Илмхона Комрон.инфо
Manoi lugavii vojai arabii imlo navishta pur kardan ast, manoi istilohii on qoidahoi begalat navishtani ovozho va kalimayu tarkibhost. Imloi zaboni adabii muosiri tojiki dar zaminai meyorhoi sarfi (morfologi), ovoi (fonetiki) va ananavi qaror dorad.
Meyori sarfi talab mekunad, ki dar navisht hissahoi (morfemahoi) kalima yak nav navishta shavand. Sifathoi bad, khub, past va gayra hangomi guftor dar darajai muqoisavi battar, khuptar, pastar talaffuz, vale az ruyi meyori sarfi badtar, khubtar, pasttar navishta meshavand.
Meyori ovoi (fonetiki) muvofiqi tarzi talaffuz navishtani hissahoi (morfemahoi) kalimaro taqozo mekunad. Az tarkibi ovozii kalimai kuhtal hamsadoi h aftida, kutal talaffuz meshavad va mutobiqi meyori ovoi kutal navishta meshavad. Dar navishti kalimahoi iqtibosii arabi, rusi, baynalmilali talaffuzi tojikii kalimahoro ba inobat megirand: kalimai iqtibosii arabii maattaassuf dar zaboni tojiki bo pasvandi kalimasoziona ba tarzi mutaassifona navishta meshavad.
Meyori ananavi taqozo mekunad, ki ovozhoi kalima mutobiqi talaffuzi qadimaashon navishta shavand. In meyor dar khati tojikigardonidai arabii kalimahoi khvesh, khveshtan (khesh, kheshtan), khvostan (khostan) va gayra rioya meshud.
Ayon ast, ki dar zaboni adabii muosiri tojiki asosan meyorhoi fonetiki va sarfi etibor dorand. Dar asosi meyori manoi bo harfhoi kalon navishtani ismhoi khos, dar zaminai meyori nahvi bo harfi kalon navishtani kalimai avvali jumla surat megirad.
Dar islohoti imloi zaboni tojiki dar navishti kali- mahoi iqtibosii rusi va baynalmilali bo ovozhoi mutobiqi tojiki ivaz namudani ovozhoi baroi zaboni tojiki begonai s, sh va i (sirk, intonatsiya, chutka, Saltikov SHedrin), in- chunin dar kalimahoi begonayu khudi be alomati (judoi) na- vishtani kalimaho (fevral, palto, A. M. Gorkiy, daryo, tagyir va gayra), dar surati bandaki izofi giriftani kalimahoe, ki bo ovozi y anjom meyoband, navishta shudani on (ruy-i, dar ruy-i, joy-i, ba joy-i, ba suyi, dar kuyi, az payi, tuy-i, boy-i, choy-i, buy-i, obruy-i, donishjuy-i, jo-joy-i va gayra), bo nimtire navishtani juzhoi kalimahoi murakkabi «Lu- bobulfl-bob», «Badoe-ul-vaqoe» va gayra jori karda shud.
To va badi islohoti imlo (1998):
tagir – tagyir Keldish – Keldish, SHedrin – SHedrin sentner – sentner sement – sement (simon) sellofan – selofan senzura – senzura Siseron – Sitseron sirk – sirk
! Imlo beshtar ba ovoshinosi, orfoepiya (begalat talaf- fuz kardani ovozhoyu kalimaho), sarf (morfologiya), ka- limasoziyu tarkibbandi aloqai qavi doshta, lugatshinosi (leksikologiya), manoshinosi (semasiologiya) va nahvro (sin- taksisro) niz sarfi nazar namekunad.
SHogirdon beshtar dar imloi ovozhoi sadonoki i va u ga- lat mekunand. Mavridhoi asosii istifodai sadonoki i chu- ninand:
- Dar okhiri reshai kalima: havli, toqi, sholi, bihi, mohi, qozi, soqi, kholi, boqi, si, ki, chi, chi guna, chi qa- dar va g.
