Imon, chunonki guftem dar Quron yake az mafhumhoi kalidi ba shumor meravad, ki biduni donistani on kashfi maonii quroni mushkil ast. Dar Quron in istiloh ziyoda az 50 bor omada, dar shakli fel va maful (mumin) boshad benihoyat ziyod omadaast. Imon dar lugat az reshai kalimai arabii «amano» ehsosi bekhavfiyu khatar, itminoni khotir
doshtan, dar amon budan ast. Va ammo dar chahorumin shakli mazidoti salosi «omana» ba manii garavidan, etiqod kardan, bovar doshtan omadaast. Az in ru manii etimologii etiqodu bovari «imon» bo oromiyu itminoni khotir, zich aloqamandast.
Imon muhimtarin omili ravoni, taminkunanda osoishi khotir, itminon ba nafs, taskinu etimod ast. In ast, ki nazar ba har dini digar dar islom ba imon tavajjuhi beshtare karda shudaast. «Dar tamomi risolaho va kitobhoi roje ba usuli din va yo ilmi kalomi islomi va yo oid ba mabonii huquqii islom navishta shuda, meguyand Luis Gorde va Muhammad Argun, – fasle ba bahsi imon ikhtisos doda shuda, zero imon ba khudii khud najotbakhshi inson az otashi jahannam ast»[1] .
Imon (yo khud bovari, etiqod)-hamchun muhimtarin nishonai har guna din ast. Dindori va diyonat biduni imon vujud nadorad. Az in ru unsuri asosii diyonat imon ast. Nogufta namonad, ki imonu etiqodi gayridini niz vujud dorad. Harchand metavon guft, ki imon bovari va itminoni dinist va etiqod (chun dar Quron in kalima na ba manoi imon va manoi digar ba kor naraftaast) bovari va itmononi gayridini. Ba har surat etiqodi gayridini niz vujud dorad, masalan etiqodu bovari ba galabai nihoii adlu insof, bovari ba dastovardhoi ilm yo naqshi sozandavu rahoibakhshi ilm va gayra vujud dorad. Dar in surat farqi imoni mazhabi az etiqodi gayrimazhabi dar chi metavonad boshad?
Etiqodi gayrimazhabi bar poyai aqlu ilm, donish, tajriba va shavohidi ayni ustuvor ast. Ammo imoni mazhabi, pesh az hama baroi aksariyati dindoroni odi, ba vahyyu taqlid ba marjei taqlid ustuvor ast. Ammo nogufta namonad, ki beshtar az digar dinho dar islom imon doshtan bar asosi istidloloti aqloni dar quron takid shudaast. Quron davat ba garavidan ba gaybro mekunad, vale in garavish, yane imon, chunonki mukholifini mazhab mepindorand, biduni istidloloti aqli nest, balki dar zaminai etimodnoki on ast. Dar in mani az Ali ibni Muso ar-Rizo rivoyat shudaast, ki «Imon iborat az guftor va kirdor va shinokht ba khirad ast va payravi az hazrati Rasul».[2]
Quron dar bisyore az oyoti khud, bo jalb kardani tavajjuhi insonho ba sokhtori hasti va havodisi tabiat, mukarrar pursad «Hal lo taaqqulun?», «Hal lo tafakkurun?»- «Oyo aqlro ba kor namebared?», «Oyo tafakkur namekuned?».
Dar atrofi tarifi imon bahshoi mazhabi ziyod ast. Az in bayn kamtarin nazariyai marufi mutakallimon panjto meboshad: 1. Imon kori dil ast, yane hamon tasdiqi qalbii yagonagii Hudovand va haqqoniyati risolati payombarii Muhammad (s). Mumin kase ast, ki in usulro tanho ba dil pazirufta va ba on mutaqid ast. Dar in mavrid ba zabon rondan in usul va yo ba istiloh iqror shudan ba don zarurat nadorad, zero iqror ba zabon na rukni imon ast va na sharti on. 2. Imon kori zabon ast, yane iqror kardan ba zabon. Muvofiqi in nazariya tasdiqi qalbi va amali neki mazhabi chi vojib va chi mustahab juzi imon nestand. Agar kase tanho bo zabon ba yagonagii Hudovand va risolati Muhammad(s) va haqqoniyati digar usuli islomi iqror boshad u mumin ast. 3. Imon kori dil va zabon ast. Muvofiqi in didgoh na tasdiqi qalbi ba tanhoi imon ast va na iqrori zaboni ba tanhoi, balki qabuli qalbii usul va iqrori zabonii onho ba imon meorad. 4. Imon kirdori nek ast. In bino ba bovarii mutazila imon nomest baroi rirdorhoi neki mazhabi.
