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GAZOI BADR

Buzurgtarin gazvaest, ki dar soli duyum surat girifta gazvai Badr nomida shudaast. On dar mohi shashum ba vuqu payvast va avvalin dramai hamosaviyu fojiavii voqei baroi arob bud.

SHarhi in gazva chunin ast. Muvofiqi malumot korvoni buzurgi Qurayshiyon, ki bo khud panjoh hazor dirham kolo haml mekard dosht, az SHom barmegasht. Dar in korvon mole bud, ki dar on tamomi sarmoyadoroni Quraysh sarmoyaguzori karda budand. Ammo baroi Payombari Islom (s), pas az yak chand sariyahoi benatija, in avvalin shans bud, ki bo galaba dar on metavonist ba mavqeiyati khud dar Madina subot bakhshad. In ast, ki bedirang dasturi harakat doda shud. Bo maqsadi rabudani ganimat az in korvon bisyoriho piyoda va iddae be silohi jangi, yak chand tan savor ba yak shutur ba sui mahali Badr meshitoftand. Hamagi sipohi musulmonon iborat az se sadu sezdah tan va haftod shutur bud. Hudi Muhammad (s) niz ba navbat bo Ali ibni Abitolib va Mursad ibni Abimursad Ganavi ba yak shutur savor meshudand.

Abusufiyon az qasdi Muhammad (s) khabar yofta, az Makka yori mepursad. Makkagiyon sipohi azime murakkab az hazor shamsherzan bo 100 asp va 700 shutur tadoruk doda ba roh baromadand. Dar hayati sipoh hamai shakhsoni marufi Makka, shaykhon va saroni avlod ba juz Abu Lahab, ki az sababi kasali natavonist bo sipoh hamroh shavad ba joi khud qarzdori khudro ba ivazi bakhshidani qarz firistoda bud. Hatto du amaki Muhammad al-Abbos(s) va al-Horis(s) niz majbur shudand ba sipoh payvandand. Hardu sipoh ba sui Badr dar harakat budand. Muhammad(s) nogoh khabar daryoft, ki az Makka sipohi azime ba kumaki Abusufiyon dar harakat ast. Malum bud, ki in miqdor sipoh na tanho baroi himoyati korvon balki ba yak bor az bayn burdani khatari dastai Muhammad(s), ki bezobitakunandai doimii ahli Makka va khatare ba dinu oini onho gardida bud, jamovari shudaast. Voqean in sipoh tanho baroi himoyati korvon az rohzanon ne, balki avvalin sipohi mujahhaz bar muqobili islom va nahzati Muhammad (s) bud. In khabar baroi sipohi Muhammad(s) nogahoni bud.

Muhammad (s) bo sarvaroni sipoh ba mashvarat nishast va peshnihodi aqib nagashtan va jangidan kard, az nomi muhojiron Abubakru Umar (r) va Miqdod ibni Amr khosti Payombar (s)-ro, dastgiri kardand va onro nek meshumoridand. Baroi Muhammad (s) nazari ansor khele muhim bud, chunki aksariyatro onho tashkil mekardand. (236 ansor dar barobari 77 muhojir). Harchand tibqi paymoni Aqaba taahhud karda budand az u dar barobari dushman difo kunand. Vale holo paygambar mekhost khud bo dushman bijangad. Oyo dar in chunin maraka uro himoya mekarda boshand? In bud, ki Muhammad (s) boz nido dod: «Ey mardum bo man mashvarat kuned, nazaratonro bigued»! CHun az tarafi aqaliyati muhojir Abubakru Umar va Miqdod omodagii khudro elom karda budand, Sad ibni Mazo Ansori maqsadi paygambarro daryoft va az joi khud barkhost va guft: «Ey rasuli Hudo! Ba khudo qasam misli in ki maqsudat moem?» Paygambar guft: «ore».

