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LIZOSOMAHO

Lizosomaho hissachahoi nisbatan khurdi membranador buda, shakli lunda dorand; diametrashon taqriban 0,4 mkm buda, bo yak membranai seqabata pushida shudaast. Dar lizosomaho qarib 30 fermenti gunogun mavjud ast. Onho qobiliyat dorand safedaho, kislotahoi nukleinat, polisakharidho, lipidho va digar mod- dahoro tajziya kunand. Bo yorii fermentho tajziya shudani mod- dahoro lizis menomand (az kalimai yunonii 1u818 – tajziya); bi- nobar in, onho lizosoma nom giriftaand. Lizosomaho az hisobi sokhtorhoi majmai Golji yo bevosita az turi endoplazmavi tashak- kul meyoband.

Lizosomaho ba vakuolahoi pinositozi va fagositozi naz- dik shuda, mahluli khudro ba onho merezand. Hamin tavr, yake az khususiyathoi khosi lizosomaho ishtirok dar hazmi moddahoi do- khilihujayravi ast. Gayr az in, lizosomaho metavonand sokhtori hujayrahoi favtandaro vayron kunand, masalan, dar rafti in- kishofi janin, modome ki ivazshavii boftahoi janini ba doimi meguzarand va yo dar digar mavridho.

Tabadduloti sokhtorie, ki khudi hujayra ba vujud meorad, dar mubodilai mutadili moddahoi hujayra ahamiyati kalon dorad. Vale to hol malum nest, ki lizosomaho mavoddi dokhilihujay- raviro, ki baroi mahv kardan judo shudaand, chi guna shinokhta megirand.

Hullas, lizosomaho juzi kuhnai hujayra va bazan organo- idhoi alohidaro tajziya mekunand (ba monandi dumgozai kafle- saki qurboqqa). Dar lizosomaho sistemai khudmuhofizati mavjud ast.

Markazi hujayra

Markazi hujayra az du hissachai silindrshakl iborat buda, nisbati yakdigar bo kunji rost joygirand (rasmi 5.11). In hissa- chahoro sentriola menomand.

Devori sentriolaho az 9 band iborat ast, ki har yake az onho se mikronaycha dorad. Sentriolaho dar taqsimshavii hujayra naqshi asosiro bozida, az hisobi onho torhoi akhromatini paydo meshavand. Olimon aqida dorand, ki fermenthoi markazi hujay- ra dar kashish khurdani khromosomai dukhtari ba qutbhoi muqobili ham (dar anafazai mitozi) ishtirok mekunand. Dar hamai hujay- rahoe, ki markazi hujayravi dorand, sentriolaho yoft nashudaand, masalan, dar rustanihoi darajai oli sentriola vujud nadorad.

Sitoskelet

YAke az khususiyathoi farqkunandai hujayrahoi organizmhoi eukarioti in tashakkuli takyagoh (skelet) dar sitoplazma buda, dar shakli mikronaychaho va bandchai torhoi safeda vomekhurad.

Binobar in, paydoishi takyagohi dokhilihujayravi yake az aro- morfozhoi kalontarin ba shumor meravad. Hujayrahoi eukari- oti dar erahoi arkhey va proterozoy paydo shudaand. Unsurhoi sitoskelet bo qismi berunii sitoplazmavi va pardai yadro aloqa- mand buda, dar sitoplazma pechu tob mekhurad va murakkab megar- dad.

Sitoskelet:

1, 2, 3, – qismhoi sitoskelet, 4 – membrana, 5 – TEP, 6 – mitokhondriya.

Unsurhoi takyagohi sitoplazma shakli hujayraro muayyan karda, ba harakati sokhtorhoi dokhilihujayravi va khudi hujayra musoidat menamoyand. Dar baze navho hujayra, ba monandi so- datarinho (navi infuzoriya, sinfi qamchinakdoron) unsurhoi sitoskelet dar tamomi davri hayotashon vomekhurand. Onho joy- hoi doimi doshta, dar zeri mikroskop yo zarrabin dida meshavand. Bazan sitoskelet shakl tagyir medihad. Masalan, dar amyoba va hujayrai hayvonoti serhujayra (leykositho) shakli hujayraho tagyir yofta, poyhoi qalbakiro tashkil mekunad.

Qamchinakho va mijgonakho

Qamchinak va mijgonakho uzvi harakat buda, ham ba orga- nizmhoi yakhujayra (qamchinakdoron va infuzoriya) va ham ba- ze organizmhoi serhujayra, (hujayrai epiteli, nutfa) khossand. Qamchinak va mijgonakho sokhtori umumi dorand .

Qismi ziyodi in uzvho ba berun ravona shuda, shakli darozruya- ro dorand; devori on az 9 juft mikronaycha iborat ast. Dar mar- kaz du mikronaychai digar joy giriftaast.

In qism purra yo beshtar bo membranai sitoplazmatiki pu- shida shudaast. Dar asosi uzv, dar qabati berunai sitoplazma his- sachai bazali (asos) joygir meboshad; ba har jufti mikronaycha, ki qismi berunai qamchinak va mijgonakhoro tashkil mekunand, yak mikronaychai kutoh ilova meshavad.

Sokhti qamchinak:

  • – qismi beruna,
  • – burishi kundalagii kamchinak dar darajai 5
  • – membranai berunai sitoplazmavi,
  • – hissachai bazali.

Sokhti qamchinak: 1 – qismi beruna, 2 – burishi kundalangii qamchinak dar darajai 5, 3 – membranai berunai sitoplazmavy, 4 – hissachai bazaly.

