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Firqahoi ismoiliya

Dar soli 1094 ismoiliyon bar sari jonishinii Mustansiri Billoh ba du shokha taqsim shudand. Aksariyati etiqodmandon pisari javontari Mustansir bo laqabi Mustali (vaf.1102)-ro ba khilofat nishondand va pisari buzurgtari u Nizor (1045-1136), ki bo amri imomi peshin valiahd elon shuda bud, az haqqi jonishini mahrum kardand. Ismoiliyoni Misr, YAman va garbi Hinduston bo Mustali bayat kardand va bo nomi m u s t a l a v i ya mashhur gashtand. Ismoiliyoni sarzaminhoi saljuqi ba rahbarii Hasani Sabboh (1050-1124) qoil ba imomat va jonishinii Nizor shudand va ismoiliyoni Eron va digar sarzaminhoi sharqi ba nomi n i z o r i ya maruf shudand.

Ismoiliyoni nizori dar qalamravi hukumati Saljuqiyon davlate az oni khud bo hadafi reshakan kardani turkoni saljuqi tashkil dodand. Davlati Nizori, ki markazi on dar qalai kuhistoni Alamut dar shimoli Eron bud, muddati 166 sol davom ovard va saranjom bar asari hamlahoi sipohiyoni mugul suqut kard. Hasani Sabboh, ki sozmondihanda va dar ayni hol donishmandi maruf bud, zaboni forsiro ba unvoni zaboni dinii jomeai ismoiliyoni nizorii Eron barguzid va onro jonishini zaboni arabi kard[1]. Ba ishorai Paul Amir «bo in ki davrai qudrati Alamut besh az 95 sol tul nakashid, zaboni forsi ba vasilai botiniho khele tavsea yoft va zaboni arabiro aqib zad va dar eroniyon hissi manoati (balandnazari) milli, ki qarnho khobida bud, bedor gardid»[2].

Azbaski masalai talim asosi nazariyai bunyodii nizoriyoni nakhustin bud va bad-in sabab onho ba nomi t a l i m i ya shuhrat yoftand. Hasani Sabboh in nazariyaro dar risolae ba nomi «CHahor fasl» yo «Al-fusul al-arbaa» az nav bayon kard. In risola boqi namondaast, ammo muarrikhon, az qabili Atomaliki Juvayni (1226-1282), Rashiduddini Fazlulloh (1247-1318), Koshoni (vaf.1337), SHahristoni onro dida va az on naqli qavl ovardaand.

Dar asri XI firqae az ismoliya bo nomi n i z or iya ba vujud omad. Asosgzori in firqa Hasan ibni Sabbohi Himyari buda, nomi firqa bo nomi an-Nizor- pisari kaloni, valiahdi imom khalifi fotimiyon al- Mustansir vobasta ast. In firqa inchunin bo nomi h a sh sh o sh i ya ( yo khud assosiya ) niz maruf ast. Nomi okhirinro in firqa baroi on giriftaast, ki guyo onho qatli khafiya (terror)-ro hamchun usuli muboriza bo mukholifon va dushmanoni khud ba kor burda, ijrokunandagoni in hukmro hashish medodaand, ki in aqida az tarafi ulamoi ismoiliya qatiyan rad shudaast. Onho dar raddi in aqida dalelashon in ast, ki yake az alqobi ismoiliya a s o s i, yane tarafdori v a s i buda va onhoro a s o s i yu n mekhonand. Baze muarrikhinu muhaqqiqin onro bargalat h a sh i sh i ya khondaand, na a s o s i ya.

Talimoti nizoriyaro dar Eron doii nomburdai ismoiliya Hasani Sabboh intishor dod va tarafdoroni ziyode dar YAzd, Kirmon va Tabaristonu Domgon paydo kard. Hulosa badan u dar soli 1090 qalaero bo nomi Alamut dar kuhistoni Alburzi Eron ba dast ovarda, ohista- ohista yak davlati navismoilie barqaror mekunad, ki on az soli 1090 to soli 1256 davom karda, bo davlati saljuqiyon va mujulyu sakht muboriza kardaast.

Imomati nizoriya dar nasli okhirin khudovandi Alamut Rukniddini Hurshoh (1230-1257) idoma yoft. Pas az on etiqodmandoni tariqai shiai imomii ismoilii nizori dar manotiqi mukhtalif ba hayoti dinii khud idoma dodand. In javome, ki az SHom to Eron va Osiyoi Markazivu Hinduston parokanda shudand, ba tavri mustaqil az yakdigar sunnathoi dini va adabii khudro ofaridand. Ismoiliyon dar jomeahoe, ki bar joni onho tahdid meshud, t a q i y a dar pesh giriftand va khudro dar zeri khirqai sufiyon pinhon kardand. Taqiya dar mazhabi ismoili ilova bar manoi roiji on, yane makhfi kardani aqida dar hangomi duchor shudan bo khatar, manoi khose niz dorad, ki hamono fosh nakardani haqoiqi botin bar gayri ahlash ast.