- Pasvandhoi -i, -gi ismhoi manii alomat, kasbu mashguliyat, amalu holat mesozand: surkhi, toriki, ar- zoni, vaznini, javoni, dusti, zeboi, shinosoi, tiragi, bechoragi, dehqoni, muallimi, sartaroshi, raisi, davo- davi, gushtingiri, pakhtachini, raydihi va g.
- Pasvandhoi -i, -gi, -vi sifathoi nisbi mesozand: gi- yohi kuhi, lolai dashti, devori betoni, mashguliyati sinfi, kishti tiramohi, khuroki begohi, ayyomi bachagi, vazifai khonagi, chorabinihoi tarbiyavi va g.
- Bandakhoi feli va khabari: khoni, khonda boshi, khon- di, khonda budi, mekhondi, khohi khond, khondagisti, khonda istodai, khondai, mekhondai va g.
- Sifathoi felii zamonhoi guzashta va oyanda: khondagi, mekhondagi, khonda istodagi, khondani va g.
- Kalimahoi soda, sokhta va murakkabro, ki bo sadonoki i anjom yoftaand, ba se sutun navised va sharh dihed, ki onho ba kadom hissai nutq taalluq dorand va chi tarz sokhta shudaand:
Abadi, avlodi, agenti, aholi, ajnabi, alochi, ahdbandi, badei, bandagi, beadolati, bointizomi, vatanparasti, vah- shigari, geti, generali, gurusnachashmi, damgiri, dahonaki, dilgarmi, dohi, zargari, zararrasoni, izofi, insondusti, kitobkhoni, Layli, mavlavi, mardonagi, makhfi, manavi, nek- nomi, nisbi, nosahehi, oshuftaholi, pari, pokdomani, resan- dagi, samimi, sarvatmandi, tayyori, umumi, khotimavi, khush- bakhti, shanbegi, gani, hamzisti, jahonbini.
- Kadom tarzi ifoda qobili qabul yo behtar ast?
Justujukuni – justuju, motorremontkuni – tami- ri motor, kharidkuni – kharid, bombaboronkuni – bombabo- ron, sherejodkuni – ejodi sher, tahqirkuni – tahqir, ta- brikkuni – tabrik, shikoyatkuni – shikoyat, khonavayronshavi
- khonavayroni, khonadomodshavi – khonadomodi, aspsavorshavi
- aspsavori, obunashavi – obuna, farbehshavi – farbehi, oshiqshavi – oshiqi, omodashavi – omodagi, istifodabari – istifoda, tashakkulyobi – tashakkul, anjomyobi – anjom, ezoh- dihi – ezoh, ekpeditsiyai justujukunii geologi – ekspedit- siyai justujuyi geologi va g.
! Harfi «i»-ro «i»-i zadanok yo «i»-i daroz» meguyand. Darvoqe ham in ovoz dar hijoi okhiri hissahoi nomii nutq omada, zadai kalima megirad va nisbat ba sadonoki hijohoi digari kalima purquvvat va balandtar talaffuz me- gardad. Vale boyad dar nazar dosht, ki dar jumlai «DonoI odamro sarbaland, nodonI sarkham mekunad» ismhoi manii donoi va nodoni harfi i ifodagari zadai kalima buda, dar jumlai «Tu, beshak, donOi (yo nodOni)» zadai kalima ba sado- noki «o»-i hijoi duyumi kalimaho meaftad (donOi, nodOni), pas, harfi i dar hama guna mavridho ifodakunandai nishonai zadanoki nest.
- Har misrai sherro ba hissahoi manodor (sintagmaho) judo karda, burro va bo ohangi etimod va omirona qiroat kuned:
Gar bar sari nafsi khud amiri, mardi, Bar kuru kar ar(1) nukta nagiri, mardi(4). Mardi nabuvad fitodaro poy zadan, Gar dasti fitodae bigiri, mardi(4) (Rudaki).
- Dar kalimahoi amiri, nagiri va bigiri zada ba sadonoki ka- dom hijoi kalimaho aftodaast?