Hamin tavr, hissachai bazaly az 9 triodi (segona) mikronay- chavy sokhta shuda, ba komponenthoi markazi hujayra, yane sentri- olaho monandand. Harakati qamchinak va mijgonakho bo lappish yo lagjishi jufti mikronaychaho nisbati yakdigar vobasta buda, dar in vaqt energiyai ziyod dar shakli ATF sarf meshavad.

Savolho baroi sanjish:

  1. Baroi hujayrahoi eukariot kadom khususiyatho khossand?
  2. Kadom sokhtorhoi hujayraro ilovagy menomand? Misol ored.
  3. Asosi sokhtori hujayraro chy tashkil mekunad?
  4. Membrana chy guna sokhta shudaast?
  5. Membranai beruni sitoplazmavy kadom vazifahoro ijro meku- nad?
  6. Mubodilai moddaho bayni hujayra va muhiti beruna bo kadom roh ba amal meoyad? Pinositoz chist? Fagositoz chist?
  7. Organoidhoi hujayraro muayyan kuned va vazifai onhoro nishon dihed.
  8. Farqi turi endoplazmavii hamvor va chindor dar chist?
  9. Kadom organoidhoi hujayra KDN dorand?

Istilohot:

  1. Sitoskelet – sistemai mikronaychaho va torhoi safedagy, ki shak- li hujayrahoro nigoh doshta, harakati sokhtorhoro dar sitoplazma tash- kil mekunad.
  2. Moddahoi ilovagy – elementho yo sokhtorhoi sitoplazma, ki mahsu- li faoliyati hayotii hujayraand va beshtar naqshi zakhirashavii mod- dahoro ijro mekunand.
  3. Membrana – qabati biomolekulavy, ki dar on az har taraf moleku- lahoi safedaho (gutidaand) furu raftaand.
  4. Mitokhondriya – «istgohi barqii hujayra», ki dar boloi membra- nai daruni fermentho bo yak tartibi muayyan joy girifta, mubodilai energetikiro tashkil mekunad.
  5. Plastidho – organoide, ki dar on fotosintez meguzarad.
  6. Organoidho – dar sitoplazma doimo vuchud doshtani sokhtori makh- susgardonida.

Testho

  1. Lizosomaho dar kucho tashakkul meyoband?

a) turi endoplazmatiki; b) machmai Golchi; v) sitoplazma.

  1. Vazifai asosii mitokhondriya in ast:

a) sintezi safeda; b) sintezi ATF; v) sintezi angishtob.

  1. Beshtar mitokhondriya dar kadom uzvho dida meshavad?

a) dar on uzvhoe, ki ravandhoi sintez baland ast; b) dar on choyhoe, ki uzvho kori kamro ichro mekunand; v) dar uzvhoi davrai chanini.

  1. Mitokhondriya chi guna ziyod meshavad?

a) bo rohi taqsimshavi; b) bo rohi chinsi; v) bo rohi amitozi.

  1. SHonahoi (krestho) mitokhondriyaho dar kadom qabat choygirand?

a) qabati beruna; b) qabati daruna; v) dar boloi membrana.

  1. Fermentho dar kadom choyi mitokhondriya choygirand?

a) qabati beruna; b) qabati daruna; v) dar shonaho (kristho).

  1. Lizosomaho kadom vazifahoro ichro mekunand?

a) moddahoi organikiro tachziya mekunand; b) moddahoi organikiro cham mekunand; v) moddahoi organikiro meguzaronand.

  1. Lizosomaho ba vakuolahoi pinositozho chiro meguzaronand?

a) mahluli tachziyashudai khudro merezand; b) mahluli tachziyanashudaro meguzaronand. v) moddahoi sakhtro meguzaronand.

  1. Huchayrahoi favtandaro kadom organoidi huchayra nest mekunad?

a) machmai Golchi; b) lizosomaho; v) sentriolaho.

  1. Kalimai lizis az kalom zabon girifta shudaast?

a) anglisi; b) yunoni; v) olmoni.

  1. Devori sentriolaho az chand band iborat ast?

a) 7- to; b) 9-to; v) 11-to.

  1. Har yak band az chand mikronaycha sokhta shudaast?

a) duto; b) seto; v) chorto.

  1. Sentriolahoi markazi huchayra kadom vazifaro ichro mekunand?

a) torhoi akhromatiniro paydo mekunand baroi kashish khurdani khro- mosomaho; b) kashish khurdani khromosomahoro ba qutbho bozmedorad; v) rishtaho dukro paydo namekunad.

  1. Dar kadom organizmho sentriola dida nameshavad?

a) bakteriyaho; b) rustanihoi darachai oli; v) hayvonot.

  1. Sitosklet az chiho sokhta shudaast?

a) az mikronaychaho va bandhoi torhoi safeda; b) az moddahoi gayri- organiki; v) az angishtobho.

  1. Dar kadom organizmho qismhoi sitosklet doimiand?

a) dar sodatarinho; b) dar hasharotho; v) dar obkhokiho.

  1. Dar kadom organizmho bazan sitosklet shaklashro digar meku- nad?

a) amyoba; b) tortanak; v) morho.

  1. Devori qamchinakho va mijgonakho az chand chuft mikronaychaho iborat ast?

a) 5-to; b) 9-to; v) 11-to.

  1. Qamchinak az mijgonak chi farq dorad?

a) daroztarand; b) kutohtarand; v) lappish mekhurand.

  1. Dar kadom huchayrahoi odam mijgonakho bisyorand?

a) dar huchayrahoi epitelii bronkhaho; b) dar huchayrahoi kovokii ruda; v) dar kovokii surkhruda.

  1. Dar obsabzhoi yakhuchayragii sabz chi dida meshavad?

a) qamchinak; b) mijgonak; v) naycha.

Инчунин кобед

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