FRAZEOLOGIYA
1) Frazeologizmho (iborahoi rekhta) chi guna vohidi zabonand?
2) CHaro onhoro ham misli kalimaho yak hissai khazinai lugavi meshumorand?
3)Bo kalima, ibora va jumla chi munosibati sokhtori va manoi dorand?
4)Vohidhoi frazeologi dar zabon chi guna khususiyathoi uslubi zohir mekunand?
5)Mavqei onho dar uslubhoi badei va publisisti chi guna ast?
6)CHaro vohidhoi frazeologiro husni notakrori har zabon me- shumorand?
7)Dar istifodai onho dar zabon chi guna galatho ruy medihand?
- Matni zerinro se nafar khonandagon (dar naqshi muallif, Murod va Eshonqulboy) qiroat kunand. Sipas muallim az ahli sinf pursad, ki kadom mafhumi holat ba tarzhoi gunogun ifoda yoftaast va on ifodaho kadom vohidi zabonand, az jihati sokhtu tarkib, oburangi uslubi az hamdigar chi farq dorand.
Bad az yagon soli khonador shudani Murod Fotimabibi murd. Murod khabari vafoti modarkaloni khudro dar dasht, dar vaqte ki gusfandhoi khujainro charonida gashta bud, shunid… Murod gusfandonro az charo ba tarafi havlii boy rond va pesh az yak soat az furu raftani oftob, yane pesh az yak soat az vaqti muqarrarii harruzaash ba havlii boy rasid.
- CHaro molhoro in qadar barvaqt az charogoh gardondi? – guft Eshonqulboy…
- Magar ba shumo khabari az dunyo guzashtani modarkalonamro narasonidand? – gufta pursid Murod az boy dar javobi u.
- Rasondand. Ammo chi shudaast? YAk kampir murd, murddiya. Bo zud raftani tu magar u zinda meshavad?
1) Murodifhoi murdan, vafot kardan va az dunyo guzashtan dar matni asari badei bo chi maqsad istifoda shudaand?
2) Murodifhoi murdan va vafot kardan bo chi maqsad ba kor burda shudaand? Onho chi tafovuti uslubi dorand?
3) CHaro Murod “az dunyo guzashtani modarkalonam” guftaast, vale boy “yak kampir murd, murd-diya”?
4)Murodifi khonador shudan chist?
5)Muallifi asar kist va nomi asar chist?
- Matnhoro burro va begalat qiroat kuned va gued, ki kadom mafhumho ba tarzi mamuli ifoda nayoftaand? Onho chi guna vohidhoi zaboniand?
- Hatto dar tiramohi soli guzashta, ruze dar in bora bo akoi kaloniash gapashon gurekht. Har du surkhu safed shudand. Dar hamon vaqt ba peshi akaash budu shudi masalaro guft, argamchinro az miyon burid;
- Okhir man oftobi sari darakhtam. Hudo nakhohadu vaqt yo bevaqt bandagiro ba jo ovarda monam, in dukhtari baqadrasida dar ruyi khona memonadmi?
- CHaro (Aliro) namekhohi? – guft Bobi dar javobi Zahro va bo hamin savolash ba boloi sukhta namakob va ba otashi furuzon ravgan rekht.
Dar matni avval gapi kase gurekht, surkhu safed shudan, budu shudi chize, argamchinro az miyon buridan, dar matni duyum oftobi sari darakht budan, khudo nakhohad, vaqt yo bevaqt, bandagiro ba jo ovardan, ba qad rasida, dar matni okhirin ba boloi sukhta namakob rekhtan va ba otashi furuzon ravgan rekhtan vohidhoi frazeologi ba shumor meravand. Jumlai gapi kase gurekht va tarkibi surkhu safed shudan ba yak mano – arbada kardan, iborahoi budu shudi chize ba manoi hamai yo tamomi chize va argamchinro az miyon buridan ba manoi qahri shudan, dar matni duyum iborai oftobi sari darakht budan ba manoi pir shudan, jumlai Hudo nakhohad ba manoi neki khostan az Hudovand, tarkibi vaqt yo bevaqt ba manoi nogahon, iborai ba qad rasida ba manoi “bolig” yo “ba balogat rasida” omadaast. Dar matni seyum ba boloi sukhta namakob va ba otashi furuzon ravgan rekhtan ba manoi mushtaraki angekhtan, duchand kardani dardu alami kase dalolat mekunad.
Malum meshavad, ki vohidhoi frazeologi nisbat ba kalima tarkibi mukammal va sokhtori nahvii murakkab doshta, dar qolabi tarkib, ibora va jumla voqe megardand, vale az lihozi mano misli vohidhoi judogonai lugavi yak mafhumi ashyo, alomat, khususiyat, amal yo holatro ifoda mekunand. In manoi umumi va yagonai vohidhoi frazeologi monandi vohidhoi ozodi nahvi az manoi juzhoi ibora yo jumla hosil namegardad, balki az manoi majmui juzho va sokhtori ustuvor yo rekhtai nahvi barmeoyad.