- Imon-majmue az kori dil va iqrori zabon va va amali nek tibqi on usul ast. Hej yake az in se rukn ba tanhoi imon nestand. Imonro se rukn ast va on: hamon tasdiq, iqror va kirdor.
Ammo dar mazhabi hanafiya imon hamon tasdiq ba qalb va iqror ba zabon ast. Amal juzi imon mahsub nameshavad. YAne amal sharti zarurii mumin budan nest. Dar maruftarin kitobi mazhabii ommavi-talimi «CHahor kitob» omadaast: Agar pursand, ki «Imon chist?»
Javob bigu, ki «Al-imonu iqror billisan va tasdiqun bilqalbi» «yane imon iqror kardan ast ba zabon va ustuvor doshtan ast ba dil, ki Hudoi taolo yakka va yagona ast va Muhammad rasululloh barhaqqand».[3]
Dar tafsiri mazhabii om imon ba manii shahodat va guvohi yo tasdiqi darunist, yane pazirishi qalbi va shahodati daruni dar barobari shahodat va iqror ba zabon ast.
Dar Quron omada:
«Paygambar —i Hudo) ba on chi Hudo bar u furu firistodaast imon ovarda va muminon niz hama ba Hudo va farishtagoni Hudo va kitobho va Payombaroni Hudo imon ovardaand, (va guftaand) mo miyoni hej yak az payombaroni Hudo farq nameguzorem (ba hama yak son imon dorem) va guftaand mo (farmoni) Hudoro shunidaem va itoat kardaem, mo bakhshoishi Turo mekhohem va (medonem hama rohi) bargasht bargasht ba sui Tust» /.2:285./
Hamin tavr, muvofiqi in oyati Quron asli imon iborat ast, az imon ba Hudo, farishtahoi Hudo, kitobho va paygambaroni Hudo. Dar risolahoi mazhabi imonro ba du nav: mufassal va mujmal judo kardaand. Imoni mufassal mabni bar haft asl ast: Imon ba Hudo, maloikahoi U, kitobhoi U, paygambaroni U, ruzi okhirat, va taqdiri khayru shar (neki va badi hama az khudost) va basati (zinda shudan pas az marg) barhaq ast. Imoni mufassal ba duoi zer: «Omantu billohi va maloikatihi va kutubihi va rusulihi valyavmilokhirati valqadril khayrihi va sharrihi minallohu taolo va basil badal mavti»[4]
Ammo imoni mujmal imon doshtan ba chor chiz: Imon ovardan ba Hudo bo nomho va sifotash va qabul kardani tamomi ahkomu arkoni u, ki dar dini islom ast. In mazmunro mumin bo in duo: «Omantu billohi kamo huva biasmoihi va sifotihi va qabiltu jamia ahkomihi va arkonihi» bayon mekunand.
Imon dar islom doroi marotib (qavl, guftor ba zabon, tasdiq ba qalb, kirdor ba amal) meboshad va dar hamin zamina mobayni firqahoi islomi ikhtilofote mavjudand. Baze az firqaho dar imon amalro martabai asosi meshumorand. Masalan, mutazila va khavorij aqida dorand, ki har kas az ijroi farmoishot va dasturhoi ravshani quroni sar pechad, az doirai imon berun baromada ast va naboyad onro mumin nomid.[5]Az nigohi mazhabi hanafi asli imon ba tasdik, ba qalb ast va dar hanafiimotrudi dar imon iqror ba zabon, yane qavl va guftor ahamiyat dorad. Dar mazhabi hanbali guftoru amal har du rukni imonand. Ammo az nigohi hanafiya va ashariho tasdiqi qalbiyu botini muhimtarin martabai imon ast va marhilai iqror ba zabon va amal tibqi arkoni imon marhilai kamoli imon ast.
«Arobi (badavy) meguyand: «Imon ovardem. Bigu, imon nayovarded, balki boyad bigued, ki taslim shudem va imon hanuz vorididili shumo nashuda ast» .
Harchand in oyat ba manii tafovutguzori bayni imon va islom nest, vale dalolat ba on mekunad, ki bayni taslim shudan ba ahkomi ilohi yo khud dar nazdi qudrati dini islom to imon ovardan az tariqi pazirishu bovarii qalbi tafovut hast.
Vobasta ba hamin shinokhti du kalimai kalidii digari Quron-«islom» va «kufr» zarur ast. I s l o m ba manii taslimi komil bo tamomi vujud dar barobari zoti Hudovand ast. Az in ru asli diyonat dar islom nakhust taslim shudan dar barobari zoti Hudovand(na dar barobari qudrati nizomii yo siyosii paygambar yo khud davlatu qudrati islomi)ast, soniyan, imon ovardan ba ahkomi islom, ki on ham az Hudost.
