Илмхона Комрон.инфо
Mavzui asosii qonunguzorii JT-ro vobasta ba huquqi patenti, munosibathoi ba dast ovardan, ba amal barovardan va hifz namudani huquqhoi subektivii ishtirokchiyoni on tashkil medihand. In ast, ki diqqati asosi ba huquqhoi mu- allifon va dorandagoni patent doda shudaast. Ba nazari av- val chunin menamoyad, ki qonunguzor dar borai huquqhoi mu- allifoni obekthoi huquqi patenti faromush karda boshad. Lekin dar asl muqarrar namudani huquqhoi dorandai pa- tent, mavqei sanjidashudai qonunguzor ast. Zero ba zinai avval barovardani shakhsiyati dorandai patent qadami za- ruri buda, az guzarish ba shakli patentii muhofizati ob- ekthoi molikiyati sanoati barmeoyad. Hamzamon, bori avval ba ofarandagoni navovarihoi tekhniki imkoniyati ba sifati dorandai patent baromad namudan doda shudaast.
Boyad qayd namud, ki dar JT obekthoi huquqi patenti bo yak sanadi meyorii huquqi ba tanzim darovarda namesha- vand. Binobar in, huquqhoi subektoni huquqi patenti niz dar qonunhoi alohidai marbut ba obekthoi alohida pesh- bini gardidaand. Masalan, dar qonunhoi JT «Dar borai ikh- tiro» va «Dar borai namunahoi sanoati». Hamzamon, boyad tazakkur dod, ki dar qonunhoi ishorashuda, huquqhoi sub- ekton bonizom tanzim nashuda, pareshon joygir shudaand va chunin holat takhdili hamai meyorhoi qonunguzorii paten- tiro zarur megardonad. Dar tafovut az qonunguzorii shuravi, dar qonunguzorii muosiri marbut ba huquqi pa- tentii JT baze az huquqhoi muallifoni obekthoi moli- kiyati sanoati peshbini nagardidaand. In holat sababhoi obektivi doshta, natijai tagyiroti kulli dar sohai qonunguzorii milli meboshad. Masalan, qonunguzorii mu- osiri patenti, huquq va imtiyozhoi makhsusi ikhtirokoronro dar munosibathoi mehnati, manzili va gayra peshbini nakardaast. Huquq va imtiyozhoi zikrgardida dar qonungu- zorii shuravi ba ikhtirokoron az jonibi davlat javoban bar ivazi guzashti huquqi istisnoi ba istifodai obekti molikiyati sanoati tamin karda meshud. Imruz, ki mualli- fi navovarii tekhniki natijahoi mehnati ejodii khudro mu- staqilona ikhtiyordori mekunad, talabot va manfiathoi u boyad az hisobi istifodai boinsofonai huquqhoyash qone gardonida shavad. Vale novobasta ba in, az 1. 01. s. 2016 bo qarori Hukumati JT ba donishjuyoni ikhtirokor hamchun dastgirii moliyavi granthoi (bursiyahoi) khurd muqarrar karda shud, ki az hisobi mablaghoi makhsusi muassisahoi tahsiloti olii kasbi doda meshavand. Bo afzudani daro- madnokii Bujeti davlatii JT digar shaklhoi dastgirii moliyavii ikhtirokoron ba vujud omadanashon mumkin ast.
Dar adabiyoti huquqii shuravi huquqhoi muallifi ikhti- rootro ananavi ba huquqhoi shakhsii gayrimolumulki va huquqhoi molumulki tasnif menamudand. Ananai mazkur to imruz nigoh doshta shudaast va ahamiyati amali dorad. Dar huquqi patenti, huquqhoi molumulki dar maddi avval meistand, zero obekthoi mazkur dar sohai istehsoloti mod- di istifoda meshavand. Mavqei huquqhoi shakhsii gayrimo- lumulki dar huquqi patenti, nazar ba mavqei onho dar hu- quqi muallifi khele tafovut dorad. Binobar in, biduni tasnif nombar namudani huquqhoi alohidai ikhtirokoron, ki dar qonun mustahkam gardidaast, ba maqsad muvofiq ast.
Dar nazariyai huquqi grajdani namudhoi zerini huquq- hoi subektoni huquqi patenty makhsus mavridi tahlil qaror doda shudaast: huquq ba peshnihodi ariza, huquqi muallifi- yat, huquq ba nomi muallify, huquqi istisnoii istifodai ikhtiro, huquq ba podosh. Ba muallif, inchunin huquqi ba ikh- tiro dodani nomi khud va yo nomi makhsus, huquqi muvofiqi shartnoma hangomi ba istifodabari omodasozii ikhtiro ishtirok namudan, taalluq dorad. Huquqhoi mazkur dar m. 7, 8, 26, 35 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro etirof shudaand.