2 ) Dar chahor kalimai mardi mavqei zadaro muayyan kuned.
- Kalimahoi amir, fitoda va tarkibi nukta giriftan ba ka- dom mani istemol shudaand?
- Tabirhoi kasero poy zadan va dasti kasero giriftan chi guna vohidi zabonand va ba kadom manoho dalolat mekunand?
- Ifodai kuru kar chi guna vohidi lugavist va chi khususiyati savti dorad?
- Ba zadai kalima etibor doda baythoi zerinro qiroat kuned:
Darakhti dusti(1) binshon, ki komi dil ba bor orad, Niholi dushmani(2) barkan, ki ranji beshumor orad(4).
CHu mehmoni kharoboti, ba izzat bosh bo rindon,
Ki dardi sar kashi, jono,(7) garat(4) masti(2) khumor orad
(Hofiz).
Dar in hazrat chu mushtoqon niyoz orand, nozorand, Agar bo dard darmonand,(7) darmonand (Hojui Kirmoni).
Sadonoki u (vovi majhul) dar zaboni tojiki qobiliyati fonemagi (tagyir dodani manoi kalima) dorad: bur (asosi feli buriDan) – bur (ashyo), kush (asosi feli kushtan) – kush (asosi feli kushiDan), khurd (sifat) – khurd (asosi fe- li khurdan), sum (nomi uzvi hayvonot) – sum (vohidi pul) va gayra. On beshtar dar mavridhoi zerin kor farmuda meshavad:
- Pesh az hamsadoi y dar hijoi bastai kalimahoi aslan tojiki: ruy, muy, suy, kuy, shuy, buy, guy, tuygar, juybor, su- khanpuyo, ru ba ru, mu ba mu: ruyi zebo, muyi daroz, kuyi garibi.
- Pesh az hamsadoi h dar hijohoi basta va kushodai ka- limahoi tojiki va iqtibosi: kuh, kuhna, anduh, anbuh, guruh, majruh: kuhsor, majruhon, kuhi baland, anbuhi darakhton, shukuhu shahomat.
- Pesh az hamsadoi halqii dar kalimahoi iqtibosii arabi: mavzu, tulu, shuru: mavzui dars, tului Oftob.
Bo reshai chunin vojaho kalimahoi sokhta, murakkab va tarkibii ziyode sokhta, dar hamai onho sadonoki u navishta me- shavad. CHunonchi, bo kalimai muy va ruz: muydaroz, muysafed, mallamuy, mu(y)chinak, jingilamu(y), sermu(y), muylab, bemuy- lab, muybofi, mu(y)shonakuni, mu ba mu; ruza, ruzona, ruzgor, beruzi, navruz, ruzmarra, ruzador, ruzbay, harruza, Behruz, Nekruz, Gulruz, Ruzigul va g.
- Bo reshai kalimahoi ru(y), gush, tuy va chub kalimahoi sokhta va murakkab sozed va onhoro begalat khoned.
- Misrahoi zerinro burro va begalat qiroat kuned. Hangomi khondan ba imloyu tarzi talaffuzi sadonoki u va kalimahoi buy – bu, muy – mu, ruy – ru, juy – ju, kuy – ku, payi, shuyi eti- bor dihed. Mazmuni har baytro gued. SHarh dihed, ki rukh kadom hissai ruy ast va charo rangi guli surkhro az payi (baroi) vay rabudaast, felhoi burda, rabuda az jihati mano chi qarobat dorand va bo chi maqsad kor farmuda shudaand, vojahoi mushkin va fishondan chi mano dorand.
Ey az guli surkh rang burdavu bu,
Rang az payi rukh rabuda, bu az payi mu. Gulrang(2) shavad, chu ruy shuyi, hama ju, Mushkin(2) gardad, chu mu fishoni, hama ku (Rudaki).
G?! 1) Feli rabudan az murodifhoi giriftan va sitondan bo kadom tobishi mano farq mekunad?