Firqai digare ki az ismoiliya baromada d r u z i ya meboshad. In firqa dar asri XI az doirai ismoiliyai fotimi dar payravii Muhammad ibni Ismoili Darazi (vaf.1019) yake az tarafdoroni khalifai fotimh al- Hakim (saltanat az 996-1021) ba vujud omadaast.Baze muarrikhoni din Hamza ibn Aliro asosguzori in firqa meshumorand. Vale payravoni in firqa khudro m u v a h h i d menomand. Druziyon al-Hakimro hamchun imomi haftum parastish mekunand. Darazi, ki az ismoiliyoni fors bud (baze uro turk guftaand) ba Qohira omada, ba tabligi goyai khud mepardozad, vale dar on jo dastgiri paydo namekunad va pas az yak vazguie , ki dar masjidi jomei Qohira iddao mekard, ki dar shakhsiyati khalifa al-Hakim ruhi ilohi hulul kardaast, mavridi taqib va lanati musalmonon qaror megirad va bo yorii khalifa al-Hakim ba Suriya megurezad. Dar in jo goyai in firqa hmchun ideologiyai harakati ozodikhohii siyosii mardumi kuhistoni janubii Lubnon khayrkhohivu dastgiri paydo mekunad. Payravoni in firqa to imruz niz dar Lubnon va Suriya iqomat dorand.

Silsila marotibi nizoriya iborat ast: az imom, doii doiyon (doiyul duot), doii kabir, doi, rafiq, losiq, va fidoi. Du martabai okhirin tanho zohiri talimoti nizoriyaro medonand va ba martabahoi boloi tobeand. Se martabai avval onhoe meboshand, ki har kadom ba qadri manzalati khud az botini talimoti nizoriya ogahi dorand.

Aksari ismoiliyone , ki to imruz omada rasidaand, az shokhai nizoriya meboshand. Onho dar Suriya, Ummon, baze ma^alloti Eron va dar shimoli Afgoniston zindagh mekunand. Dar baze navohii viloyati Kuhistoni Badakhshon niz payravoni nizoriya va inchunin n o s i r i ya yake az digar shokhai ismoiliya, ki asosguzori on Nosiri Husravi Qubodiyoni ba shumor meravad, zindai mekunand.

To nimai qarni XVIII imomoni nizori ba iyolati Kirmon naqli makon karda budand. CHihilu chahorumini onho Abulhasan Ali (vaf.1792) dar Kirmon az jihati siyosi niz ahamiyat yoft va az tarafi Kirmonkhoni Zand ba hukumati iyolati Kirmon mansub shud. Bo tajdidi hayoti silsilai sufiyoni nematullohi dar zamoni Abulhasan Ali ravobiti nazdike bayni in tariqai sufi va nizoriyon barqaror shud. CHihilu shashumin imomi nizori Hasanali SHoh (1804-1881) az jonibi Fathalishohi Qochor laqabi «Ogokhon» daryoft kard va in laqab ba tavri mavrusi ba jonishinoni u intiqol yoft.

Asosi aqidavii Duruziyaro Hamza ibni Ali (vaf. bad az 1042 ) nihoda bud va onro dar asri HU Jamoluddin Tanuhi (1417-1479) takmil namuda ast. Talimoti kosmologii onho ba ismoiliya nazdikast, dar on faqat panj zinai sudur ast, har kadom dar yake az peshvoyoni in firqa tajassum yoftaast. Masalan, suduri avvalro Aql ( yo Aqli Kull) meshumorand, ki dar Hamza ibni Ali tajassum yofta; suduri duvvum Nafsi Kull ast, ki dar Ismoil ibni Muhammadi Tamimi mujassam shudaast va g-ra. Tasiri talimoti zardushtiya va masehiya dar in firqa khelo ravshan ast. On az jumla dar masalai bovari ba on, ki olam yo hasti munosibati mutaqobilai khayru shar meboshad va har asli kayhoni asli digari tazzodro ( chun: aql- shayton, nafs-nida, nur -zulmat, hikmat- jahl)- ro dorad va bovari ba on, ki Hudo metavonad dar shakli insoni zohir shavad huvaydost. Druziyon ahkomi shariatro rioya namekunan va doroi zindagii khelo ba khud mahdudi ba rui begonagon basta dorand. Holo payravoni in firqa dar Lubnon, Suriya ,Falastin va qisman dar Amriko zindagi mekunand.

[1]         Dar mavridi usuli aqoidi Hasani Sabboh ruju shavad ba: Noydkop, Mag8Ya11 Sooy\\’1p Etpp. TNe 8esgeG Ogyeg oG Akkakktz: Ge 8Ggidd1e oG 11yu Eag1u. Tarjumai Faridun Badrai. -Tehron: SHirkati intishoroti ilmi va farhangi, 1378, 461 sah., sah.419-422; Farhod Daftari. Ismoiliya va Eron. – Tehron: Farzoni ruz, 1388, 302 sah., sah.145-174; Paul Amir. Hudovandi Alamut: Hasani Sabboh. Tarjumai Zabehulloh Mansuri. -Tehron: Badraqai jovidon, 1380, 674 sah.

[2]        Paul Amir. Hudovandi Alamut: Hasani Sabboh. Tarjumai Zabehulloh Mansuri. -Tehron: Badraqai jovidon, 1380, sah. 674.

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