Guft: «Mo ba tu imon ovardaem va turo tasdiq kardem va guvohi dodaem, ki on chi ovardai haq ast va bar in bo tu ahd kardaem va paymon bastaem. Saropo chashmem va gush har kujo davat mekuni biravem. Mo bo tuem. Savgand ba kase ki turo ba haq barangekhtaast, agar in daryoro ba mo binamoi, dar on furu khohem raft va yak marde az mo khilof nakhohad kard.

Az in ki fardo bo khasmamon ruyo ruy shavem nokhushnud nestem, mo dar jang burdboronem va dar dusty rostguftor».[9]

Hulosa, pas az ba dast ovardani rizoyati har du taraf Muhammad (s) farmoni harakat dod va sipohi u nakhust ba mahali Badr rasid. Boz khabar yoftand, ki Abusufyon az niyati Muhammad (s) ogahy yofta korvonro bo rohi kanori bahr badar burdaast. In yak zarbai digare bud baroi onhoe, ki baroi ba dast ovardani ganimat baromada budand. In khabar voqean, dar bayni hardu sipoh ikhtilofi aqida ba vujud ovarda bud.

CHun Abusufyon ba makkiyon khabar doda bud, ki u korvonro az digar roh burda najot dodaast, ehtiyoj ba sipoh nest. In khabar, ki dar mahali al-Juhfa ba makkiyon rasida bud judoy dar safi sipohi Makka andokht. Qisme on sipohi makky hej zarurate baroi muborizavu jang va khunreziro ba barodaroni khud namedidand. Namoyandagoni baze avlod, az jumla Zuhry va Od sipohro tark guftand va on qarib ba nisf kam shud. Hatto shaykhi avlodi Abdshams Utba ibni Rabia, ki boyad qasosi Utba binni Rabiaro, ki dar gazoi qably kushta shuda bud, megirift, dudila meshavad. Az tarafi Muhammad (s) niz yak iddae dudila meshavand va meguftand, ki mo baroi ganimat omada budem, na baroi jang, on ham bo chunin sipohi azim – sesadu sezdah tan dar barobari hazor shamsherzan.

Dar in hangom az Hudovand Payombar (s) oyate daryoft, ki baroi jilavagary az inchunin ruhiya va tashviqi musulmonon khele muhim bud. «Va chun Hudo yake az du dasta (korvoni tijorati yo sipohi Quraysh) -ro ba SHumo vada medihad, SHumo dust dored, ki dastai boshukuhu shavkat az oni shumo boshad. dar surate, ki Hudo mekhohad ba kalimotash haqro piruz sozad va okhirin nafari kofironro nobud sozad.»(Anfol:7) In oyat niz dalolat ba ahmiyati siyosy- mazhabii in gazva mekunad. Piruzii kalimai Haq(q) «Lo iloha illal Loh» dar in nabard muhim bud. In ast mohiyati avvalin iqdomi nizomi -siyosii islom.

Hulosa kor ba jang qaror girift. Baroi Muhammad(s) dar sari chohi Badr soyabone barpo kardand va Abubakr (r) dar kanorash posdor bud. Payombar(s) az on jo ansor va muhojironro ba nabardu muboriza tashviq mekard. Oyathoe bar U merasidand va mardumro bo on ba istodagari davat mekard. Az jumla in oyatro munzal dar hangomi on jang medonand: «Ey paygambar muminonro bo korzor tashviq kun: Agar az shumo bist tan ahli sabru burdbori boshand ba dusad tan piruz meshavand va agar az shumo sad tan boshand, bar hazor tan az kasone, ki kufr mevarzand galaba khohand kard, zero ki onho guruhe hastand, ki durust andesh nestand.»/ Infol:65/