Pesh az hama qonun ba muallifi ikhtiro, modeli mufid yo namunai sanoati huquqi peshnihodi ariza baroi girifta- ni patentro tamin menamoyad (m. 8 konuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Qonunguzorii patenti az on barmeoyad, ki huquqi peshnihodi ariza baroi giriftani patent, hamchun qoida ba shakhse, ki dar natijai mehnati ejodiash navovarii tekhniki ofarida shudaast, taalluq doshta metavonad.
Hamzamon, dar tafovut az huquqi patentii IMA isboti haqiqi va ikhtirokori avval budani arizadihanda talab karda nameshavad. Kifoya ast, ki arizadihanda – ikhtirokor boshad. Az u peshnihodi dalelhoi isbotkunandai muallifi- yat talab karda nameshavad. Baraks, agar ba sifati ariza- dihanda shakhsi seyum baromad namoyad, u boyad isbot namoyad, ki baroi peshnihodi ariza salohiyat dorad. Hamin tariq, huquqi peshnihodi ariza, huquqi istisnoii shakhse ba shumor meravad, ki navovarii tekhnikii muayyanro ofaridaast. Agar navovarii tekhniki mahsuli mehnati yakchand muallif boshad, huquqi mazkur ba onho dakhldoshta va bo rozigii onho amali karda meshavad. SHakhsoni seyum tanho dar asosi ijozati mu- allif yo in ki dar holathoi peshbininamudai qonun huquqi peshnihodi arizaro paydo mekunand. Masalan, tibqi m. 8 qonuni milli «Dar borai ikhtiro» huquqi peshnihodi ari- zaro korfarmo, vorisi muallif va korfarmo dorand.
Tavassuti tamini huquqi istisnoii peshnihodi ariza, mansubiyati molikiyati zehni ba shakhsi mushakhkhas tamin karda meshavad. Binobar in, tanho u huquq dorad, ki masalai dastrasi omma namudani natijai ejodii khudro hal namoyad. Ba sifati huquqi shakhsii gayriamvolii ikhti- rokor, huquq muallifiyat baromad mekunad (m. 7 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Huquqi mazkur, imkoniyati qonunii ejodkori yagonai dastovardi tekhniki budani muallifro tamin menamoyad. Huquqi muallifiyat az lahzai noil shudan ba natijai ejodi va dar shakli obektivi ifoda namudani on ba vuchud meoyad. Lekin voqeiyati muallifiyat bo patent tasdiq megardad (m. 4 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Huquqi muallifiyat khususiyati mutlaq, istisnoy, begonana- shavanda doshta, bemuhlat hifz karda meshavad. Mutlaqiyati huquqi muallifiyat, ba muallif imkoniyati az shakhsoni seyum talab namudani etirofi huquqi mazkurro medihad. Istis- noy budani huquqi mazkur manoi onro dorad, ki ba juz az muallif hech kas barandai huquqi muallifiyat ba obekti etirofshudai molikiyati sanoati buda nametavonad.
Begonanashavanda budani in huquq az tabiati shakhsii on barmeoyad. Bo huquqi muallifiyat, huquq ba nomi mual- lifi aloqamand ast. Huquq ba nomi muallifi ba ikhti- rokor imkoniyat medihad, ki ishorai nomi khudro hamchun ofarandai navovarii tekhniki dar hama guna mavodi chopi talab namoyad. Nomi muallifi haqiqi, ba tavri hatmi dar ariza baroi giriftani patent nishon doda meshavad (m. 12 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Ikhtirokoron huquqi tahti takhallus baromad namudanro nadorand. Qonuni JT dar bo- rai ikhtiro, huquqi muallifro baroi ba ikhtiro dodani nomi khud yo nomi makhsus, huquqi hangomi ba istifodabari omodasozii ikhtiro ishtirok namudanro makhsus nombar me- namoyad, ki niz khislati shakhsii gayriamvoli dorand (m. 35 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro).
