CHaro dar asri HH in mintaqai mashhur mavqei peshsafii khudro dar jahon az dast dod? Kadom sohahoi sanoat mavqei onro dar tarkibi khojagii jahon bolo bardoshtaand? Kadom kishvarho dar safi peshi rushdi iqtisodiyu siyosii on qaror dorand?
Mavqei geografi. Avrupoi Garbiro az ruyi mavqei geografi va khususiyathoi tarikhi, tabii, khojagi ba se zernohiya judo kardaand: Markazi, SHimoli va Janubi, ki onho az ruyi masohat qarib barobar buda, az ruyi shumorayu zichii aholi az yakdigar farq dorand. Mamlakathoi in mintaqa yakjoya qalamravi yaklukhtro tashkil medihand. Masohati onho az sohili bahri Norvegiya to bahri Miyonazamin (az shimol ba janub 5 hazor kilometr) tul kashidaast. Masohati umumii mintaqa 3,7 mln km2 (2,5% maydoni khushki) buda, dar on 24 davlati mustaqil joygir shudaand. Davlathoi mintaqaro umumiyati tarikhi, munosibathoi siyosiyu iqtisodi bo ham aloqamand kardaast. Az nigohi hudud in mamlakatho on qadar buzurg nestand. YAk qismi onho bo nomi davlathoi khurd (mikrodavlat) mashhurand (Andora, Vatikan, Likhtenshteyn, Monako, San-Marino). Az hama khurdtarini onho Vatikan ast, ki dar miqyosi jahon mavqei khos dorad.
Mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi nizomi davlatii gunogun dorand: burjuazii jumhuriyavi, monarkhi, monarkhii konstitutsioni, unitari va federativi.
Avrupoi Garbi yake az qadimtarin markazhoi khojagii jahoni meboshad.
Aholi. SHumorai umumii aholii Avrupoi Garbi besh az 390 mln nafar buda, afzoishi on sust ast. Vaziyati demografii mintaqa nisbatan nomusoid ast. Dar baze mamlakatho holati kamshavii aholi (depopulyatsiya) mushohida karda meshavad. Tavallud faqat dar qismi janubi mintaqa (makhsusan dar Ispaniya) ziyodtar ast, ki onro ba tasiri ziyodi dini nasroni aloqamand medonand.
Hissai mintaqa dar sistemai jahonii muhojirati berunai aholi tagyir yoftaast, yane Avrupoi Garbi dar guzashta (davrahoi kash- fiyothoi buzurgi geografi) sarchashmai muhojirat bud, vale holo ba markazi asosii muhojirati kori tabdil yoftaast. Dar holi hozir dar in jo shumorai korgaroni khoriji az 20 mln nafar ziyod ast, ki huquqi shahrvandi nadorand va onhoro korgari kiroya («gastarbayter») menomand.
Aholii mintaqa az nigohi hayati milli yakkhela buda, ammo az jihati etniki gunogun ast. In holat dar davlathoi du va bisyormillata boisi munoqishahoi milli meshavad. CHunin nooromihoi milliyu etnikiro dar Britaniya, Belgiya va Ispaniya mushohida kardan mumkin ast.
Ba mintaqai Avrupoi Garbi joygirshavii nisbatan zichi aholi khos ast. Ba hisobi miyona dar 1 kilometri murabba 1000 nafar rost meoyad, ki az ruyi in nishondod dar dunyo joyi yakumro ishgol mekunad. Vale dar qismhoi judogonai on (bayni shimolu markaz) zichii aholi farq mekunad. Ba hamin sabab dar in mintaqa darajai balandi urbanizatsiya vujud dorad. Az se du hissai aholi (dar baze mamlakatho to 4/5 hissa) dar shahrho zindagi mekunad.
Hususiyati khosi aglomeratsiyai shahri in ast, ki dar shahrhoi kalon aholi az had ziyod jam shudaast. SHahrhoi London, Parij, Reyn, Rur az qabili chunin shahrhoi kalon meboshand, ki har yaki on ziyoda az yak mln nafar aholi dorand.
Avrupoi Garbi buzurgtarin mintaqai urbanizatsiyashudai jahon meboshad.
Aglomeratsiyai Rur dar dunyo kalontarin buda, dar 9 hazor kilometri murabba joygir shudaast. On besh az 13 mln. nafar aholi, qarib 100 shahr, az jumla 25 shahri kalonro dar bar megirad. Dar baze qismhoi in aglomeratsiya zichii aholi dar 1 kilometri murabba to ba 5 hazor nafar rasidaast.
YAgonagii aholii mintaqa va ba oilai hinduavrupoi mansub budani khalqhoi on nishondihandahoi yagonai demografi va darajai balandi urbanizatsiyai davlathoyash ast.
Tavsifi umumii khojagi. Aksar mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi ba guruhi davlathoi mutaraqqi mansuband. Mintaqa ba tufayli inqilobi sanoati peshsafi kapitalizmi jahoni shud va holo ham az jihati iqtidori iqtisodi yake az purquvvattarin nohiyahoi jahon ba hisob meravad.
