YAke az namoyandahoi hujayrahoi prokarioti bakteriyaho me- boshand. Bakteriyaho dar hama joy – havo, ob, zamin, khurokvori, zeri khok, uqyonus, qullai kuhho, dar qari yakhhoi arktiki va An- tarktika, obhoi zerizaminii garm, qabati boloi atmosfera vo- mekhurand. Novobasta az sokhti soda, bakteriyaho qobiliyati balan- di mutobiqat dorand.
Bakteriyaho yake az shaklhoi sodai hayot buda, ba tipi mavju- doti zindai qadimi dokhil meshavand va dar ibtidoi avvali ta- raqqiyoti hayot dar ruyi Zamin paydo shudaand.
Gumon meravad, ki nakhust bakteriyaho dar bahrho zindagi me- kardand va mumkin az onho mikroorganizmhoi hozira paydo shu- daand. Inson bo olami mikrobho faqat dar asri XVII shinosoi paydo kard, zero dar hamin davra zarrabin (linza) ikhtiro gar- did va bo yorii on jismhoi ba chashm noayonro didan mumkin bud. Taraqqiyoti minbadai tekhnika dar asrhoi oyanda imkoniyat dod, ki bakteriyaho va digar organizmhoi prokariotiro hamatarafa omuzand.
Agar ba khususiyati sokhti hujayrai bakteriyaho nigarem, guno- gunshakli ba nazar merasad (rasmi. 5.1). Az jumla andozai hujay- rai bakteriyaho khele ham gunogun meboshand (az 1 to 10 -15 mkm).
Vobasta ba shakl, onhoro hujayrahoi doirashakl, qoqi darozruya, chubchamonand, pechkhurda, spirali (rasmi 5.2) menomand.
Bakteriyaho, vobasta ba namud tanho, bazeashon dar shakli tuda zindagi mekunand. Masalan, streptokokkho dar odam va hay- von bemorihoi iltihobiro ba vujud ovarda, dar shakli zanjir az chand hujayrahoi bakteriyavi tashakkul yoftaand; stafilokokkho ba rohi nafasi kudakon siroyat karda, dar shakli khushai angur inkishof meyoband.
Vobasta ba khususiyati fiziologi bakteriyaho gunogun mesha- vand. Onho metavonand dar holati aerobi (bo oksigen), anaerobi (be oksigen) va yo dar har du holat hayot guzaronand. Manbai ener- giya baroi onho ravandhoi nafaskashi, turshonidan yo fotosintez mahsub meyoband. Bisyor namudi onho doroi pigmenthoi gunogun meboshand. Beshtari bakteriyaho dar organizmi hayvonot va rusta- niho sukunat karda, onhoro ba bemoriho giriftor mekunand. Vaqthoi okhir muqarrar gardid, ki baze bakteriyaho dar bakteri- yahoi digar paraziti mekunand.
&• Moddahoi judoshavanda va zakhira
Bakteriyaho hasta (yadro) nadorand va akhbori irsy dar yak khro- mosoma joy giriftaast. Hromosomai bakteriya az yak molekulai KDN iborat buda, shakli halqaro dorad va dar sitoplazma joygir shudaast. KDN-i bakteriyaho majmuai safedahoro nadorad. Bino- bar in, beshtari hissachahoi irsy, yane genho, ki dar khromosomaho joygirand, dar holati faol qaror doshta, az onho payiham akh- bori irsy nuskhabardor meshavad. Hujayrai bakteriyaho bo parda (membrana) ihota shudaast (rasmi 5.2), ki sitoplazmaro az devori hujayra judo mekunad. Dar sitoplazma hissai membrana kam ast; dar on ribosomaho joy doshta, safedaro sintez mekunand.
Hamai fermenthoe, ki dar rafti faoliyati bakteriyaho shir- kat dorand, dar sitoplazma dar shakli diffuzy pareshon mebo- shand yo ba membranai daruni chaspidaand. Dar bisyor mikroorga- nizmho moddahoi zakhiravi dar shakli poliangishtobho, charbho va polifosfatho dar daruni hujayra jam meoyand.
In moddaho dar jarayoni mubodilai moddaho ba bakteriyaho dokhil shuda, dar mavridi nabudani energiyai beruni hayoti onhoro tamin mesozand.
Afzoishi bakteriyaho bo rohi taqsimshavi ast. Taqsimshavi badi duchand gashtani khromosomai halqagi va daroz shudani hujayra ogoz yofta, tadrijan pardai mobayni va sipas, hujay- rahoi dukhtari tashakkul meyoband.