Korzori Badr avvalin sahnai ham hamosaviyu ham fojiavii tarikhi islom bud. In korzore bud, ki dar yak taraf padar dar digar jabha pisar, dar yak taraf barodari khurd, dar tarafi digar barodari kalon qaror dosht. Az jumla tarikhnigoron sahnai barkhurdi Abubakr (r)-ro bo pisarash Abdurrahmon khele purhayajon tasvir kardaand.[10] Sahnai digare vaqto, ki jasadi Utbaro bo digar kushtashudagoni jang ba choh meafkanand, pisarash Hafiza, ki dar sipohi Muhammad (s) bud, rangparida khira-khira bar kushtai padarash menigarist. Vaqto ki paygambar(s) az u pursid: “Dar «kori padarat chi meandeshi»? Guft: «Man aqlu hilmu fazilati uro meshinokhtam va umed doshtam, ki in sifot uro ba islom meorad va holo chun in sarnavishti uro mebinam va ba yod meovaram, ki bo vujudi umede, ki ba u doshtam, bar kufr murdaast, in maro anduhgin mekunad.»[11]

Dar in jang dar qatori digar qurayshiyon az avlodi Bani Hoshim niz budand. Az jumla amaki paygambar Abbos niz ishtirok dosht. Abbos mardi sarvatmandi ribokhor va pulparaste bud, har chand ba guvohii siranavison dar darun musulmon shuda bud, vale az tarsi Abujahl va digaron onro pinhon medosht. Muhammad (s) farmon medihad, az Bani Hoshim kasero makhsusan Abbosro nakushand. In farmon bazehoro az jumla Abuhafizro ba khashm ovarda ast, ki guftaast: «Mo padaronamon va pisaronamon va barodaru kheshovandonamonro bikushem va Abbosro raho kunem? Ba Hudo qasam agar uro bubinam shamsher ba ruyash mezanam va dar gushtash furu mebaram».171 Harchand Abuhafiza badan az guftaash pushaymon meshavad, vale dar voqe chunin farmonro digaron niz, makhsusan az mavqei arzyobii imruza, metavonand nafahmand. Ammo tarjumai holnigoroni Muhammad (s) in farmonro mahzi khotri on medonand, ki zarfi 13 soli aziyatu mashaqati Makka bore Bani Hoshim az pushtibonii Muhammad dareg navarzidaand. Voqean, in farmonro chunin metavon arzyobi kad: javobi nekii avlodi Bani Hoshim ba neki. Hama tahrimhoe va fishorhoe, ki ba sari shuabi Abitolib omadro, onho bo ham tahammul karda budand. Alalkhusus amaki Payombar (s) Abbos hej vaqt in hama muddat, az pushtibonii dodarzodaash ruy natofta ast.

Jang toraft ba manfiati Madinagiho ivaz meshud. Abujahl, yake az ashaditarin dushmani islom va tadoruk dihandai in sipoh kushta meshavad. In voqea metavon guft sipohi Makkaro besaru sarvar mesozad. Ba zammi in bodi tundu gardolude vazida jangro ba Makkagiho mushkil menamud. Tibqi guzorishi sarchashmahoi islomi in hama asari amaliyoti maloik budand, ki ba kumaki sipohi Muhammad(s) az tarafi Hudo irsol shuda budand. In aqidaro dar zaminai oyati zerin istinbod kardand: «Hamono, ki shumo az Parvardigoraton yori khosted, vay ba shumo javob dod: «Man shumoro bo hazor maloikai pasi ham saforosta kumak mekunam. Hangome, ki Parvardigorat ba farishtagon payom medihad, ki man bo shumoyam, pas ononro ki garavidaand ustuvor va sobitqadam kuned. Ba zudy dar dili insone, kikufr varzidandharos meafkanam.»/Anfol:12/[4]

Muhammad (s) ba khondani in chunin oyathoe az Quron sukhanoni otashin va tasmimu farmonhoi mudabbirona mujohidonro dar in jang rohbari va tashviq mekard. U ba sipohiyoni islom dastur doda bud, ki kushish kunand mardumi oddii sipohi dushmanro, ki aksariyat majburan ba in jang omadaand, hadda-l-imkon nakushand. SHiori jangii mujohidoni islom tanho «Ahad, Ahad, Ahad» -yane shiori tavhid bud va az shevanhovu dodu faryodi mushrikon farq dosht.

