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KUDAKII MUHAMMAD (SAV) – Paygambari dini Islom

Omina modari payombar dukhtari Vahab binti Abdumanof ibni Zuhra ibni Kilob bud. Modari Omina az avlodi Abduddor bud. Izdivoji u bo Abdulloh ibn Abdulmuttalib taqriban dar tarikhi 569 surat girift. Az in tarikh dere naguzashta bud, ki Abdulloh bo korvon qasdi safari tijorati ba navohii SHomro kard va dar bozgasht bemor shud va dar shahri YAsrib jon ba jonofarin suporid.

kudakii-muhammad

Omina pas az margi shavharash dar tarikhi 12 rabe- ul-avvali soli 570, ki hamon soli marufi «fil», yane soli lashkarkashii Abraha alayhi Makka, pisare tavallud kard, ki on kudaki navzodro Muhammad (s) nom nihodand. Dar mavridi solu mohu ruzi tavvaludi Payombar (s) ikhtilofhoi juzi joy dorand. Baze digar onro, mohi Muharram, baze Safar va bazei digar Rajab yo Ramazon tayin kardaand. Ruzi tavvaludro niz baze duvvum, baze duvozdahumi Rabeu-l-avval qabul kardaand. Dar borai shab yo ruz va mahali tavvalud niz ikhtilofot joy dorad.[1] Hulosa bad az tavallud kudakro dere naguzasht, ki ba zane bo nomi Halima bint Abi Zuayb, ki az toifai bodiyanishini Sad b. Bak bud, suporidand, to doyai u boshad. Arobi ashrofi Makkaro chunin odat buda, ki shoyad mekhostand farzandonashon khislatho va rasmu rusumi zindagii ozodi badavi va zabonu lahjai sahroro faromush nakunand va guzashta az in havoi shahri Makka musoidu solim, baroi kudakonashon nabuda, to onho dar bodu havoi tozai sahro, parvarish yoband, onhoro ba doyahoi sahronishin medodand.

Alii SHariati mefarmoyad, ki «Halima doyai logar budu kamshir va ibtido Muhammadro (s), ki padar nadosht surog kard va chun chashmi doya beshtar ba dasti padari kudak ast, az giriftani yatimi Abdulloh sar boz zad, ammo chun padari kudak niz dumboli doyai solim va purshir ast, Halima digar kudake nayoft va nochor dar rohi bozgasht in kudaki yatimro girift».[2]

Hamin tavr Muhammadi yatim(s) dar dasti Halima du sol tarbiya girift, pas az du sol uro ba shahr nazdi modarash meorand, vale chun Halima mushohida karda bud, ki az ruzi ba khona vorid shudani in kudak zindagoniash purbarakatu peshrav gardida bud, az nav uro bo bahonai on, ki dar Makka khabari pahnshavii vabost, boz se soli digar bo khud ba sahro mebarad. Bad az panj sol kudakro ba modarash bar megardonand.[3]

Modari payombar (s) bo maqsadi ziyorati qabri shavharash va didorbinii kheshovandoni madinagiash az qabilai Bini Adii va Bani an-Najjor hamono bo kudakash ba YAsrib meravad. Dar bozgasht az in safar dar mahalli «Avbo» bayni Makka va Madina Muhammadi khurdsol (s) , ki ba tozagi dar sari qabri padarash zor-zor megirist az modar niz mahrum meshavad va bo kanizi padarash Ummu Ayman ba Makka bozgasht. Abdulmuttalib, ki toza az safari shirkat dar tojguzorii podshohi YAman bozgashta bud, az in musibat sakht mutaassir gardida, tarbiyai kudakro ba uhda megirad, ammo ba qazoi taqdir du sol bad dar sinni hashtodsolagi Abdulmuttalib niz in dunyoi foniro tark mekunad, Muhammadi khurdsol (s) az jaddi mehrubon va muqtadirash niz mahrum meshavad.[4] Bad az in hodisa sarparastii uro amakash Abutolib uhdador gardid. Abutolib mardi neksirisht, vale serfarzandu kambizoat bud.