Bazan bakteriyaho bo rohi jinsi meafzoyand va dar natija omezish (kombinatsiya)-i navi genho dar khromosomai bakteriyaho ba vujud meoyand. Aksari bakteriyaho spora meofarand. Sporaho hamon vaqt paydo meshavand, ki agar zakhirai moddahoi gizoi kam gardad yo dar muhiti zist miqdori mahsuli mubodila az meyor ziyod ast.
Tashakkuli spora dar shakli tanobak dar qismi sitoplaz- mai hujayrai modari ogoz yofta, on bo membrana ihota shudaast.
Olimon mikroorganizmhoro az sporahoi yakhbastai 10-12-ha- zorsola parvarish kardaand.Dar in mavridho spora qobiliyati hayotii khudro sadho va ha- zorho sol nigoh doshta, garmovu sarmoro az sar meguzaronad. Ba in guftaho sporahoe, ki az qabrhoi kuhna yoft shudaand, shahodat medihand (mumiyoi qadimai misriho, zakhirai mahsuloti khuroki dar gorho). CHunin sporaho, agar dar sharoiti musoid joy yoband, ba hujayrahoi bakteriyahoi faol mubaddal megardand.Badan spora bo pardai hujayravi ihota meshavad. Goho in parda serqabat meboshad. Hamin tavr, jarayoni faoliyati hayot dar spora qat megardad. Sporai bakteriyaho dar holati khushki khele ustuvorand.
Hamin tavr, hosilshavii spora dar prokariotho yake az zi- nahoi hayot buda, sharoiti noguvori muhiti berunaro az sar megu- zaronad. Gayr az in, holati sporagi imkon medihad, ki onho ba vositai bod va omilhoi digar pahn shavand.
Savolho baroi sanjish:
- Organoidhoi hujayraro nombar kuned.
- Dar kadom asos hamai organizmhoi zindaro ba du guruh, yane pro- kariotho va eukariotho judo mekunand?
- Kadom organizmho ba prokariotho dokhil meshavand?
- Sokhti hujayrai bakteriyaro sharh dihed.
- Bateriyaho chi guna afzoish meyoband?
- Muhiti sporahosilshavii bakteriyaho dar chist?
Istilohot:
- Mezosoma – qismi berunai membranai sitoplazma.
- Mikoplazmaho – shakli nisbatan sodai namoyandai prokariotho, ki pardai hujayraro nadorand.
- Sporahosilshavi – zinai hayoti prokariotho, ki ba nomusoidii muhit vobasta ast.
- Sianobakteriyaho – organizmhoi prokariotii qobili fotosintez, ki dar bazei onho majmuai pigmentii ba rustanihoi darajai oli khos vujud dorad.
- Arkheobakteriya – prokariothoe, ki khususiyathoi qadimai khudro ni- goh doshtand.
- Hromosomai halqagi – mavoddi irsii hujayrahoi prokarioti, ki KDN dar shakli molekulai halqagi mavjud ast.
Testho
- Organizmhoi zinda vobasta ba sokhtorashon ba chand guruh chudo me- shavand:
a) du; b) set v) chor.
- Ba prokariotho kadome az in organizmho dokhil meshavand?
a) rustaniho; b) infuzoriyaho; v) bakteriyaho.
- Kadome az in organizmho eukariotho meboshand?
a) obsabzhoi kabudu sabz; b) zanburugho; v) bakteriyaho.
- Eukariotho az prokariotho bo chi farq mekunand?
a) bo mavchud budani yadro (hasta); b) bo inkishofi nopurra; v) bo na- budani yadro dar huchayraashon.
- Kadom organizmhoro geterotrofho menomand?
a) onhoe, ki qobiliyati sintez kardani moddahoi organikiro nado- rand; b) onhoe, ki az hisobi moddahoi gayriorganiki moddahoi organi- kiro sintez mekunand; v) onhoe, ki moddahoro vayron mekunand.
- Inson dar kadom asr bo mikrobho shinos shud?
a) XV; b) XVI; v) XVII.
- Vobasta ba shakl bakteriyaho chand khel meshavand?
a) du; b) chor; v) panch.
- Andozai huchayrahoi bakteriyaho to chand mkm ast?
a) 0-5 mkm; b) 1-10-15 mkm; v) 20-25 mkm.
- Hromosomahoi bakteriyaho chi guna ast?
a) spirali; b) rishtagi; v) halqagi.
- Bakteriyaho chi khel afzoish mekunand?
a) bo taqsim shudani huchayraho; b) bo taqsim shudani yadro; v) bo taq- sim shudani KDN.
- Paydoishi sporaho baroi bakteriyaho chi ahamiyat dorad?
a) baroi nasl mondan; b) baroi sharoiti noguvorro az sar guzaroni- dan; v) baroi siroyat kardan.