Islom dar voqe marhilai amal va ijroi imon ast va doroi panj arkon ast: Nakhustin va barjastatarini on shahotdatayn, yane imon ovardan ba yagonagii Alloh va risolati Muhammad, sipas namoz guzoridan va ruzai mohi sharifi Ramazon doshtan va haj guzoridan. Dar hamin jo metavon guft tafovuti manishinokhtii islom va imonro metavon tashkhis kard. Imon umuman dar har dine metavonad iqror ba zabon va qalb boshad. CHunonki dar dini nasroni niz omada ast: «Zero agar tu bo dahoni khud etirof kuni, ki Iso Hudovand ast va bo dili khud imon ovari, ki Hudo uro az murdagon ehyo kard, najot khohi yoft;
10- CHunki odam ba dili khud imon meovarad, ki in baroi adolati ust va bo dahoni khud etirof mekunad, ki in baroi najoti ust». /B. Rumiyon 10: 9-10/
In jo joiz ast, qayd va takid shavad, ki islom yagona dinest, ki dar nomi vay mohiyatash darj shudaast. To islom dinho aksaran ba nomi asosguzoronashon (zardushtiya, masehiya, buddoiya, konfutsiya) yo bo nomi in yo on qavmu mahal va gayra nomida shuda budand. Az in ru, metavon guft Islom
dini Muhammad yo arab nest, ilohiyoti in din, olamvatani (kosmopolitiki) va in khususiyati on nazar ba digar dinho ravshantar bayon shudaast. Davati Islom davati jahoni ast.
CHunon ki to in jo didem dar islomshinosii sunnati tavajjuhi muayyane dar tarif va tashkhisi mafhumhoi «din», «imon» va «islom» shudaast. Hamchunin islomshinosii klassiki dar barobari in istilohhoi maruf, vojayu istilohhoi kalidii mutazodi onho qaror dorand. Az jumla, vonahoi kufr (kofir), shirk (mushrik), nifoq (munofiq), ki dar Quron khele ziyod istifoda shudaand.
Mafhumi «kufr» va «kofir» dar ibtidoi islom tibqi matni Quron asosan gayrimusalmon ast, chun kofiron onhoe meboshand, ki risolati Muhammad (s) va davat ba islomro qabul nadorand, vale dinu imon ba arkoni dinii khudro dorand. SHirk boshad ba Hudoi yagona sharik, hamto ovardan; bovari ba bisyorkhudoi, yakchand khudo doshtan ast, ki dar islom gunohest, ki mujozatash beshtar az kufr ast. Hamchunin dar Quron az dahriyon va dar adabiyoti islomi az ilhod sukhan meravad, ki inho munkironi Hudo va talimoti dini oid ba maodu rastokhez meboshad. Dar ibtidoi paydoishi islom zeri pushishi kalimai kufr va kofir hama gayrimusalmon hamai onhoe, meboshand, ki ba risolati Muhammad (s) va dini islom nagaravidaand, chi az ahli kitob va chi az mushrikon va dahriyon va yo mulhidon qaror megiriftand. Vale badtar dar manii kofir digargunie ba vujud meoyad. Bo ogozi ikhtilof dar dokhili islom va paydoishi firqaho tarkibi kofir niz tagyir paydo mekunad. Tazoddiyu mukholifati mafhumhoi «muslim» va «kofir» digar ruyoruii quroni miyoni «muslim va «kofir» nest.[1]
Masalan, firqai khorijiya ruyoruii muslim va kofirro dokhili havzai islom kard. Bino bar nazari firqai khorijiya musulmone, ki murtakibi gunohi kabira shudaast, digar musalmon nest, uro boyad kofir va sazovori duzakh donist, binobar in hatto kushtani u joiz shumorida meshavad. CHun chigunagi va meyori gunohi kabira mushakhkhas nabud, imkoni gunahgor kardan ba on dar har amre az ehtimol dur nabud.
In nazariya dar tarikhi islom hatto ba mazhabhoi digar niz siroyat kard va az jumla dar davrahoi buhroni siyosi va manavii kishvarhoi islomi bo khurdtarin gunohe musulmonro ba kufru kofiri muttaham mekardand. Daleli ravshani on namunahoi osori maorifparvaron Ahmadi Donish, Sadriddin Ayni va digaron shuda metavonad, ki hatto khondani ruznoma yo pushidani poyafzoli dar Russiya istehsolshuda sababi kofir elon shudani musalmon gardad. Dar solhoi okhir niz baze guruhhoi siyosii islomi guruhu ahzobi mukholifi khudro ba kufru kofiri muttaham mekardand.
