Kishovarzi dar Avrupoi SHarqi

Georgrafiyai hozirai kishovarzii Avrupoi SHarki dar zeri tasiri omilhoi tabii shakl girifitaast. Hususan, ba choigirshavii on zahirahoi zamini tasiri kalonro rasonidaand. Dar tarkibi fondi zamini Avrupoi SHarqi maydoni shudgor 2/5 hissai maidoni onro tashkil menamoyad. Holo imkoniyati vasekunii maydoni kisht qarib vuchud nadorad.

Sohahoi asosii kishovarzy ziroatkori va chorvodory buda, baroi inkishof dodani malakahoi mehnatii aholy kumak merasonad. Har duy in soha dar hama kismhoi nohiya pahn gardidaand. Vobasta ba tanosubi inkishofi ziroatkory va chorvodory dar nohiya se navi tahassusi kishovarzy farkkunandaand:

1. Navi Avrupoi miyonagy, ki ba on kishovarzii Lahistonu CHehiya, yak kismy garbii sobik SHuravy va Slovakiya mansuband. Dar tarkibi kishovarzii in mamlakatho chorvodory bartary dorad.
2. Navi balkany, ki on hochagihoi Ruminiya, Bulgoriya, chumhurihoi sobik YUgoslaviyavu Albaniyaro dar bar megirad. Dar in cho ziroatkory az chorvodory afzaliyat dorad. Ba in nav kismi garbii Rusiya va Ukrainavu Moldova dohil meshavand.
3. Navi bahry Miyonazaminy. Ba in nav kishovarzii nazdibahrii Albaniya va sobik YUgoslaviya dohil meshavad. Dar in cho rustanihoi mevagii garmidust (anchir, zaytun, sitrusho) parvarish karda meshavand. Tarkibi machmui agrosanoatii (MAS) in mamlakatho gunogun ast. Onho hamdigarro purra mekunand, ki in ba behtarshavii taksimoti geografii mehnat va mubodilai mahsuloti kishovarzy musoidat menamoyad.

Nakliyot. Nizomi nakliyoti Avrupoi SHarky tarihi duru daroz dorad. Malumothoi tarihy nishon medihand, ki navi kadimtarini nakdiyot rohi oby meboshad. Bandarhoi bahry ham paydoishi kadima dorand. Bandari Gdansk sadsola shudaast. Bandari Konstansai Ruminiya hanuz dar davrai Rimi Qadim malum budaast. Ammo shabakai nakdiyotii imruzai Avrupoi SHarky dar asri XIX va nimai avvali asri XX tashkil yoftaast.

Mavkei dar shohrohhoi tranzitii samti arzy doshta va dar bayni bahrhoi Siyoh, Baltik, Adriatik, havzai daryoi Dunay, Leba, Odra, Visla va mavchud budani sistemai kuhhoi Karpatu Balkan ba sistemai nakdiyotii on tasiri kalon rasonidand.

Baroi Avrupoi SHarky nakdiyoti rohi ohan ahammiyati kalon dorad. Solhoi badichangy dar kismi shimolii Avrupoi SHarky rohho tamir karda shudand va dar kismi chanubii on rohhoi nav bunyod gardidand.

Baroi taraqqii naqliyoti oby bandarhoi bahri ahammiyati nihoyat qalon dorand va vositai asosii savdoi bainalkhalqi ba hisob meravand. Daryoi Odra, Dunai, Volga az hama beshtar ahammiyati kishtigardi dorand. Sohtani inshooti obi dar Darvozai Ohanin sharoiti qishtigardii daryoi Dunairo hele behtar namuda, kanali navi Dunayu bahri Siyoh dar Ruminiya (daroziash 64 kilometr) rohro az daryo to bahr 400 kilometr qutoh kard.