Sipohi Quraysh ru ba firor nihod, musulmonon onro bo shur taqib mekardand. Dar natija makkiho bo dodani 70 tan kushtavu 70 tan asir jangro bo vujudi bartari dar tahjizot va miqdor bokhtand. Bo vujudi az dast raftani korvon az in jang yak miqdor ganimat: 115 shutur, 14 asp, mato, asliha va zakhirai khurok nasibi musulmonon shud.[5]

YAke az surahoe, ki havodisi in jang dar on beshtar inikos yoftaast surai hashtum «al-Anfol» meboshad. «Anfol» ba manii ganimati jangi ast. Dar in jang Muhammad ganimati ba dast omadaro barobar bayni mujohidon va onhoe, ki dar Madina gumoshtai khidmat budand, taqsim mekunad. Ammo dar mavridi oyati 41-umi hamin sura, ki on dar mavridi khums (panjyak)- on sahmiyae, ki boyad ba Hudo va Paygambari U (s)- ba aqraboi u, yatimon, miskinon va ibni sabil (musofiron) taalluq girad, sukhan raftaast, ba aqidai olimon in oyat badtar omada.

Az asironi in jang tanho du nafar – Uqba ibni Abi Muit va Nazir ibni Horisro, ki dar Makka musulmononro bisyor ozoru aziyat karda budand, kushta meshavand.

Bad az in jangi Badr Muhammad(s) az galaba khotirjam nashuda, haft ruz pas dar okhirhoi mohi Ramazon, avvali SHabon bo maqsadi peshgiri az tavtiai qaboili bani Salim va Gatafon, ki dar sari rohi tijoratii Makka ba Haliji Fors sokin budand ba muqobili onho lashkar kashid. Dar in gazva mujohidon dushmanro taqib namuda, se ruz dar mahalli obe bo nomi Qadr kamin giriftand. Malum gardid, ki bani Salim bo bajoy guzoshtani ganimat firor kardaand.

YAki digare az hodisahoi in sol gazva bo qabilai yahudi Qaynuqo va az Madina ronda shudani onho bud. Tibqi guzorishi muallifoni islomi sababi chunin iqdom paymonshikanii yahudiyon va munofiqii onho bud. Sababi digari chunin iqdom on bud, ki Payombari islom (s) bad az galaba dar jangi Badr intizori hujumi javobii Qurayshiyon bud va dar chunin sharoit yahudiyon, ki bar khilofi intizorii U bo islom dushmani mevarzidand, az unsurhoi khatarnoku mukholifi dokhili dar Madina-poygohi islom ba shumor meraftand. In ast, ki jangi bo sababi tahqiri yak zani musulmon dar bozor rukh doda, angeza va bahonai khube baroi az sharri onho khalos shudan gardid.

YAhudiyon pas az ponzdah ruz muhosiranishini dar dajhoi khud majbur ba taslim shudand va ba vasotati Abdulloh ibni Abi hukmi qatl ba tabid ivaz karda shud.

Soli seyumi hijri bo yak qator gazva (chun gazvai Ziamr, Far va sariyai Qadr) ogoz meshavad. Az voqeahoi digari sari in sol dar zindagonii paygambar khonadorshavii dukhtarash Fotima (r) bo amakbachaash Ali(r) va khonadorii khudash bo Hafsa dukhtari Umar meboshad. Izdivoji Payombar (s) bo dukhtari Abubakr(r) Oisha(r) va dukhtari Umar Hafsa (ra) jihati ejodi payvandi kheshovandii Paygambar(s) bo in shakhsiyathoi muqtadiri Quraysh va islom az nazari siyosi khele muhim bud.

[9]       Iqtibos az Aly SHariaty, Islomshinosy, s. 147

[10]     Alk SHariatk. Islomshinosk (darssoi donishgosi Mashsad).s.157

[11] Hamon jo s.160.

[4]       Alk SHariatk tafsiri jolibe az in oyat dar kitobi «Islomshinosk» kardaast. s.610

[5]       Krachkovskiy I.YU. Komentarii dar poyoni tarjumai Quron-Koran, Perev. i kom. I. YU. Krachkovskogo 2- s. izd, M. Nauka, 1990 s. 549.

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