Mahsuloti sanoati mavqei khojagii Avrupoi Garbiro dar bozori jahoni khele bolo burd. To Jangi YAkumi Jahon Avrupoi Garbi dar jahon bo istehsoli avtomobil, dastgohu kishti, tajhizoti idoravi, mahsuloti elektrotekhniki mashhur bud. Dar holi hozir niz dar baze sohahoi tekhnologiyai murakkab dar safi peshi bozori jahon qaror dorad.
Geografiyai sanoati Avrupoi Garbi bar asosi mavjudiyati sar- vathoi tabii va sharoiti tabii shakl giriftaast. Dar qismi shimolii on madanhoi tabiii metalho, suzishvori, dar janub beshtar madani metalho va sanoati vaznin joygir shudaand.
Sanoati suzishvoriyu energetiki dar ibtido purra bo yorii manbahoi angishti mahalli faoliyat mekard. Dar miyonahoi asri HH Avrupoi Garbi talaboti khudro bo naft 1/3 hissa, bo gaz 2/3 hissa qone megardonad va boqimondaashro az khorija (beshtar az Rusiya) megirad. Dar barobari vorid kardani naft korkhonahoi naftkorkuni asosan dar shahrhoi bandari va qisman dar shahrhoi dokhili sokhta shudaand.XX istikhroju istemoli angisht kam shuda, joyi onro naftu gaz va atom girift. Bahri SHimoli makoni buzurgi istikhroji naft meboshad, ki az on jo solona ziyoda az 180 mln tonna naft va 100 mlrd m3 gazi tabii istikhroj karda meshavad. Dar in jo beshtar az 250 koni naftu gaz kashf karda shudaast, ki buzurgtarini onho koni Statford meboshad. YAke az zakhiragohi kalontarini gazi jahoni Slokhteran dar Niderlandiya voqe shudaast.Rasmi 21.
Markazhoi sanoatii Avrupoi Garbi
Istehsoli nerui barq ba havzahoi angisht dar shahrhoi kalonu bandarho mutobiq ast, ammo nerugohhoi barqi alavi dar mintaqa bartari dorand, inchunin besh az 70 korkhonai atomi mavjud ast. Dar aksari mamlakathoi mintaqa (gayr az Norvegiya va SHveytsariya) istgohhoi barqi obi ahamiyati duvumdaraja dorand. Dar Italiyavu Islandiya az nerui gidrotermali (obhoi garmi zerizamini) niz istifoda mebarand.
Sanoati metallurgiyai Avrupoi Garbi hanuz pesh az ogozi inqilobi ilmi-tekhniki (IIT) paydo shuda, ba ashyoi khomi dokhili takya mekard. Korkardi metallurgiyai siyoh dar Angliya, Olmon, Faronsa, Ispaniya, Belgiya, SHvedsiya va Lyuksemburg taraqqi kardaast. Badi Jangi YAkumi Jahon markazhoi kaloni in soha dar shahrhoi bandari sokhta vase karda shudand. Nohiyai kalontarini metallurgiyai siyohi Avrupoi Garbi havzai Rur buda, dar on jo dar yak sol 25 mln tonna pulod gudokhta meshavad. Kalontarin kombinati metallurgi dar shahri Doysburg ast, ki dar yak sol to 10 mln tonna pulod istehsol mekunad. Digar kombinati kalonu hozirazamon dar shahri Tarantoi Italiya joygir shudaast, ki on 10 mln tonna iqtidori istehsoli dorad. Korkhonahoi sanoati metallurgiyai ranga asosan dar mamlakathoe joygir shudaand, ki ashyoi khom va nerui ziyodi barq dorand. Sohai muhimtarinu inkishofyoftai metallurgiya sanoati alyumin meboshad.
Moshinsozi. In sohai avangardi mintaqa dar shahrhoi kalon va aglomeratsiyaho voqe shudaast. Solhoi okhir dar sohai moshinsozi khususiyati navi joygirkuni ba amal omad, ki in khususiyat dar yakjoya kardani on zohir meshavad. Dar joygirkunii on khususiyathoi khosi zersoha ba hisob girifta meshavand. Masalan dar Angliya sohahoi elektrotekhnika, elektronika, dastgohsozi, raketiyu kayhoni asosan dar shahri London, avtomobilsozi dar Birmingem, tajhizoti bofandagi dar Manchester, kishtisozi dar Glazgo joygir karda shudaand.
Sanoati khimiya. Geografiyai in soharo to Jangi YAkumi Jahon havzahoi angisht muayyan mekard. Badi ba yake az ashyoi khomi muhimmi sanoati khimiya tabdil yoftani naft va gazi tabii, korkhonahoi onro dar sohili bahr va daryo, dar shahrhoi bandari sokhtand. Markazhoi kaloni sanoati khimiya dar sohilhoi daryohoi Temza, Sena, Reyn, Elba va Rona paydo shudaand.