Dar in davrai zindagii Muhammad (s) voqeai jolib on bud, ki dar 12-solagi hamrohi amakash Abutolib bo korvone, ki ba SHom meraft, safar mekunad. Dar in safar dar mahali Busro bo rohibi masehi Buhayra Serjus vomekhurad, in rohib barobari didani Muhammad (s) az rui nishona va alomathoi az kutubi muqaddas khonda bud va nishonahoe, ki bo vurudi korvoni Quraysh did daryoft, ki Muhammadi navjavon hamon paygambari oyandaast, va ba amakash Abutolib suporish kard, ki muvozibi in kudak boshad, chunki khavfe az tarafi yahudiyon baroi Muhammad (s) joy dosht. Abutolib az markazi hukumati gassoniyon Busro farotar narafta, ba Makka bozmegardad.[5]

SHarhi holi Muhammad (s) badi in voqea to izdivoj khele mukhtasar ast. U dar sinni navjavoni chun jamei anbiyo, ba charonidani gusfandoni amakash va Qurayshiyon mashgul buda,[6]chunki bad az safari nomburda amakash varshikast meshavad va digar baroi tadoruki safari tijorati imkoniyat paydo nakard.

Hodisai jolibi digare dar in muddat jangest bo nomi jangi «Fijor». In jang bayni du qabilai arab: Quraysh va Havozin dar mohi harom, ki dar on har guna jangu khunrezi man bud, rukh dod. Muhammadi javon, ki 14-15 sol dosht dar in jang huzur doshtaast va hatto guftaand u tirhoro az maydoni jang chida ba amakhoyash medodaast, vale ba illati khurdsoli khud najangidaast. Guyand in jangi tuloni buda, dar chand marhala guzashta va kullan 4-10 sol tul kashidaast.[7]

Hodisai muhimi digare, ki ba dunboli khotimai in jang voqe shud munaqqid gardidani «Hilfulfuzul»- paymoni javonmardi bud. Pas az jangi «Fijor» guruhi javonmardone, ki dar khonai Abdullohi Jadon ba davati Zubayra ibni Abdulmuttalib amakii Paygambar (s) davri ham omadaand va paymon kardaand, ki az har guna zulm va beadolati jilavgiri kunand. Hazrati Muhammad (s) dar in paymon shirkat dosht va pas az risolat niz az on borho ba neki yod kardaast.

Dar hududi 25-solagi Muhammad (s) ba khizmatgorii bevazani sarvatmandi ashrofe az khonadoni mashhuri Quraysh Hadija dukhtari Huvaylid al-Asadiya daromad. CHun Muhammad dar bayni mardum hamchun javoni poksirishtu rostqavl bo nomi «Amin» shuhrat dosht, Hadija uro bo muzdi du barobari digaron ba kor girifta bud.

Muhimtarin hodisai in davra on ast, ki bori duvum Muhammad hamrohi gulomi Hadija Maysara ba SHom safari tijorati mekunad. Dar in safar niz gufta meshavad, ki rohibe bo nomi Nasturo Maysararo az risolati Muhammad bashorat medihad.[8] Dar roh amoli khoriqullodae niz mushohida meshavad. Muhimtarin dastovardi in safar baroi Hadija on bud, ki Muhammad (s) bo foidai ziyod molhoro dar SHom mefurushad va molhoi az SHom kharidaash ham dar Makka khub ba furush meravand. Vaqto, ki Maysara mushohidoti khud va raftori Muhammadro ba Hadija naql mekunad, okhirin baroi izdivoj ba u ishtiyoq paydo mekunad, chunki amonatdori, husni khulq va rostqavliash uro maftun karda bud. Guzashta az in, muvofiqi tahqiqothoi okhir shavohide hast, ki vay az oyandai Muhammad, paygambarii u tavassuti mushohidoti yahudi va mushohidoti gulomash Maysara gumon va pay burda bud.[9]

Paygambar ba khostgori bo amakonash, hamrohi amakash Hamza, bazeho guftaand Abu Tolib yo hardu meravad. Bo vujudi mukholifat dar ogoz padari Hadija Huvaylid rozi meshavad va Muhammad bo mahri bist shutur yo chorsad dinor bo Hadija aqdi nikoh mebandad. Hadija dar in hangom chihil sol dosht va pesh az paygambar du shavhar karda, ki har du murda budand va az onho yak pisar va du dukhtar boqi monda bud. Az in izdivoj Muhammad du pisar yoft: Qosim va Abdulloh (Tayyib va Tohir), ki har du dar kudaki murdaand va chahor dukhtar: Ruqayya, Zaynab, Umm Qulsum va Fotima. Ba gayr az inho Muhammadro digar farzande ba juz yak pisar Ibrohim, ki on az Moriya bud va murd, nabud. Inro niz boyad guft, ki to on vaqt, ki Hadija zinda bud, Muhammad zani digare nagirift.

