MAFHUM VA NISHONAHOI JINOYAT

Kodeksi jinoyatii Jumhurii Tojikiston (moddai 17) jinoyatro kirdori az harakat yo beharakati sodirshudai gu- nahkoronai baroi jamiyat khavfnok mehisobad, ki ba shakh- siyat, jamiyat va davlat zarar merasonad yo bo rasonidani zarar tahdid ba amal meovarad. CHunin kirdor harakat yo beharakatiro qonuni jinoyati bo tahdidi tatbiqi jazo man kardaast. Dar tarifi dodashudai jinoyat ham khusu- siyati rasmi va ham moddi zikr shudaand, chunki dar on ham alomati rasmi – kirdori bo qonuni jinoyati mankardashu- da va ham alomati moddi – baroi jamiyat khavfnok peshbini shudaand.

Hamin tavr, jinoyat doroi alomathoi zerin meboshad: khavfnok budan baroi jamiyat; amali ziddihuquqi budan; gunahkori; sazovori jazo budan.

Alomathoi jinoyat mundarijai onro oshkor namuda, im- koniyat medihand, ki jinoyat az digar navi huquqvayronku- niho farq karda shavad. Jinoyat, pesh az hama, kirdorest, ki dar shakli harakat yo beharakati ifoda meyobad. SHakhs boyad imkoniyati dark namudani mazmun va ahammiyati kirdori khudro doshta boshad. Kirdori shakhs boyad boshuurona, iro- davi, ikhtiyori va maqsadnok sodir shavad.

Tanho kirdore jinoyat etirof meshavad, ki baroi jami- yat khavfnok boshad. Ba jamiyat khavfnok budan yake az khususi- yathoi asosii ijtimoii (moddii) jinoyat ba hisob meravad.

Mohiyati khavfnok budani kirdor dar on ifoda meyobad, ki on ba munosibathoi jamiyati zarar merasonad yo tahdidi chunin zararro ba vujud meorad. Az hamin sabab baroi jino- yat javobgarii jinoyati muqarrar karda shudaast.

Nabudani jihati khavfnoki baroi jamiyat imkoniyati jinoyat etirof gardidani kirdorro sarfi nazar mekunad. Masalan, kirdorhoi kamahamiyat, amalhoe, ki dar holathoi mudofiai zaruri va zarurati nihoi sodir shudaand, jinoyat etirof nameshavand. Ba jamiyat khavfnok budani kirdor az yak qator omilho vobastagi dorad: arzishi obekti hifz- shavanda, kharakter va hajmi oqibati amali jinoyati, tarzu vosita, vaqt, joy va holathoi digari sodir shudani jinoyat.

Darajai khavfnokii jamiyati tavsifi miqdorii jino- yat ast, ki khususiyathoi zohirii onro, az jumla arzishi obekti tajovuzshuda, darajai gunoh va hajmu andozai zararro mu- ayyan mekunad. Qonunguzor darajai khavfnokii jinoyathoi mushakhkhasro ba etibor girifta, holathoero muqarrar na- mudaast, ki jazoro sabuk yo baraks, vaznin mekunand.

Alomati muhimmi digari jinoyat amali ziddihuquqi yo khud ziddiqonuni budani kirdori mushakhkhas ast. Kirdori ba jamiyat khavfnok hamon vaqt jinoyat mahsub meshavad, ki agar dar moddahoi mushakhkhasi qismi makhsusi Kodeksi ji- noyati inikos shuda boshad. Ba iborai digar, ziddihuquqi budani kirdor manoi az jonibi qonuni jinoyati man shu- dani onro dorad.

Gunahkori yo khud mavjud budani gunoh sharti digari jinoyat etirof shudani kirdori ba jamiyat khavfnok ast. Gunoh in munosibati ruhii shakhs nisbat ba kirdori ba jamiyat khavfnok va oqibathoi on buda, dar shakli qasd yo beehtiyoti ifoda meyobad. Be mavjudiyati gunoh tarkibi ji- noyat vujud doshta nametavonad, yane gunoh zaminai zarurii javobgarii jinoyati va jazo ba shumor meravad. Tanho shakh- se dar sodir kardani jinoyat gunahkor etirof meshavad, ki u in kirdorro qasdan yo az beehtiyoti sodir karda boshad. Kirdori tanho az beehtiyoti sodirshuda dar holate jinoyat etirof meshavad, ki agar on dar moddai dakhldori qismi makhsusi Kodeksi jinoyati peshbini shuda boshad.

Jinoyati qasdan sodirshuda kirdore etirof meshavad, ki bo qasdi bevosita yo bavosita sodir shudaast. Agar shakhs ba jamiyat khavfnok budani harakat yo khud (beharakatii) khudro dark karda, imkoniyat yo noguzirii faro rasidani oqibati baroi jamiyat khavfnoki onro peshbini namoyad va khohoni faro rasidani on boshad, jinoyati u bo qasdi bevosi- ta sodirshuda etirof meshavad.

Alomati okhirini jinoyat sazovori jazo hisobidani kir- dor meboshad. Mohiyati sazovori jazo budani kirdor dar on ast, ki tanho hamon kirdori ba jomea khavfnok, ziddihuquqi va gunahkorona jinoyat shumorida meshavad, ki agar baroi sodir namudani on qonuni jinoyati jazoi jinoyatiro muqar- rar karda boshad.

Kirdorhoi jinoyati vobasta ba khususiyat va darajai khav- fi baroi jamiyat doshtaashon ba jinoyathoi nachandon vaz- nin, darajai miyona, vaznin va makhsusan vaznin taqsim me- shavand. Kirdorhoi qasdan sodirshavandae, ki jazoi haddi aksari baroi onho dar Kodeksi jinoyati peshbinigardida az 2 sol mahrum sokhtan az ozodi ziyod nest va kirdorhoi az be- ehtiyoti sodirshavandae, ki jazoi haddi aksari baroi onho peshbinigardida az 5 sol mahrum sokhtan az ozodi ziyod nest, jinoyathoi nachandon vaznin etirof meshavand. Kirdorhoi qasdan sodirshavandae, ki jazoi haddi aksari onho az 5 sol mahrum sokhtan az ozodi ziyod nest va kirdorhoi az beehtiyoti sodirshavandae, ki jazoi haddi aksar baroi onho az 5 sol mahrumiyat az ozodi ziyod meboshad, jinoyathoi darajai mi- yona etirof meshavand. Kirdorhoi qasdan sodirshudae, ki jazoi haddi aksar baroi onho dar Kodeksi jinoyati peshbi- nigardida az 12 sol mahrum sokhtan az ozodi ziyod nest, jino- yathoi vaznin etirof meshavand. Kirdorhoi qasdan sodir- shavandae, ki jazoi haddi aksar baroi onho ziyoda az 12 sol mahrum sokhtan az ozodi yo jazoi qatl peshbini gardidaast, jinoyathoi makhsusan vaznin etirof meshavand.