- Nidoi ey bo chi manoyu vazifa omadaast?
- Bigued, ki chunin matnhoro dar kadom mavridi sukhanvari is- tifoda kardan mumkin ast?
Matni zerinro qiroat kuned va bigued, ki felhoi majuy, maguy, magir va mabuy bo kadom kalimaho tanosubi manoi dorand, sumanruy, gulrang, anbarbuy tavsifoti kist yo chis- tand va onho chi mani dorand.
Dar vaqti bahor juz ba labi juy majuy,
Juz vasfi labi yori sumanruy(2) maguy.
Juz bodai gulrang(2) ba shabgir magir,
Juz zulfi butoni anbarbuy(2) mabuy (Mahasti).
- Baythoi zerinro qiroat kuned:
Bikshoy(1) labi shirin(2), bozori shakar bishkan, Binmoy(1) rukhi rangin(2), nomusi qamar bishkan (Sayfi Fargoni).
SHakkarsukhan(2) ast yo sukhanguyi(2) man ast? Anbarzaqan(2) ast yo sumanbuyi(6) man ast?
Sababi oson qiroat shudani in bayt dar chist? Har ka- k*J limai misrai avval bo kalimai misrai duyum na tanho barobarvazn, balki beshtarini vojaho bo yakdigar hamqofi- yaand: bikshoy – binmoy, shirin – rangin, shakar – qamar, shakkarsukhan – anbarzaqan, sukhanguy – sumanbuy. CHunin ka- limahoi hamqofiya dar nasr istifoda shuda boshand, nasri musajja, dar nazm ba kor burda shuda boshand, nazmi mu- sajja menomand.
gg Takhallusi muallif nisbati zodgohi u – shahri Fargona dorad. Azbaski kalimai fargonagi nisbat ba fargoni mujaz, sufta va chandon osonguy nest, az okhiri kalimai Fargona sadonoki a ikhtisor shudaast. Muqoisa kuned: Bukho- roizoda – Bukhorizoda. Bo maqsadi suftavu ravon gardidani takhallus goh ovoze ikhtisor, gohe afzuda meshavad: Marv – Bor- badi Marvazi, Isfara – Sayfi Isfarangi.
- Hangomi qiroati sher ba talaffuzi sadonoki u diqqat dihed, tavsifhoi guyzanakh va muymiyonro sharh dihed:
Ey guyzanakh(2), sukhan zi guyat guyam
V-ey muymiyon(2), zi ishqi muyat muyam.
Gar ob shavam, guzar ba juyat juyam
V-ar sarv shavam(7), ba peshi ruyat ruyam(4) (Muizzi).
- Ba talaffuz va navishti sadonoki u etibor doda kalimahoro takror ba takror qiroat kuned:
Ruy – ru – khushru – Duruya – abruvon, muy – mu, suy – su, buy
- bu shuy – shu (shust), juy -ju (just), guy – gu (guft), ruh, kuh
- kuhna (kuhan), muhra – muhr, Zuhra, nuh – nuhdoron, majruh, anbuh, rushan (ravshan), rugan (ravgan), shu (shavhar), susan (sav- san), chorsu, vale pahlu, gesu, orzu, tarozu, bozu, tarsu, parastu.
! Dar tarkibi kalimahoi aslan tojiki, iqtibosii arabi (beshtar), rusi va baynalmilali, ki az yak yo ziyoda hijo iboratand, hamsadoho takror yo shiddatnok talaffuz mesha- vand. In hodisai ovoiro tashdid va hamsadoi takrorshudaro tashdidnok meguyand. Dar talaffuzi kalimai iqtibosii arabii durr takrori hamsadoi r ravshan ayon namegardad, vale durru marvorid guem, bo tashdid talaffuz meshavad.
