Ismoiliya – yake az buzurgtarin firqai shia meboshad, ki dar miyonahoi asri VIII m. ba vujud omada, dar tarikhi mamoliki SHarqi Nazdik, SHimoli Afriqo, Eronu Osiyoi Miyona naqshi muassire guzoshtaast. Sababi paydoishi in firqaro sarchashmaho chunin bayon kardaand. Imomi shashumi shiayon imom Jafari Sodiq farzandash Ismoilro vorisi khud dar imomat tayin karda bud, vale u pesh az padarash vafot kard.\ 39:154 va 26:15\ Pas az on imom Jafari Sodiq farzandi digarash Muso al-Kozimro jonishini khud tayin mekunad. Vale payravonash in tasmimi imom Jafari Sodiqro etirof nakardand va pas az in hodisa niz onho ba Ismoil vafodor mondand. Duktur Hasan Ibrohim Hasan muallifi ” Tarikhi siyosi, dini, madani va ijtimoii islom” bo istinod ba Hasan an- Navbakhti meguyad, ki payravoni Ismoil margi uro pesh az padarash inkor mekunand va uro goibgardida meshumorand va bovari dorand, ki to okhirzamon zinda khohad mond. \ 39:154\
Mutobiqi ittilooti qadimtarin firqanavisoni imomiya, NavbakhtI va QummI, pas az rehlati Imom Jafari Sodiq (699-765), payravoni on hazrat ba shash guruh taqsim shudand. Du guruh az onon ba unvoni ismoiliyoni nakhustin az baqiya judo shudand. YAk guruh, ki bo nomi «Al-i s m o il i ya al-kh o l i s a» hamonhoe meboshand, ki, margi Ismoil ibni Jafar (719/722-775)-ro dar zamoni hayoti padarash inkor kardand va intizori rijati u ba unvoni MahdI budand. Guruhi digar, ki «M u b o r a k i ya» nom giriftand, margi Ismoil dar zamoni padarashro tasdiq kardand va mutaqid budand, ki Imom Jafari Sodiq pas az rehlati Ismoil, pisari u Muhammad ibni Ismoil (740-813)-ro ba unvoni joynishini u ba imomat mansub kard. In guruh nomi khudro az laqabi Ismoil, ki al-Muborak bud, girifta. CHun aksariyati imomiya az Musoi Kozim payravI mekardand, Imom Muhammad ibn Ismoil Madinaro ba sui sarzaminhoi sharqI tark kard va zindagivu faoliyati makhfiyonaro pesh burd va dar tarikh bo laqabai «Maktum» (pushida, pinhon) maruf gasht. Az hamin zamon «d a v r a i s a t r»-i tarikhi ismoiliyon ogoz megardad va on to zuhuri bunyodguzoroni khilofati fotimii Misr davom dosht.
Bad az margi Muhammad ibni Ismoil payravonash ba du guruh taqsim shudand. Guruhe idomai imomatro dar farzandash VafI Ahmad (766-828) paziruftand, ammo aksariyati onho bo inkori margi Muhammad ibni Ismoil dar intizori bargashti u ba unvoni Mahdii mavud boqI mondand. In guruh badan ba nomi q a r o m a t a shinokhta shuda, Muhammad ibni Ismoilro chun haftumin va okhirin imomi khud paziruftaand.[1]
Beshtari ahli tahqiq qarmatiya va ismoiliyaro yak mazhabi vohid mepindorand, hol on ki inho du raviyai mukhtalifand. Qaydi ismoiliyashinosi maruf Farhod Daftariro dar in jo ovardan bamavrid ast. U meguyad: «Muallifoni musulmon az ibtidoi qarni nuhum dar borai ismoiliyon asotirhovu qissaho, khususan dar borai paydoish va hadafhoi junbishi ismoiliya, ejod mekardand. Ba vija, musulmononi ahli sunnat, ki umuman dar borai taqsimoti dokhilii firqai shia ogohii kam doshtand va bayni ismoiliyon va firqai qarmatiyon farqiyat guzoshta nametavonistand, dar muqoisa bo digar raviyahoi musulmony risolahoi beshtari bahsangeze ba muqobili ismoiliyon navishta budand.,.»[2].