Ba guruhi huquqhoi amvoli, huquqi istisnoii istifo- dai ikhtiro va huquq ba podosh shomiland. Huquqi istis- noii istifodai ikhtiro ba dorandai patent, az jumla, huquqi sokhtan, tatbiq namudan, vorid kardan, furukhtan, bo rohi digar ba gardishi khojagidori darovardan va yo bo in maqsad nigoh doshtani mahsulote, ki ikhtiroi bo patent yo bo nakhustpatent hifzshavandaro dar bar megirad, huquqi tatbiq namudani tarzi bo patent va yo bo nakhustpatent hif- zshavanda, inchunin huquqi mani istifoda shudani ikhtiroi nombarshudaro az jonibi shakhsoni digar tamin menamoyad.
Mahsulot, dar bar girandai ikhtiroi bo patent va yo bo nakhustpatent hifzshavanda etirof meshavad va tarzi bo pa- tent va yo bo nakhustpatent hifzshavanda boshad, tatbiqyofta hisob karda meshavad, agar har yak alomati ikhtiro, ki dar bandi alohidai formula ovarda shudaast va yo alomati ba on .Ba gardishi khojagidory vorid namudan yo bo in maqsad nigoh doshtani mahsulote, ki bo istifodai bevositai tarzi patentnokshudai hosil kardani mahsulot istehsol shudast, niz istifodai ikhtiroi bo patent yo bo nakhustpatent hifzsha- vanda hisob megardad. Ammo, tayyor namudani namunai taj- ribavii vositae, ki ikhtiroro dar bar megirad, inchunin sanjishi tajribavi va ozmoishi on istifodai ikhtiro mah- sub nameshavad.
Dorandai patent huquq dorad huquqi istisnoiyashro ba har kadom shakhsi voqei yo huquqi voguzor kunad, ki in pa- didaro guzasht kardani patent menomand.
Har kadom shakhse, ki dorandai patent nest, ba istifo- dai ikhtiroi bo hujjati muhofizati hifzshuda tanho bo ijo- zati dorandai patent, dar asosi shartnoma oid ba dodani ijozatnoma (litsenziya) huquq dorad. Muvofiqi chunin shartnoma dorandai patent (ijozatnomadeh) uhdador mesha- vad, ki huquqro baroi istifodai ikhtiroi hifzshuda, dar hajmi dar shartnoma peshbinishuda ba shakhsi digar (ijozat- nomagir), ki u uhdadorii ijro namudani hamai amalhoi dar shartnoma peshbinishudaro ba zimmai khud megirad, dihad.
Dar holati peshnihodi ijozatnomai istisnoi, huquqi istisnoii istifodai ikhtiro dar hududi dar shartnoma zikrshuda ba ijozatnomagir meguzarad. Huquqi istifodai qismi ba ijozatnomagir ijozatdodanashuda, dar ikhtiyori ijozatnomadeh memonad. Ijozatnomadeh dar holati ijozat- nomai gayriistisnoi ba ijozatnomagir huquqi istifodai ikhtiroro doda istoda, hamai huquqhoero, ki hujjati muho- fizati tasdiq mekunad, az jumla, huquqi ba shakhsoni seyum dodani ijozatnomahoro nigoh medorad.
SHartnomai oid ba dodani ijozatnoma boyad hatman dar Idorai patentii JT ba qayd girifta shavad va be chunin ba- qaydgiri beetibor donista meshavad. Dar yak vaqt bo ijo- zatnomai shartnomavi, qonuni amalkunanda namudhoi makh- susi ijozatnomaro, ki kushoda va majburi buda metavonand, peshbini menamoyad (m. 27-28 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro).
Padidai ijozatnomai kushodaro qonunguzori bo maqsadi havasmandgardonii patentkunonii ikhtiro, modeli mufid va yo namunai sanoati az jonibi shasone. ki pardokhti bojhoi davlati baroi onho garon ast, peshbini menamoyad. Dorandai patent metavonad ba Idorai patentii JT dar borai ba har kadom shakhs dodani huquq baroi istifodai ikhtiro darkhost dihad. Dar in holat andozai boj baroi nigoh doshtani etibori hujjati muhofizati az soli badi nashri malu- mot oid ba mavjudiyati chunin darkhost 50 foiz kam karda meshavad. Dar holati bozkhondi ijozatnomai kushoda az ta- rafi dorandai patent, boj baroi nigoh doshtani etibori hujjati muhofizati dar davomi vaqti amali ijozatnomai kushoda pardokhta nashuda, minbad in boj ba andozai purra- ash pardokhta meshavad.