Tashdid beshtar dar kalimahoi duhijoi va sehijoi, ahyonan dar kalimahoi serhijo mushohida meshavad: arra, ammo, purra, salla, pashsha, galla, butta, gussa, milli, tillo, makkor, ras som, qashshoq, jarroh, lazzat, diqqat, millat, quvvat, hujjat, darranda, gurranda, muallim, muallif, muvaffaq, murakkab, muqaddas, muhabbat, muharrir, muttahid, muddat, taajjub, taassurot, tabassum, tashabbus, tashakkur, ta- vakkal, tavallo, taraqqi, SaDriDDin, FazliDDin, Hayrullo, Nematullo, hissiyot, ziddiyat, zarrin, khatti, gij jak, million, tonna, grammatika, barrasi, hammillat, hammas- lak, harruza, kammahsul, obbozi, khobbini, ziddi dushman, haqqi qalam, sinnu sol va g.
- Kalimahoi zerin chi tafovuti mano dorand: dur – durr, sir – sirr, aka – akka, shada – shadda, moda – modda, chaka – chakka, dara – darra, darav – darrav, khuram – khurram, khurok – khurrok.
Kalimahoro navishta, burro, shunavo va begalat khoned: avval, albatta, aqallan, allakay, ammo, galla, gussa, ziddi- yat, ittiloot, ittifoq, izzat, illat, qissa, muvaqqatan, musal lah, muallim, muqarrar, muqaddima, muyassar, mubad dal, muta khassis, mud dao, muddat, mufassal, mukammal, muvaffa- qiyat, muta sad di, muarrifi, muassisa, mukhaddira, mushakh- khas, muhaq qiq, ma jal la, nazarras, omma, purquvvat, tashak- kur, taajjubo var, ta khas sus, takhallus, tamaddun, tanaffus, taassurot, ta alluq, ta sav vur, tafakkur, terror, tillo, favqulodda, farrosh, haq qoni, hissiyot, jiddi, shiddat, shaf- fof, himmat, yakka ba yakka.
Hamsadoi halqii (ayn) dar kalimahoi iqtibosii ara- bi, ki dar natijai istemoli muddati tuloni dar zaboni tojiki hazm shuda «az oni khudi» gardidaand, khususiyati fonemagi zohir namuda, manoi vojahoro tagyir medihad.
- Kalimahoi ba tariqi muvozi ovardashudaro bo ham muqoisa na – muda, tafovuti manoii bayni onhoro muqarrar kuned:
ayon – ayon, azo – azo, bad – bad, davo – davo, man – man, nav – nav, raf – raf, qat – qat, rad – rad, surat – surat, tana – tana, sher – sher.
Kalimahoi zerinro navised va ba talaffuzi hamsadoi rioya namuda onhoro khoned va manidod kuned: avzo, anana, bad fel, baraks, baralo, vaziyat, vusat, davat, zaf, ini kos, inom, irtijo, istedod, istemol, lal, mari- fat, man ba, masala, masuliyat, maruza, mone, nizo, say, suni, tab, tama, tam, tamir, tayin, tasir, ta khir, fel, shuo, jome, juziyot, jurat, etimod, eti- rof, qat iyat, qone, yane, ammo monea, jomea, shuoi oftob, mavzui dars.
- Matnro se nafar az zaboni hikoyatkunanda (muallif) va du ba- rodar (tavongar, darvesh) khonad. Nafari chahorum mundarijai hikoyatro naql karda, goyai asosii onro sharh dihad. (Dar matn- hoi kitob bo raqami (1) ba tahlili ovoii (fonetikii) kalimaho ishora shudaast.)
Du barodar (budand). YAke khidmati sulton kardi va digare bo zuri bozu non khurdi. (4) Bore tavongar guft darveshro, ki:(7)
- CHaro khidmat nakuni, to az mashaqqati (1) kor kardan bi- rahi? (4,7)
Guft:
- Tu charo kor nakuni, to az mazallati (1) khidmat rahoi yobi. Hiradmandon guftaand: «Noni khud khurdanu nishastan beh ki(7) kamari zarrin ba khidmat bastan» (Sadi).