In bois gasht, ki ismoiliya na hamchun mazhabi islomy, balki yak jarayoni muqobil bo islomi asly muarrify meshud. To solhoi okhir ham nofahmiho mavridi ismoiliyonu qarmatiyon dar asarhoi ilmivu ommavii muhaqqiqon nazarras bud.
Dar mavridi tarikhi paydoishi qarmatiyon dar kitobi «Firaq–ush–shia» omadaast, ki toifae az firqai ismoiliya judo shudand va ba nomi khitobiya shuhrat doshtand, ki payravoni Abukhitob Muhammad ibni Abuzaynab meboshand. Abukhitob az ashobi Imom Sodiq (a) buda, lekin ba sababi durughoe, ki ba Imom (a) nisbat medod va iddaoe, ki dosht, on Hazrat uro az khesh rond va mavridi lan va nafrin qaror dod. Abukhitob badan muddaoi nubuvvat shud va Imom Sodiq (a)–ro Hudo donist va guft: «Man az sui u ba nubuvvat rasidaam!» Hitobiya pas az qatli rohbari on Abukhitob ba shokhahoi farovone judo shud, ki qaromata yake az onhost[3].
Jarayoni qarmatiya az rui tarzi idora va ideologiyai khud niz ba mazhabi ismoiliya yagon qarobate nadoshtast. YAgona masalae, ki in du firqaro ba ham muttahid mesokhtaast, iborat az muboriza ba muqobili hukumatdoroni Hilofati Abbosiya bud. In jarayon yak firqai sirf siyosi budast va onhoe, ki etiqod bar on dorand, ki qarmatiyon az jihati ideologi ba ismoiliya nazdikand, ishtiboh kardaand. Qarmatiyon molikiyati khususi budani zaminro inkor karda, ba jamoai dehot bargashtanro targib mekardand, gulomdoriro etirof va jonibdori menamudand va dar barobari in taqsim kardani vositahoi istemoli maqsadi asosii onho mahsub meyoft. Qarib hamai kishovarzhoi on davra in siyosati onhoro khele khub qabul namudand. Besabab nest, ki baze az donishmandon in aqidaro payravi mekardand, ki kalimai «qarmat» az vojai oromii «qarmisa» girifta shuda, manoi kishovarzro medihad. Ba hamin mani dar «Siyosatnoma»-i Nizomulmulki Tusi (10191092) ham omadaast, ki «dar soli duvistu navadu panj az hijrat volii Hirot – Muhammadi Harsama khabar kard Amiri Odili somoniro, ki marde dar kuhpoyai Gur va Garjiston khuruj kardaast va uro Bubilol meguyand va az har tabaqa mardum bar u jam shuda va kheshtanro «Doruladl» nom nihodaast. Va mardumi behad az rustoi Hirot va navohi ruy ba vay nihodaandu bayat mekunand»[4].
Az in ru, qarmatiyon tarafdoroni khele ziyod az mardumoni eroninajod paydo kardand va ba tasisi davlathoi mahalli noil gashtand.
Hamchunin ismoiliyon dar soli 909 khilofatero bo nomi Fotimiyon bar ziddi khilofati Abbosiyon tashkil namudand. Davrai khulafoi Fotimi, makhsusan davrai to judo shudani nizoriyonu mustaliyon (909-1064) davrai avji davati ismoiliya buda ast. Dar ibtido qalamravi in khilofat dar sarzamine bud, ki imruz Tunis nomida meshavad. YOzdahumin imomi ismoiliyon Abdulloh (Ubaydulloh) al–Mahdi (873–934) khalifai avvali in khonadon khonda shud. Ismoiliyon dar soli 969 muvaffaq shudand, ki biduni jangu zuri Misrro fath kunand va dar on sarzamin shahri Qohiraro ba unvoni poytakhti khud bunyon nihand.
Dar soli 973 chahordahumin imomi ismoili Al- Muiziddinalloh (931-975) dar on jo mustaqar shud. Imomoni ismoili ba unvoni silsilae az khulafoi Fotimiyon nomida shudand va sababi tasmiyai onho bad-in nom on bud, ki onho nisbati khudro ba Fotima, dukhtari paygambari islom va zavjai pisarammui u Ali alayhissalom va az tariqi u ba khudi Hazrati Muhammad (s) merasonidand[5].
