HARITAI QUNUNII SIYOSII JAHON

Nakhustin davlatho kay dar kurai Zamin paydo shudand? Marhalahoi gunoguni tarikhy ba tashakkulyobii kharitai sahony chy guna tasir rasond? Ayni zamon dar kharitai siyosii jahon chy digarguniho ba amal omadand?

Marhalahoi tashakkulyobii kharitai siyosii jahonro shumo hanuz az omuzishi fanni geografiya dar sinfi VII va tarikh dar sinfi IX omukhtaed. Jdrayoni tashakkulyobii on khele tulony buda, tamomi davrakhoi tarikhii jamiyati insoniro inikos menamoyad. Haritai siyosy dar davomi sadsolakho bo mururi paydoishu posh khurdani davlatkhoi alokhida, tagyiryobii sarkhad, kashfi qitayu zaminkhoi nav, avjgirii sokhti mustamlikadory, taqsimoti jakhon az jonibi davlatkhoi abarkudrat khamesha digargun meshud. Az in jikhat, kharitai siyosii jakhon mavzui omuzishi geografiyai siyosy buda, on yake az shokhakhoi mukhimmi geografiyai iktisodiyu ijtimoy ba khisob meravad.

Umuman, tashakkulyobii kharitai siyosii jakhonro ba davrai kadim, asrkhoi miyona, nav va navtarin judo mekunand. Junin taksimot shoyad na khamai pakhlukhoi inkishofi kharitai siyosiro dar bar girad, vale konuniyatkhoi asosii onro inikos menamoyad.

Davrai kadim (asri V to milod) zamoni sokhti gulomdoriro dar bar girifta, ravnaku rivoj va tanazzuli nakhustin davlatkhoi dunyo-Misri Qadim, Karfagen, YUnoni Qadim, Rimi Qadim va gayraro tajassum menamoyad. In davlatkho dar inkishofi tamadduni jakhony khissai bebakho guzoshtaand, vale dar on zamon yagona rokhi tagyir dodani sarkhadi khudro dar takhdidi jang va zurovary medidand.

Dar asrkhoi miyona tashakkulyobii kharitai siyosii jakhon (asrkhoi ^-H^) ba davrai feodalizm alokamand ast. Sokhtori siyosii davlatdorii feodaly nisbat ba davrai gulomdory khele murakkabu ganitar bud. Dar asosi ravnaki bozori dokhily dar in davra parokandagii khojagiyu nokhiyakho peshgiry karda shud va khamesha kushishi zabtu vasekunii khududi davlatkhoi feodaly ba nazar merasid. Qismkhoi buzurgi khushkii kurai Zamin (junonji,
Avrupo) bayni davlathoi gunogun taqsim shuda bud. Vizantiya, Kievi Rus, imperiyai Rim, Portugaliya, Angliya, Ispaniya nomguyi nopurrai davlathoi asrhoi miyona meboshand.

Davrai nav (az asri XV to anjomi Jangi yaqumi jahon) ba zamoni boloraviyu poydorii qapitalizm muvofiq msoyad. Ba haritai siyosy kashfiyothoi buzurgi gsografy, qi dar hadsi formatsiyahoi jamiyatiyu iqtisodii feodalizmu kapitalizm meistod, tagyirothoi jiddy dohil namud. On ba vass gardidani doirai mustamliqadorii davlathoi Avrupo va robitahoi iqtisodii baynalmilaly dar miqyosi tamomi jahon asos guzosht.

Haritai siyosii jahon dar asrhoi XIX – XX bo sababi shiddat giriftani munosibati davlathoi buzurg nisbat ba taqsimoti jahon hele noustuvor gardid. Masalan, agar soli 1876 hamagy 10 darsad maydoni Afriqa ba davlathoi Avrupoi Barbi mansub bud, pas soli 1900 in nishondihanda ba 90 darsad rasid. Dar ibtidoi asri XX junin taqsimot purra ba ohir rasidu minbad in taqsimquny bo rohi zurovary anjom meyoft.

Davrai navtarin dar tashaqqulyobii haritai siyosii jahon, pesh az hama ba ogozu anjomi du jangi jahony, tasisyobii sistemai jahonii sotsializm va posh hurdani on aloqamand meboshad.

Dar maddi avval, badi Jangi yaqumi jahon imperiyai Avstro – Vengriya paroqanda shuda, davlathoi mustaqil, az qabili Lahiston (Polsha), CHehoslovaqiya, Ruminiya va gayra tashqil yoftand va az tarafi digar imperiyahoi mustamliqavii Britaniyayu Faronsa (Fransiya) va Jopon (YAponiya) vase gardidand. Dar Rusiya boshad, Inqilobi Oqtyabr galaba qarda, sohti davlatdorii sotsialisty ba vujud omad.