Kalimaho dar tarkibi vohidhoi frazeologi aksar ba manoi majozi meoyand va mafhumhoro yak daraja pushida, vale ranginu dilnishin ifoda mekunand. Dar onho yak lahzai voqeii hayot inikos meyobad: argamchinro az miyon buridan, oftobi sari darakht (kuh) budan, ba boloi sukhta namakob rekhtan va gayra. CHunin lavhaho inikoskunandai muhiti zindagi, farhang va takhayyuloti mardumi har qavmu millat ba shumor meravand, binobar in fahmidani manoi chunin sukhanoni sehrnok baroi begonagon ba osoni muyassar namegardad. Az hamin sabab onhoro az yak zabon ba zaboni digar aynan tarjuma kardan na hamesha muyassar megardad.
Vohidhoi frazeologi ham misli digar unsurhoi lugavi khususiyati sermanoi, murodifi, antonimi zohir mekunand. CHunonchi, chashmi kase ravshan shud ba manohoi shod shudan, tavallud kardan, az khud raftan ba manohoi behush shudan va gurur paydo kardan, dar matni zerin shamol khurdan ba manohoi sayohat kardan va ba bemorii zukom giriftor shudan omadaast:
- Ba qishloqho baromada, kamtar shamol mekhurded, behtar bud.
- Ne, ne. Man az shamol khurdan metarsam (S.G.).
Vohidhoi frazeologi niz khususiyati hammanoi zohir namuda, silsilai murodifotro tashkil medihand va bo tobishhoi nozuki mano, oburangi uslubii guftuguyi, adabii kitobi yo khosi uslubhoi jorii nutq, inchunin bo oburangi hissii musbat yo manfi az hamdigar farq mekunand. Vohidhoi frazeologii musht ba darafsh zadan // gireh ba bod zadan // zuri behuda zadan , murg az qafas rast // tir az kamon jast barobarmanoyand:
Aknun pushaymoni sud nadosht va afsusu dareg foida namebakhshid, chunki tir az kamon barkhato jasta va murgi matlab az dom rasta bud (S.A.).
Murodifhoi chashm andokhtan, nazar afkandan, chashm davondan, az nazar guzaronidan, chashm dukhtan, chashm nakandan, zehn mondan va gayra tobishhoi mukhtalifi manoi nigaristanro ifoda mekunand: chashm andokhtan va nazar afkandan ba chize beetinoyona va sathi yak nigoh kardanro fahmonad, zehn mondan va ifodai guftuguyii sincha kardan ba nuqtai muayyan bodiqqat nigaristan ast. Frazeologizmi chashm andokhtan oburangi guftuguyi, nazar afkandan oburangi adabii kitobi, chashm pesondan oburangi hissii manfi dorad.
- Dar matnhoi zerin yak mano bo kadom vohidhoi zabon ifoda yoftaast va onho az hamdigar chi farqi manoi va uslubi do- rand?
Ba in qadar otashi khashmi Arbob furu nanishasta, Odinai mazlumi ba zamin aftodaro mezad. Bo in qadar ham khashmi Arbob bartaraf nashuda, pasu dunbol chub mezad. In vaqt khashmi Arbob qadre past gardida, khudash ham az zadan monda shuda bud.
- Matnhoro khoned, vohidhoi frazeologiro dar shakli ibora yo jumla ba daftar navishta, murodifi lugaviashro yobed va muqarrar kuned, ki manoi mushtaraki onho chi tarz ifoda yoftaast va murodifhoi lugaviyu frazeologi az hamdigar chi farqi tobishi mano va yo oburangi uslubi dorand.
N a m u n a: Ammo baroi in kor korgari bisyor darkor meshud, aroi pakhtachiyon (pakhtajallobon) boshad, halvoi bedud – foidai be muzdu mehnat darkor bud
Halvoi bedud – foidai muft. Vohidi frazeologi mafhumro obraznok va tasirbakhsh ifoda mekunad, khosi zaboni guftuguyist, ohangi kinoyaomez va manfi dorad.
- Dar hamon soniya hamlakunandagon khudro gum karda dastu po khurdand
- Har kas ba khonai mo baroi kelinbini biyoyad, man az izo memuram, dar on vaqt zamin namekafad, ki daroyam. (S.A.);
- Dar haqqi chunin odamoni tabiatan noorom va ba shugle khugirifta odatan meguyand, ki ustukhonash az khurdi dar mehnat shakh shudaast;
- Dar shahraki Obigarm dar rohi avtobus du soati raso chashmamon kosai gado shud. (Ruznoma).
- Hudro gum kardan – Dastu po khurdan va az izo murdan – zamin namekafad, ki daroyam dar kadom qolabhoi nahvi ifoda yoftaand va az murodifi lugaviashon chi tafovuti manoi yo uslubi dorand?
- Kalimai mehnat ba kadom mano kor farmuda shudaast?