Az voqeai muhimi davrai bad az izdivoj, ki muhaqqiqon tavajjuh kardaand,ishtiroki Muhammad dar tamiri Kaba va nasbi «Hajaru-l-asvad» meboshad. Qurayshiyon, ki nigohubini khonai Kabaro ba uhda doshtand, chun on shikaste bardoshta bud, ba fikri tajdidi on aftodand. Hulosa, onro shikasta az nav bino kardand. Bardoshtani har yak devori binoi uro qabilae ba uhda dosht. Vaqto, ki navbati nasb kardani «sangi siyoh» rasid, bayni qaboil rui masalai chi kase boyad onro nasb kunad, ikhtilof aftod. Agar namoyandai yak qabilae onro nasb mekard, savob va etibori on az digar qaboil soqit meshud, az in ru nazdik bud jangi mudhishe rukh dihad. Rohi halli in muammoro Abu Umayya, ki piramardi bokhirade bud, yoft va peshnihod kard, ki hama ba fatvoi avvalin kase, ki ba mabad vorid shavad, amal kunand. Az qazo Muhammad (s) daromad. Guftand: «Joa Amin» – Muhammadi Amin (yane rostqavl va rostkirdor) omad. Vaqto Muhammad (s) az qaziya ogah shud, farmud porchae yo jomae darovarand va khud sangro bardoshta dar vasati on guzosht va hama namoyandagoni qaboil onro bardoshtand va ba nazdi on rukne ovardand, ki boyad onjo nasb meshud, pas az on boz Muhammad (s) khud onro girifta, ba joyash nasb kard.[10] Dar mavridi hayoti in davrai Muhammad (s) du oyate hast dar Quron, ki ulamo ba ittifoqi nazar onro nisbat ba u nozilshuda, shumoridaand. Dar surai 93 oyati 6,8, ki dar on omadaast: «Oyo turo yatim nayoft pas joy dod…         va turo nodoram yoft pas

beniyozat sokht». In hama hikoyat az on ast, ki bo izdivoj ba Hadija Muhammad (s) az talosh baroi quti loyamut khalos meshavad va ilova bar in ba amakash, ki iyolmand bud, hamchun qadrdoni yordam mekunad va az Abutolib hamroh bo amaki digarash Abbos iltimos namuda Alii shishsolaro zeri tarbiya va sarparastii khud megirad.

Siratnigoroni paygambar az kudaki to in davra zuhuri chand hodisai khoriqulodaro ba u nisbat dodaand. Az barjastatarini onho yake dar sinni 3-4 solagi hangomi dar tarbiyai doyaash Halima budan rukh doda. Muvofiqi on, ruze du farishta az osmon nozil shuda, hangome, ki Muhammad (s) bo barodari shiriash bozi mekard, uro megirand va sinaashro meshikofand va az on khuni basta va ba qavle «hazzi shayton»-ro berun meandozand va to barodarash az tars tozon ba nazdi modarash Halima rafta uro davat mekunad, gayb mezanand. Digare on hodisahoi bo hamin doyaash rukhdoda meboshad. Pas az ba doyagi qabul kardani Muhammadi khurdsol (s) ravnaqu rivoji chashmgire dar hayot va zindagi va chorvoi Halima rukh medihad, Halima, ki kamshir bud, sershir meshavad, chorvoho niz sershir va sernasl meshavand.[11]

In va az in qabil amoli khoriquloda dar siratho va qissaho ziyodand, vale ulamoi islom mujizai asosii Muhammad (s)-ro Quroni karim mehisobidand. Ulamo va olimoni islomshinosro aqida bar on ast, ki bisyor mujiza va amoli khoriquloda, ki ba Muhammad (s) nisbat medihand, dar taqlid bo dini nasroni va yahudi (mujizahoi Muso va Iso), jihati ba shuuri omma muvofiq kardani dini islom ba vujud omadaand. Vale shoyad sohibnazaron suol kunand, ki ovardani in rivoyatho dar in jo chi luzum va zururat dorad. CHun in kitob islomshinosi nom shuda, donistani in juziyot va on tasavvurotero, ki dar shuuri omma joy dorad, sarfi nazar az voqei budan yo nabudanashon, taqozo mekunad. CHunki shuuri dinii omma aksaran tahti tasiri hamin guna qissaho tashakkul meyobad.

Rivoyati zikrshuda yaqinan tafsiri zohirii surai 94 (al- Inshiroh) ast, ki bo zaboni khosi dini-quroni bayon shudaast, ki fahmishi on korburdi usuli hermenevtikai falsafi, ki dar farhangi islomi bo nomi tavil mashhur ast, niyoz dorad, to manii botinii on ba dast oyad.