Ismoiliyon dar Misr dar amri ba vujud ovardani muhimtarin bungohhoi farhangi islomi naqshi muhimro bozidand. Qobili zikr ast, ki avvalin donishgohi islomi mashhur ba «al-Azhar», dar soli 971 m. tavassuti chahorumin khalifai Fotimi – al-Muiz tasis yofta bud va to hol niz poydor buda, az muhimtarin poygohhoi ilmii olami islom hisob meyobad. CHun etirofi ozodii andeshavu imoni har shakhs dar on zamon ravishi bunyodii keshi ismoiliyaro tashkil medod, in khud yake az zaminahoi rushdi ilmu donish va falsafa dar olami islom gardid. Ba tahqiqi donishmandi eroni Abdurrahmon Sayfi Ozod, dar donishgohi «al-Azhar» «ulamoi shofeivu hanafi va gayra niz ijtimo mekardand, (zero) Fotimiyon hej goh dar farogirii ilmu hikmat taassub ba kharj namedodand va dar muqobili ulamoi shiavu sunni ba kushodarui raftor mekardand. ..va dar soyai himoyati Fotimiyon az ulamoi gayrifotimi ham bo ozodii komil ba nashri ulum va aqoidi khud mepardokhtand»[6].
YAke az muvaffaqiyathoi digari khulafoi fotimi tasisi kitobkhonai buzurg dar Qohira bo nomi «Dorulilm» bud, ki bunyodguzori on Imom Hokim biamrilloh (985-1021) ba hisob meraft.
Ismoiliyon mutaqidand, ki imomat mansabi ilohist va hamchunon ki paygambar az tarafi Hudo tain megardad, imom niz boyad az jonibi Hudo muayyan gardad. Ba aqidai onho imom bo ilhomoti ilohi rohbari va rayosati jomeai islomiro dar se jihat – az lihozi hukumat, bayoni maorif va ahkomi dinivu rahbari va irshodi hayoti manavi ba uhda dorad. Hulosa, mavzui imomat chi dar mazhabi shia va chi dar mazhabi ismiliya va g-ra az on mavzuest, ki bahshoi doge dar jahoni islom doshta, hamvora miyoni guruhhoi mukhtalifi musulmonon sababi sar zadani ikhtilof buda, yake az omilhoi asoii parokandagii musalmonon gardid ast.
Ismoiliyonro dar tarikh bo nomhoi mukhtalif shinokhtaand. Az on jumla, ba illati on etiqodashon, ki har zohirro botine boshad va har oyate tavile dorad, onhoro a h l i b o t i n i ya khondaand. Ba aqidai onho, kitobhoi nozilshuda, ba khusus Quroni karim va shariati mundarij doroi du mano – zohiri va botiniyand.
Nizomi fikrii irfonii ismoiliyon darbargirandai du unsuri asli, yake binishi advori dar borai tarikhi dinii bashariyat va digare aqidai jahonshinokhti bud. Onho chunin nazar dorand, ki tarikhi dinii bashariyat az haft davrai payombari tashkil meshavad, ki har davraro yak payombari shore, ba nomi n o t i q ogoz kardaast. SHoreoni shash davri nakhustin iboratand az Odam, Nuh, Ibrohim, Muso, Iso va Muhammad (s) va har yake az onho baroi tavili maonii botinii shariati davri khud jonishine ba nomi v a s i, a s o s yo s o m i t doshtaand va vazifai jonishinon hifzi maonii zohiri va tavili manii botinii shariati davri khud meboshad.
YAke az alqobi digari ismoiliya a s o s i, yane tarafdori v a s i ast va onhoro a s o s i yu n mekhonand. Beshtari muarrikhinu muhaqqiqin onro, ba qavli khudi ismoiliyon, bargalat h a sh i sh i ya khondaand, na a s o s i ya. Asos yo vasi, dar matni ismoiliya, olim ba ilmi tavili shariat ast va vazifai u bayoni asror va botini shariat meboshad.