SHakhse, ki khohishi giriftani ijozatnomai kushodaro dorad, boyad bo dorandai patent dar borai pardokhtho shart- noma bandad. Boyad qayd namud, ki istifodai obekthoi mo- likiyati sanoati dar yak vaqt ham huquq va ham uhdadorii do- randai patent ba hisob meravad. Dar aksi hol, etirofi huquqi istisnoii dorandai patent ba peshrafti ilmu tekh- nika va muvofiqan jamiyat monea meshavad. Az in lihoz, dar holati az jonibi dorandai patent istifoda nakardani obekti patentnokshuda, qonunguzori, inchunin padidai ijozatnomai majburiro peshbini kardaast. Hangomi dar davomi 5 soli badi ruzi nashri malumot oid ba dodani hujjati muhofizati az tarafi dorandai patent istifoda nashudan va yo ba darajai zaruri istifoda nashudani ikhti- ro, shakhsi khohishi istifodai ikhtiroro doshta va ba in omodabuda, dar holati bo sharthoi muvofiq ba amaliyai muqarrargardida az imzoi shartnoma oid ba dodani ijozat- noma sarkashi namudani dorandai patent, metavonad ba sud bo arizai davogi dar borai ba vay dodani ijozatnomai majburi baroi istifodai ikhtiro murojiat namoyad. Agar dorandai hujjati muhofizati isbot nakunad, ki istifoda naburdan va yo ba darajai zaruri istifoda naburdani ikhti- ro sababhoi uzrnok dorad, sud dar borai dodani ijozatno- mai majburi qaror mebarorad. Hangomi qabuli qaror dar borai dodani ijozatnomai majburi, sud boyad huquqhoi is- tifodai ikhtiroero, ki hujjati muhofizatii on ba shakhsi digar taalluq dorad, dar hajme, ki baroi istifodai ikhti- roi patentnokshudai shakhsi digar (talabkunandai ijozat- nomai majbury) zarur ast, nnchunin andoza, muhlat va tarti- bi pardokhthoro muayyan namoyad.
Ijozatnomai majbury, ijozatnomai gayristisnoi buda, ba shakhsi digar guzashtkunii on mumkin nest. Ijozatnomai majburi boyad hatman dar Idorai patentii JT ba qayd gi- rifta shavad va biduni baqaydgiri beetibor donista me- shavad.
Qonuni amalkunandai JT «Dar borai ikhtiro» yak qa- tor holathoe, ki amali shakhsoni seyum hamchun vayronkunni huquqi dorandai patent hisobida nameshavad, peshbini me- namoyad. CHunin holatho niz, yak navi ijozati gayrishartno- mavii istifodai obekti huquqi patent meboshand.
Muvofiqi m. 30-yumi qonunn zikrgardida, amalhoi ze- rin dar holati beasos khalaldor nasokhtani istifodai mutadili patent, poymol nakardani manfiathoi qonuni dorandai patent, vayronkunii huquqi istisnoii dorandai patent hisob nameshavand: tatbiqi vasilahoi dar bar giran- dai ikhtirooti bo patent yo bo nakhustpatent hifzshuda dar tarkib va yo hangomi istifodai vositahoi naqliyoti ruiza- mini, havoi va obii mamlakathoi digar, ba sharte ki vosi- tahoi naqliyoti nombarshuda muvaqqatan va yo tasodufan dar qalamravi JT qaror doshta boshand va baroi ehtiyojoti naqliyot istifoda burda shavand va agar in vositahoi naqli- yot ba shakhsoni voqei va yo huquqii mamlakathoe taalluq do- shta boshand, ki onho niz ba sohiboni vositahoi naqliyoti JT har guna huquqhoro medihand; guzaronidani tadqiqoti ilmi va yo tajriba dar vositahoi ikhtirohoro dar bar giranda; is- tifoda namudani vositahoe, ki ikhtirohoro dar bar megirand, hangomi ruy dodani hodisahoi favqulodda (ofathoi tabii, falokatho, sadamahoi kalon) bo dodani jubronpulii andoza- ash muvofiq ba dorandai patent; istifoda namudani vosi- tahoi ikhtirootro dar bar giranda be ba dast ovardani foida; az rui dorunomahoi tabib yak marotiba tayyor namudani doruho dar dorukhonaho; istifodai vositahoe, ki ikhtirooti bo hujjati muhofizati hifzshudaro dar bar megirand, agar
Huquqi istifodai peshin va huquqi istifodai badi niz mahdudiyati huquqhoi istisnoi buda, ijozati istifodai gayrishartnomavii obekti patentnokshudaro tamin mena- moyand. Huquqi istifodai peshin, in huquqi istifodai roy- goni obekti molikiyati sanoati biduni vase kardani hajmi istehsolot meboshad, ba sharte, ki shakhsi istifodaba- randa to sanai avvaliyati ikhtiro novobasta ba muallifi on dar qalamravi JT aynan hamon ikhtiroro ofarida, isti- foda burda boshad va yo baroi istifodai on tayyorihoi zaru- ri dida boshad. Huquqi istifodai peshin, mumkin ast ba shakhsi voqei va yo huquqi tanho yakjoya bo istehsolote, ki dar on istifodai ikhtiroi hammonand joy dosht va yo tayyorihoi zaruri baroi on dida shudaand, doda shavad (m. 31 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro).