Dar bisyore az tahqiqiqotho, hatto tahqiqothoi muallifoni islomi du hodisai muhim az zindagonii Muhammad, ki baroi shinokhti chigunagii paydoishi islom ahmiyat dorand, aftodaast. Dar «Sirat»-i Ibni Hishom ba naql az Ibn Ishoq bobest bo nomi «hodisul-khums», tibqi rivoyati in bob malum meshavad, ki dar solhoi pesh az basat yo hamzamon bo tavallud yo kame peshtar az on Qurayshiyon dar manosiki hajj bidathoe dar masalai khurdu khurok va libos dokhil kardaand, to manofei beshtare az zoyiron doshta boshand va guzashta az in baroi khud manzalatu maqomi khose qoyil shudaand, ba istiloh munosibati ashrofonae bo digaron menamudaand.[12] Digar on ast, ki dar «Siratu-n-nabi» dalelhoi ziyode dar bobi «akhbori kohinoni arab akhbori (ulamoi) yahudi va rohiboni nasroni» dar borai peshguiho oid ba zuhuri paygambari najotbakhsh ovardaast, az jumla sarguzashti Salmoni forsii Isfahoni ast. Tibqi on Salmon pas az yak bor tasodufan huzur yoftan ba marosimi ibodati nasroniyon ba in din shavqi ziyod paydo mekunad, pas az on az dehi padar va khodimii otashkada firor karda, dar SHom nazdi Uskufi nasroni talim megirad va khulosa az uskufe dar mavridi risolati Muhammad (s) khabar meyobad va ba Makka ba sifati gulom vorid meshavad.[13] In du rivoyat nishon medihand, ki yakum, dar Arabiston va navohii on chun dar zamoni Maseh bovari ba zuhuri maseh yo paygambari najotbakhshe shoe budaast, digar on chunon ki dar ogoz guftem, yak niyozmandii hamagoni ba dini nav ehsos meshudaast.

[1]   Muhamad Huseyn Haykal, Zindagonii Muhammad. K. 1. S. 120. Dar mavridi tavallud niz baze ikhtilofot mavjud ast, masalan Hasan Ibrohim Hasan tavalludi paygambarro 20 apreli soli 571 m. meshumorad. « Tarikh al-islom: as-siyosi va-d-dini va-s-saqofi va-l- ijtimoi». S.75.

[2]   Muf. nig. Ali SHariati . Islomshinosi, sah.138-139, dar mavridi in hodisa Ibn Hishom az Ibn Ishoq mufassaltar rivoyat mekunad. Nig. Ibn Hishon. Siratu-n-nabi, sah.173-175.

[3]   Ibn Hishon. Siratu-n-nabi, s. 176.

[4]   Ibni Hishom dar «Sirat-un-nabi» marsiyahoi ziyode, ki dukhtaron va nazdikonash dar sugvorii Abdulmuttalib surudaand, ovardaast. CH.1. s. 182-193.

[5]   Hamon jo. Sah. 190-191

[6]   D.I.T. Ardakoni, Tarikhi tahlilii islom. Sah. 75.

[7]   Hamchunin nig. Ibn Hisham. Siratu-n-nabi. s. 198-201

[8]   Qissai bashorati Iso dar Injil oid ba zuhuri Muhammad dar Quroni Karim az zaboni Eso chunin bayon kardaast.

YAne «guft Eso pisari Maryam: Ey bani Isroil hamono man rasuli Hudo nazdi SHumoyam va tavrotro, ki peshi man ast tasdiq mekunam va shumoro ba omadani paygambare, ki ismash Ahmad ast bashorat mediham.» (sur. Saff, oyati 6)

[9]   Ustod Jafar Subhoni, Farozhoe az tarikhi paygambari islom sah. 82-83.

[10]  Dar «Siratunnabi», Ibn Hishom sherero niz bakhshida ba itmomi bozsozii binoi Kaba ovardaast, ki ba Zubayr ibni Abutolib taalluq dorad. s. 213-216.

[11]     In hodisahoro U.M. Uott az Ibn Hishom ba tafsil naql karda, pesh az bayoni on guftaast, ki bar ziddi in rivoyatho muarrikhi ateist metavonad dalelho ovarad, vale onho khususiyati dini dorand va baroi musulmonon hamchun muhimiyati shakhsiyati Muhammad haqiqat dorand va ilova mekunad, dar in mavrid metavon guft, ki har «chashmdore baroi didan» metavonist binad, agar voqean dar on hangom on jo mebud»-Mukhkhamed v Mekke. M-Sankt-Peterburg s.54- 55.

[12]  Ibn Hisham, «Siratu-n-nabi» s. 216-221 va ham SHaykh Muhammad Abu Zuhra. Hotamu-n- nabiyn. S. 212-215.

[13] Ibn Hisham, Siratu-n-nabi .s.221-242.

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