Bo vujudi in masdari poku beoloishi islom Quron ast, ki az chunin taassubho dar surati durust tavajjuhu taaqqul kardan metavonad boz dorad. Dar Quron oyathoi ziyod ast, ki muminonro az qazovati nodurust va az peshi khud mahkum kardani insonho ba kufru imon boz medorad. Harchand dar Quron chunin hukmho shudaand, on hukmu kazovathoi khudi Hudoyand, goho parvardigor Payombaroni Hudro az chunin hukm kardan boz medorad. Tashkhis va vujudi kufru imonro az kamoli hukmati ust. Dar Quron omadaast, agar Hudo mekhost hamaro musalmon va mumin mekard, vale U mekhohad va az in tariq bandagonashro biozmoyad. Pas hukmi kufru imon az vazifahoi inhisorii Hudost va ba Payombar (s) mefarmoyad, ki vazifai tu tanho tablig ast na hukm. Az in ru mantiqi Quron chunin ast; agar kofiron «imon ovardand hidoyat yoftaand va agar az haqq ruy gardondaand bar tu (Payombar) chize juz tabligi dini Hudo va itmomi hujjat bar onho nest, Hudovand (Hud) bar holi bandagon binost: / 3:20./
Harchand dar Quron omadaast, ki :
«Har kas gayr az islom dinero tobeiyat kunad az u pazirufta nashavad va u dar okhirat az hasoratdidagon, zararkardagon ast.» / 3:85/
Mujozot va sudu ziyoni tobeiyati gayr az islom dar okhirat nazdi Hudo arzyobi meshavad. Az in ru zuriyu tahmil dar kori dinro namepisandad va bo sarohat va ravshani farmuda:
«Kori din ba ijboru zuri nest, rohi hidoyat va zalolat bar hama ravshan gardida ast/ 2: 256/.
Va hamchunin mefarmoyad:
/Ey rasuli mo/ khalqro ba hikmat va burhon va mavizai neku ba rohi Hudo davat kun va bo behtarin tariq (bo ahli jadal va mubohisa) munozira kun( vazifai tu besh az in nest) hamono Parvardigorat khudash medonad, ki az rohi rosti U munharif shudaast va khudash medonad, ki hidoyat yoftaast». /. 16:125/
Tahammulgaroi az asositarin rohnamoihoi Quron ast. Bo vujudi «dini haq» va «dini ilohi» shumoridani islom ba payravoni adyoni digar alalkhusus ba ahli kitob tabiz ravo namedorad.
Tanho farmuda:
«Va bigu dini haqq hamon ast, ki az jonibi Parvardigori shumo omad, pas har ki mekhohad imon ored va har ki mekhohad kofir shaved…» / 18: 29/
Mujozoti kufru imon, haqqu nohaq dar dastu ikhtiyori khudi Parvardigor ast:
«YAhud davi mekunad, ki nassororo az haqq bahrae nest va nasoro meguyand, ki yahudro az haqq bahre nest dar surate, ki hardu guruh kitobi (osmoni) mutolia mekunand. In chunin davoho shoistai kasonest, ki (az kitobi osmoni) bebahraand va khudovand dar ikhtilofho ruzi qiyomat dovari khohad kard» /Q. 2: 113/.
Quron dar oyathoi 199-200 surai Oli Imron oshkoro bo on guruh az ahli kitob, ki ba Hudo va kitobi osmonii islom imon dorand va khudotarsand oyathoi khudoro nochiz nameshumorand mudoro kardani musalmonon va sabur budan dar munosibat bo onho davat kardaast:
Albatta dar Quron davati muboriza -jihod va qitol bo kuffor va bo on dasta az ahli kitob, ki ba muboriza va dushmanii siyosi bo ummati islom iqdom namudaand, niz hastand, vale oyathoi dar bolo zikrshuda va oyoti bisyor digar az Quron dalolat ba on mekunand, ki dar kori davat ba dini islom Quron beshtar sabru madoro va tabligu tashviqro mepisandand, va dar barobari dushmanii oshkoro jihodro.
[1] Nig: Hudo va inson dar Quron, talifi Tushi Hiku Izutsu,. S. 6465.
[1] Islom: diruz, fardo. Talifi. Luis Gorde va Muhammad Argun.
Mutarzim. Ali Ikhvoh. Markazi. Nash. Somir. 1370, s. 113.
[2] Takhlisu tarjumai «Zubdatulbayon fi ahkomi il -Quron» talifi.
Olimi rabboni Muqaddasi Ardabili, tarjumai, duktur. Sayidi
Jafari Sajjodi. Tehron, Atoi, 1362, s. 29.
[3] CHahor kitob. Dushanbe: Adib, 1990, s.16.
[4] Hamon jo.
[5] Dar kitobi «Kashof»-Qozi Bayzovi gufta: «Kase, ki amal ba arkon nakunad na mumin ast, na kofir» .