Fel
Fel mafhumhoi amal, harakat va holatro ifoda mekunad. Agar tasviri khatti fel nadoshta boshad, surati jismhoi bejon (naturmort) ast, dar on amalu holat va harakat vujud nadorad. Fel ba tasvir jon bakhshida, onro zinda mekunad, ba harakat meovarad.
Muqoisa kuned:
1. Havlii vase. Dar miyonjoyi on yak sarhavz. Dar girdogirdi on darakhtoni sabzu khurram. Dar yak kanori sarhavz, zeri majnunbed kati chubin…
2. Odinamohkhola korhoyashro tamom kard. Ba ruyi buryo kurpachaashro andokhta, ba sari charkhash nishasta bud ki, dup-dupi qadammonii boshiddat ba gushash rasid. Vay az daricha kalaashro barovarda, ba ruyi havli nigoh kard. YAk javoni ba nazar bistu se, bistu panjsolai siyohtob davida ba suyi khona meomad.
Dar matni duyum tamom kard, nishasta bud, ba gush rasid, nigoh kard, meomad shaklhoi tasrifii fel, andokhta, barovarda, davida shakli tasrifnashavanda sifati feli, andokhtan, barovardan, davidan (masdar) ast.
Manohoi grammatikii felhoi tasrifii matni bolo:
• sigai khabari,
• zamoni guzashta,
• shakhsi seyum,
• shumorai tanho,
• tarzi foil,
• meomad – namudi davomdor, felhoi digar mutlaq,
• shaklhoi zamonii sigai khabarii matni bolo: tamom kard, ba gush rasid, nigoh kard zamoni guzashtai nazdik, nishasta bud zamoni guzashtai dur, meomad zamoni guzashtai hikoyagi,
• az jihati sokht meomad, andokhta, davida – feli soda, barovarda – sokhta, tamom kard, nigoh kard – tarkibi,
• nishasta bud – shaklan tarkibi,
• ba gush rasid – iborai rekhta.
73. Davomi matnro misli bolo tahlil kuned.
Odinamohkhol dar soniyai avval hayron shud, hatto andake tarsid ham. Vay zud az joyash barkhest. On javon zada ba khona daromad. Vay bazur nafas mekashid. CHashmoni bejoyash sarosemavor hama joro takopu mekardand.
1.Felhoi hayron shudan, tarsidan va barkhestanro tasrif kuned.
2.Hamai felhoi matnro dar shakli zamoni guzashtai sifati feli (tarsida) navised.
3.SHarh dihed, ki feli zada ba manoi amali feli daromad chi tobish
mano zam kardaast.
1) Felho dar jumla ba vazifai kadom azo omadaand?
2) Bo peshoyandhoi ba va be va kalimahoi zur va joy ibora yo jumla sozed va tarkibhoi «ba zur» va «be joy»-ro az jihati imlo bo kalimahoi sokhtai bazur va bejo muqoisa kuned.
Masdar nomi amalu holat (ismi feli) ast. Az asosi zamoni guzashtai fel bo zam namudani pasvandi -an sokhta meshavad: tarsid-an, hayron shud-an. Dar jumla misli ism ba vazifai mubtado va purkunanda, inchunin azohoi digar meoyad.
Sifati feli amalu holatro hamchun alomati ashyo ifoda mekunad. SHaklhoi zamoni dorad. SHaklhoi zamoni guzashta (khond-a, khond-a-gi), hozira (khon-anda, khond-a istod-a, me-khond- a-gi), oyanda (khond-an-i) dorad. SHakli khond-a chun amalhoi payravi feli tasrifi (khabarhoi chida) niz ba kor burda me- shavad:
Man darro kushoda, ba darun daromada, hozironro yak az nazar guzaronida, salom dodam. Dar in mavrid pas az khabarhoi chida alomati vergul guzoshta meshavad. Naboyad faromush kard, ki in shakli sifati feli dar jumla ba vazifai khelhoi gunoguni hol niz omada metavonad. Dar in surat alomati vergul guzoshta nameshavad: Man az dar khandida yo khandida-khandida (khandakunon – feli hol) daromadam. Dar in jo sifathoi felii khandida, khandida-khandida va feli holi khandakunon ba vazifai holi tarz omada, dar kadom holat sodir shudani amalro mefahmonad, binobar in pas az khandida (khandida-khadida) vergul guzoshta nameshavad.
74. Jumlahoro bodiqqat khoned va muqarrar kuned, ki dar kadom mavridho pas az shakli mazkuri sifati feli alomati vergul guzoshta meshavad va dar kadom mavrid guzoshta nameshavad.
1. Tirhoi charkh khurda shuda gardanaho kafida tasmaho farsudaand (S.A.);
2. U garqi tamosho va andeshahoi oshiqona shuda az gardishi langari soat bekhabar bud;
3. Tagoiyam choyi dar dast doshtaashro nushida piyolaro ba dodarash – Alikhon doda ba u yak nigohi tezu tund karda davom namud (S.A.);
4.Kas az sirri onho bokhabar nashuda gaphoyashonro ba osoni fahmida nametavonad (H.K.);
5. Nabipolvon baroi donista giriftani muddaoi on chashmonashro kalon kushoda ba u nigoh kard;
6. Azimshoh gum shudani du gusfandi khudro shunida hej izhori anduh nakard (S.A.).
75. Dar matnhoi zerin felhoi ishorashuda az hamdigar chi tafovuti shakli dorand, onho az kadom jihat murodif shudaand.
Man muyi kheshro na az on mekunam siyoh siyoh namekunam,
To boz javon shavamu nav kunam gunoh;
In jahon poku khubkirdor ast,
On shinosad meshinosad, ki dilash bedor ast
(Rudaki).
1. YAk ruz Mirzo Abdullo nom mirzoi sari sanduq kassiri yak boy az Qoriishkamba sad hazor tanga ,ponzdah hazor sum qarz mepursad (qarz pursid) (S.A.); – Pisaram, agar nim soatakak vaqt doshta boshed (doshta boshi), hamrohi man yak gardish mekarded (gardish kun) (S.U.).
1) CHaro navisanda iborai mirzoi sari sanduqro kassiri yak boy, sad hazor tangaro ponzdah hazor sum sharh dodaast va holo mavqei kalimahoi kassir va sum dar zaboni tojiki chi guna ast?
2) Pasvandi -akak dar tarkibi nim soatakak va kalimai yak pesh az feligardish kardan omada, ba tarzi bayoni fikr chi tobishi mano zam namudaast?
76. Dar shakl, sokhtu tarkibi felhoi ishorashuda chi nuqson raftaast va onro chi tarz isloh kardan mumkin ast? Matnhoro isloh karda, ba daftar navised.
1. Bazan boshavq muyhoi khoharchaamro mebofidamu dar kadom shakl khushnamud budanashro izhor menamudam; 2. Vay ba lutfu mehrubonii dukhtar garqida faromush kard, ki baroi chi ba in makon omada bud; 3. Diqqati uro lifofai kaloni sabz, ki dar boloyash bo harfhoi kalon «Jumhurii Ukraina, viloyati Zakarpate, shahri Ujgorod» navisonda shuda bud, jalb namud; 4. Baroi bisyore az mardum in kurta ajib ast va bo didani on hama mutaajjib shuda dahoni hamyonro boz mekunand; 5. Daryochai shukhob bo figon jori budu nola mekard. Guyo peshomadi nokhushero naql dosht; 6. Man bovari doram, ki onho dar har kujoe, ki naboshand, sharafi varzishi tojikro himoyat khohand kard (Ruznoma).