- Murodifi frazeologii kalimayu tarkibhoi zerinro navised va tafovuti manoiyu uslubii onhoro khatti sharh dihed: intizor shudan, bezobita shudan, khomush mondan, ranjidan, oshiq shudan.
Vohidhoi frazeologii muqobilmano: shahdi zindagi chashidan – shahdi marg chashidan, khotiri kase jam ast – khotiri kase pareshon ast matlabro barjasta ifoda mekunand, binobar in dar asarhoi badei az in imkonoti muassiri zabon istifoda burdaand:
On ki dar zulfi pareshonash dili mo jam bud, Jami moro hamchu zulfi khud pareshon kardu raft (Hiloli).
Dar vaqti nabudani Zebiniso dar mahalla va girdu atrof chi voqeaho ruy dodaast, chashmi kiho ravshan shudaastu kiho az dunyo chashm pushidaand, yak ba yak guft (H.K.).
Dar zabon istilohoti ziyodi ijtimoiyu siyosi, iqtisodi, farhangi, ilmiyu tekhniki, korguzorii rasmi va gayra vujud dorand, ki dar qolabi ibora rekhta shudaand: hiloli ahmar, terrorizmi baynalkhalqi, iqtisodi bozargoni, arzishi ilovagi, maydoni magniti, sitorai dumdor, hisobi abjad, tajohli orif, bandaki izofi, tarjumai hol, haqqi mahr, parvandai jinoi, fikri aybdori, murofiai sudi, ba javobgari kashidan va gayra.
Dar zaboni matbuot ham dar barobari yak miqdor vohidhoi frazeologii mamuli zabon, az qabili ba marra rasidan, marrai avvalinro fath namudan, kamari himmat bastan, chashmi korro donistan, jomai amal pushidan, hosili bo araqi jabin ruyonda va gayra, ifodahoi rekhtai khosi zaboni rasonahoi khabari: dastovezhoi mehnati, tilloi safed, izhori nigaroni kardan, ba chize tahkim bakhshidan, piyoda kardani chize, mavridi amale qaror dodan, ba tasvib rasonidan, kushish ba kharj dodan, ba chize muvojeh shudan va gayra seristemoland.
Azbaski vohidhoi frazeologi az yakchand kalima tarkib yofta, sokhtori ustuvor va tabiati khele nozuk dorand, dar istifodai onho galathoi gunogun roh meyoband. YAke az on navi nuqsonho omekhta kardani unsurhoi lugavii yak vohidi frazeologi bo digarest, ki onro dar zabonshinosi kontaminatsiya menomand: roli (naqshi) kalon doshtan ahamiyati kalon bozidan: Baroi oqilona idora namudani mamlakat mashvarat bo hamsar sahmi buzurge mebozad (Ruznoma). Muqoisa kuned: dami begam mezanam, davri piri meronamdami piri meronam; kosai sabram labrez shud, shishai sabram shikast shishai sabram labrez shud(?); ba hayajon omad, dar tashvish mond ba tashvish omad.
- Murodifi frazeologii antonimhoi dust doshtan bad didan, neki karda, badi kardan, sabru toqat kardan, besabriyu betoqati kardan, javoni piri, bisyor kamro navishta, sharh dihed, ki murodifhoi lugaviyu frazeologi az hamdigar chi farqi manoi yo uslubi dorand.
- Frazeologizmhoi zerin chi mano dorand va beshtar dar kadom tarzi bayoni fikr (khatti, adabii kitobi yo shifohi, guftuguyi) istifoda meshavand?
Azobi gur, chashm alo kardan, lab furu bastan, az dahon mondan, dil bokhtan, ba shahodat rasidan, dum likkondan, angushti hayrat gazidan, bo jahoni foni padrud guftan, joyi shisht nayoftan, ba lab kulukh molidan.
- Kadom tarzi ifoda qobili qabul ast? Ba daftaraton navised va sababi intikhobi khudro khatti sharh dihed.
- Muvofiqi talabi ruz tashkil namudani kor ba chorvodoron imkoniyat medihad, ki az ijroi suporishhoi istehsoli bo sarbalandi baroyand; Badon, agarchi az uhdai badi nabaroyand, az badguyi va zabondarozii khud boznameistand
- Har kasi didayu nadida havasi zindagii onhoro yak bor mekhurad; Ba libospushii dugonahoyash nigarista havasash meomad; Mehmonho maro dida havasashon meraft; Mardumi deha navkhonadoronro dida havas mekardand, ki kosh ba onho niz Hudovand chunin arusu domodro nasib gardonad;
- Az ahvoli oyandai man khavotir nakashi ham, meshavad; Boz odamoni dar khona buda khavotir kashida nashinand; Kampir az in ahvoli pisarash ba khavotir aftoda bo ovozi khasta pursid; SHabu ruz khavotiri mekasham, ki ahvoli farzandonam dar mamlakati begona chi khel boshad.