Huquqi istifodai badi – in huquqi istifodai roy- goni obekti molikiyati sanoati biduni vase kardani hajmi istehsolot meboshad, ba sharte, ki shakhsi istifo- dabaranda dar davrai bayni sanai qat gardidan va sanai barqaror karda shudani amali hujjati muhofizati dar qalamravi JT ba istifodai ikhtiroi hifzshavanda sar kar- daast va yo baroi on tayyorii zaruri didaast. Huquqi istifo- dai badi mumkin ast ba shakhsi digar tanho yakjoya bo is- tehsolote, ki dar on istifodai ikhtiro joy dosht va yo baroi on tayyorii zaruri dida shuda bud, doda shavad (m. 34 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro).
Hukumati JT ba manfiati bekhatarii milli, dar hola- ti vaziyathoi favqulodda (ofathoi tabii, falokatho, sada- mahoi kalon), huquq dorad istifodai ikhtiroro ijozat dihad va ba dorandai patent jubronpulii munosibro pardo- zad. Dar in holat hajm va davomnokii istifodai ikhtiroi patentnokshuda bo maqsadhoe, ki mahz baroi rasidan ba onho ijozati istifodai ikhtiro doda meshavad, mahdud megardad (m. 28 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro).
Dar guruhi huquqhoi molumulkii muallifoni ikhtiro, modeli mufid va namunai sanoati, huquqi giriftani podoshro nombar namudan mumkin ast. Umuman, huquq ba po- dosh yake az huquqhoi muhimi subektoni huquqi patenti ba shumor meravad, zero ki mahz huquqi mazkur manfiati mod- dii muallifonro tamin karda, ba beshtar gardidani man- fiatnokii onho musoidat menamoyad.
Qonuni JT «Dar borai ikhtiro», huquqi kormandro baroi giriftani podosh az korfarmo makhsus tanzim namu- daast. Kormand (ikhtirokor) huquq dorad dar holathoi ze- rin az korfarmo mutanosiban ba foidai badastovardai korfarmo va yo foidae, ki korfarmo metavonist az ikhtiro ba tavri lozimi istifoda burda, ba dast darorad, podosh gi- rad: az jonibi korfarmo giriftani hujjati muhofizati; huquqi giriftani hujjati muhofizatiro ba shakhsi digar voguzor kardani korfarmo; az jonibi korfarmo qabul namudani qaror dar borai makhfi nigoh doshtani ikhtiro; bo sababhoi vobasta ba korfarmo nagiriftani hujchati muhofizati az rui arizai az jonibn korfarmo peshnihod- shuda.
Podosh bo andoza va sharthoi dar asosi sozishnomai bayni muallif va korfarmo muayyanshuda pardokhta meshavad. Dar holati bayni tarafho ba dast naomadani sozish nisbati andoza va tartibi pardokhti podosh va yo jubron bahs dar sud dida baromada meshavad.
Ba misli digar huquqhoi molikiyati zehni, amali huquq- hoi patenti dar zamon, az namudi huquqi subektivi vobasta ast. Huquqhoi shakhsii gayriamvolii patenti, ba juz az huqu- qi peshnihodi ariza, begonanashavanda buda, bemuhlat hifz karda meshavand. Patent baroi ikhtiro az sanai peshnihodi ariza ba Idorai patentii JT dar davomi 20 sol amal meku- nad. Nakhustpatent az sanai peshnihodi ariza ba Idorai pa- tentii JT dar davomi 10 sol amal mekunad. Patent baroi namunai sanoati az sanai ba Idorai patentii JT peshnihod shudani ariza baroi giriftani patent dar muddati 10 sol amal mekunad. Muhlati amali patent baroi namunai sano- ati bo darkhosti dorandai patent az jonibi Idorai paten- tii JT ba muddati na ziyoda az 5 sol daroz karda meshavad. Patent, nakhustpatent va huquqi giriftani onho ba meros
