kamolot ham meno- mand. Davrai badi balogat davrai pironsoli ast.
Inkishofi badijanini ba buzurg shudani hajmi organizm ovarda merasonad. In davraro inkishof menomand. Inkishof du tarz – nomuayyan va muayyan meshavad.Dar shirkhuron va odam idomai hayot ba davomoti davrai ba- logat (jinsi) va haml vobasta ast, vale davomoti hayot nisbat ba davrai boligshavi dar ontogenez 5-8 marotiba meboshad .
Inkishofi nomuayyan dar tamomi tuli hayot davom karda, in- kishofi muayyan fosilai muayyani vaqtro dar bar megirad. Inki- shofi nomuayyan dar darakhton, baze narmbadanho, muhradoron, mohiyon va khoyandagon dida meshavad.
Dar bisyor hayvonot inkishofi jinsi badi ba balogat rasi- dan khotima meyobad. Dar odam sabzish va inkishof to 20 – 25 so- lagi davom mekunad. Dar pironsoli jismi odam tadrijan khurd shuda, faoliyati gadudhoi usorai dokhili (endokrini) tagyir meyobad, gametogenez qat gashta, ravandhoi fiziologi sust mesha- vand. Hamin tavr, inkishofi badijanini ba sabzish, balogat va afzoish ovarda merasonad.
Dar bisyor jonvaroni sokhtashon soda davrai afzoish az kir- minagi ogoz yofta, bo metamorfoz ba okhir merasad.
Savolho baroi sanjish:
- Inkishofi badijanini chi guna ast?
- Inkishofi purra va nopurrai badijanini chist?
- Doir ba sokhti kirminagi misol ored va gued, ki on khosi kadom jonvar ast.
- Inkishofi nomuayyan va muayyan chist? Misolho ored.
Istilohot:
- Davrai naslguzori – davrai ontogenezi badi balogati jinsi, ki dar in vaqt khudtakrorshavi mumkin ast.
- Inkishofi nopurra – tarzi inkishofi badijanini, ki kirmina az pardai tukhm berun meshavad.
- Inkishofi purra – tarzi inkishofi badijanini, ki hini az tukhm baromadan yo az modar tavallud shudan, naslho khosiyat va uzvhoi organiz- mi kalonro dorand.
- Metamorfoz – ravandi ivazshavii uzvhoi kirminagi ba sokhti fardhoi bolig.
- Davrai to nasldihi – davrai inkishofi pesh az nasldihiro az sar guzaronidan, dar inkishofi nopurra davrai kirminagi va dar inkisho- fi purra boshad, davri kudakist.
- Davrai badijanini – davrai inkishof az vaqti tavallud (yo az tukhm baromadan) to davrai favt.
Testho
- Inkishofi badijanini kay ogoz megardad?
a) badi tavallud shudan; b) badi ba balogat rasidan; v) az navrasi.
- Davrai badijanini chand khel meshavad?
a) du khel; b) se khel; v) yak khel.
- Davrai badijaninii odam ba chand davrachaho taqsim meshavad?
a) du; b) se; v) chor.
- Inkishofi purrai badi janini ba kadomi in organizmho khos ast? a) parandaho; b) hasharot; v) asidiyaho.
- Inkishofi nopurra ba inho khos ast?
a) shabparakho; b) murgho; v) morho.
- Metamorfoz chi ahamiyat dorad?
a) doirai gizogiri mustaqil; b) tarzi muboriza baroi hayot baland meshavad; v) doirai zist past meshavad.
- Inkishofi nomuayyan ba kadomi inho khos ast?
a) darakhton; b) odam; v) murg.
- Dar odam sabzish va inkishof to chandsolagi davom mekunad?
a) 15-20; b) 20-25; v) 28-35.
- Sinnu soli ba balogat rasidani odam chand moh ast?
a) 120; b) 144; v) 184.
- Davomoti muhlati hamli shimpanze chand moh ast?
a) 6; b) 8; v) 9.