Dar madsi duvum, badi Jangi duyumi jahon Olmon (Germaniya)-i fashisty va Jopon purra shiqaet hurda, iqtidori davlathoi ziddigitlery mustahqam shud va az tarafi digar on ba paroqandashavii mustamliqadory ovard. Badi yaq muddati qutoh ziyoda az 100 davlat dar Osiyo, Afriqa va Amriqoi Lotiny mustaqil gardidand.

Hususan, shiqasti Olmon (Germaniya)-i fashisty boisi etibori balandu minbad purquvvat shudani Ittihodi SHuravy va dar in asno barpo shudani davlathoi navi sohti sotsialisty dar Avrupo va Osiyo gardid. H^amin tavr, badi Jdngi duyumi jahon (az soli 1945 to 1990) 102 davlat ba istiqloli siyosy noil shudand.

Dar maddi seyum, posh khurdani Ittihodi SHuravi, YUgoslaviya va CHekhoslovakiya dar avvali solkhoi 90-um boisi digargunii navbaty dar kharitai siyosii chakhon gardid. Az in likhoz, dar okhiri asri XX dar kharitai siyosii jakhon allakai 230 mamlakat va khududkhoi alohida ba kaid girifta shudaand. Vale dar barobari ziyodshavii mikdor boyad peshravii sifat niz ba etibor girifta shavad. Masalan, agar soli 1900 dar jakhon khamagi 57 davlati sokhibikhtiyor vujud doshta boshad, pas mikdori on pesh az CHdngi duyumi jakhon ba 71 va soli 2012 in nishondikhanda ba 194 rasid.

Davlatkho bo masokhat va mikdori aholii khud farq mekunand. Masalan, az ruii shumorai akholi dakh davlati kalontarin ba khisob girifta shudaast, ki khar kadom ziyoda az 100 mln akholi doshta, dar yakjoyagi az 3/5 khissai akholii jakhonro dar bar megirand.

Dar kharitai siyosii jakhon beshtari davlatkho az jikhati khajmi miyona va nisbatan na on kadar kalon bartari dorand. Dar barobari in, boz davlatkhoi az jikhati masokhat nikhoyat khurd niz vujud dorand, ki akholii onkho az 10 to 30 khazor nafar merasad. Onkhoro aksar davlatkhoi «khurd» va yo «khurdtarin» menomand. Ba in gurukhi davlatkho dar Avrupo-Andora, Likhtenshtein, Monako, San-Marino, Vatikan; dar Amriko- Barbados, Grenada, Sent- Lyusiya va gaira; dar Okeaniya Tonga, Nauru; dar Afrika- Mavrikii, jazirakhoi Seishel va gaira dokhil meshavand.

Hangomi omuzishi kharitai siyosii in yo on davlati alokhida, pesh az khama ba mavkei on dar sokhai siyosi va yo iktisodi bakho doda meshavad. Az tarafi digar in mavke niz gunogun buda, boz ba on jikhatkhoi darajai inkishofi iktisodiyu ijtimoi, tamoili siyosi, andozai demokrati budani sokhtori khokimiyat, khamkori bo iktisodiyoti jakhoni va gaira dokhil meshavand.

To solkhoi 90-umi asri XX tamomi davlatkhoi jakhonro az ruii se navi asosi: sotsialisti, davlatkhoi mutarakkii kapitalisty va ru ba inkishof fark mekardand.

Badi posh khurdani sokhti jakhonii sotsialisti junin navi taksimot tagiir yoft. H,olo aksari davlatkhoi jakhonro ba se gurukh:      az jikhati iktisodi inkishofyofta, ru ba

inkishof vy mymlykytkhoi 6y iktisodiyoti bozorgoni guzaranda (yane guzashtan az sokhti banakshagiri ba bozorgoni) taksim mekunand. By davlatkhoi dar kholati guzarish mansubbuda, pesh az khama    sotsialistii Avrupoi SHarki, Ittikhodi

Davlatkhoi Mustykil (IDM) va CHumkhurii mardumii CHin (Hi- toi) dokhil karda meshavand.

Ayni zamon az ruyi kharitai siyosy davlathoro aslan ba du guruh chudo mekunand: davlathoi az jihati iqtisody inkishof- yofta va ru ba inkishof. Meyori asosii in taqsimot darajai inkishofi iqtisodiyu ijtimoii in yo on davlat buda, bo yorii nishondihandai majmui mahsuloti dokhily (MMD) ba sari aholy muayyan karda meshavad. Mo tasmim giriftem, ki minbad dar kitobi darsy taksimoti davlathoro bo hdmin minvol, yane az jihati iktisody inkishofyofta, ru ba inkishof va ba iktisodi bozorgony guzaranda ifoda namoem.