Ismoiliyoni nakhustin kasero, ki toza ba keshi eshon daroyad, «m u s t a j i b» va on ki dar tariqi eshon rosikh shuda va ijozai sukhan guftan meyoft, «m a z u n» meguftand. CHun ba darajai davat merasid, «d o i» mekhonand va chun ba rayosati doiyon irtiqo meyoft, «h u j j a t» nom megirift, ba in mani, ki guftori u hujjati Hudo ast bar khaloiq.
Jahonshinosii ismoiliyoni nakhustinro metavon to hudude bar asosi sarchashmahoi «Kitob-al-isloh»-i Abuho- tami Rozi (874-933), «Kitob-ul-iftikhor»-i Abuyaqubi Sijistoni (vaf.1002) va osori Nosiri Husravi Qubodiyoni (1004-1088) va Muayyaduddini SHerozi (1000-1078) muayyanu mushakhkhas namud.
Az nazari ismoiliyoni nakhustin chun har sol duvozdah moh ast, jahon niz ba duvozdah bakhsh taqsim meshavad va har bakhshe az jahon «j a z i r a» nom dorad. Dar har yak az in jazoir «d o iu ddu o t»-i on jaziraro dorad, ki az on ba «H u j j a t-ul-j a z ir a» yod meshavad. Va har «d o iu ddu o t» si doii naqib baroi musoidat va yori dosht. Hamchunin az on jo ki yak shabonaruz az bistu chahor soat iborat ast, har doii naqib bo duvozdah doi ba surati zohiru shinokhta hamkori mekunad va duvozdah doi dar parda, ba surati noshinokhta bo u dar irtibotand.
Dar andeshai ismoiliyon, manoi aslii tavhid rad shudani hamai sifot az Hudovand meboshad. Muhammadi SHahristoni (1086-1153), dar «Kitob-ul-milal v-an-nihal»- i khud navishtaast, ki mutobiqi aqidai ismoiliyon Hudo «na mavjud ast, na nomavjud, na alim ast, na loalim, na qodir ast, na ojiz…»[7]. Firqahoi islomi dar tafsiru tabyini sifot va nomhoi khudovand ikhtilofi nazar dorand. Az nazari ismoiliyon «Hudo bartar az ism va sifatu mavsuf va favqi vujud va shay va huviyat ast va dar yak kalom Hudo favqi mutazodotu mutaqobilot ast»[8].
Etiqodoti ismoiliyon dar bahsi maod bisyor rangi falsafi dorad. Maod dar didgohi ismoiliyon bar nigohi eshon nisbat ba nafsi inson ustuvor ast. Az in ru, fahmi masalai maod biduni darki tafsiri onon az nafs imkonpazir ast.
[1] Qarmatiyon va tafovuti etiqodii onho az ismoiliyon, kitobi «RudakI va ismoiliya»-i H. Qalandarov istifoda shud.
[2] Farhod Daftary. Afsonahoi avrupoy dar borai ismoiliyon. – Dushanbe: ER–graf, 2011, sah. 26.
[3]Abumuhammad Hasani Navbakhty. Firaq-ush-shia. – Tehron: Markazi intishoroti ilmivu farhangy, 1361. Tarjuma va taliqoti Muhammad Javodi Mashkur, 194 sah., sah.105-110.
[4] Nizomulmulk. Siyosatnoma.– Dushanbe: Adib, 1989, sah.159.
[5]Holm H. Fotimiyon va sunnathoi talimi va ilmii onon (Tarjumai Faridun Badrai). -Tehron, 1377, 148 sah., sah.7-8.
[6] Abdurrahmon Sayfi Ozod. Tarikhi khulafoi Fotimi. -Tehron: Eroni boston,1382, 242 sah., sah. 28.
[7] ash-SHakhristoni. Kniga o religiyakh i sektakh. CH.1. -M., 1984, str.168.
[8] Mahdi Farmoniyon. Hudo va sifot az nigohi ismoiliyon / Ismoiliya. – Qum: Markazi mutoliot va tahqiqoti adyon va mazohib, 1381, 696 sah., sah. 34.