Sanoati sabuk. Korkhonahoi in soha mamulan dar mahalhoi serkorgar va nohiyahoi seristemol sokhta meshavand. Az in ru onho dar tamomi mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi pahn shudaand. Solhoi okhir korkhonahoi sohai sanoati sabuk beshtar dar nohiyahoe, ki quvvai korii arzon dorand, az jumla dar janubi Avrupo (Portugaliya) sokhta shudaand.
Kishovarzi. SHaroiti tabiii Avrupoi Garbi baroi taraqqiyoti kishovarzi nisbatan musoid meboshad. Qati nazar az in nohiyahoi alohidai on bo sharoiti khosi khud az yakdigar farq mekunand. Dar qismi markazii Avrupo ziroathoi mintaqai mutadil, dar janubi on ziroat va darakhtoni mevadihandai subtropiki parvarish mekunand.
Ziroatkori va chorvodori sohahoi asosii kishovarzi dar Avrupoi Garbi meboshand. Hosilnokii gandum ba 60-70 st/ga merasad, ki on dar jahon nishondihandai balandtarin ast.
CHorvodori dar aksari mamlakatho sohai takhassusi ba hisob meravad va dar Daniya ba darajai baland inkishof yoftaast. Daniya dar miqyosi jahon makoni asosii istehsol va sodiroti ravganu shir, paniru tukhm va gushti khuk ba hisob meravad. Sohai ziroatkori talaboti aholiro purra tamin mekunad va dar yak vaqt zaminai mustahkami khuroki chorvo ba hisob meravad.
Sohai mohidori chun peshtara dar iqtisodiyoti Norvegiya, Daniya, Islandiya naqshi nazarras dorad.
Naqliyot. Dar Avrupoi Garbi tamomi sohahoi naqliyot amal mekunand. SHabakai naqliyoti in jo khele murakkab ast, asosi onro shohrohhoi buzurgi gunogunsamt tashkil medihand va onho ahamiyati baynalmilali dorand.
Naqliyoti obi niz ba vositai daryohoi Reyn va Dunay ba samthoi gunogun rohi baromad dorand. Borkashonii solonai daryoi Reyn 250300 mln tonnaro tashkil medihad. Bandari bahrii kalontarini dunyo Rotterdam dar rezishgohi hamin daryo voqe shudaast. Bandari kalontarini daryoii dunyo Duysburg dar miyonjoyi sohil joygir shudaast. Solhoi okhir shohrohi obii Reyn-Mayn-Dunay sokhta shudaast.
Taraqqiyoti ilmu tekhnika hama moneahoi tabiiro dar mintaqa bartaraf kardaast. Rohhoi ohanu avtomobilgard, quburhoi az Alp guzaronidashuda, paromhoi sohilhoi Baltik, ki ba bahri SHimol vasl meshavand, tuneli zeriobii La-Mansh az on guvohi medihand.
Avrupoi Garbi nohiyai asosii sayohati jahoni buda, dar on mamlakathoi sohili bahri Miyonazamin mavqei nazarras dorand. In mamlakatho har sol qarib 150-200 mln nafar istirohatkunandagon va sayyohonro qabul mekunand. Ispaniyaro az ruyi miqdori sayyohone, ki ba in mamlakat meoyand, «rekordsmeni jahon» nomidaand, zero shumorai solonai sayyohon besh az 160 mln nafarro tashkil mekunad (az miqdori aholii mamlakat ziyod ast). Faronsa, Italiya, SHveytsariya, Avstriya va Angliya niz makoni muhimmi sayyohi meboshand. Sayyohi manbai baze mamlakathoi khurdi Avrupoi Garbi ba hisob meravad.
Qalamravi Avrupoi Garbiro ba se namud nohiyahoi sayyohiyu rekreatsioni judo kardaand: nazdibahri, kuhi va nazdikuli. Dar barobari yodgorihoi tabii, dar in mintaqa yodgorihoi antropogeni (tarikhiyu memori) niz ziyodand. SHahrhoi Parij, Rim, Madrid, London, Afina, Amsterdam, Venetsiya, Neapol, Venaro makoni sayyohi menomand.
Hifzi tabiat va problemahoi ekologi. Zichii ziyodi aholi, bunyodi korgohhoi sanoatiyu kishovarzi, istifodai barmahali hududho va rushdi naqliyot dar Avrupoi Garbi sababi afzoishi mushkiloti ekologi shudaast. Inkishofi bosurati sanoat dar Angliya va Olmon sababi paydoish va pahnshavii boronhoi kislotai shudaand. On ba maydoni vasei jangalho siroyat karda, miqdori ziyodi mohi va digar organizmhoi kulu bahrhoro (makhsusan dar SHotlandiyayu Norvegiya, SHvedsiya) mahv kard. Reyn daryoi iflostarini dunyo meboshad, ki dar sohilhoi on 25 mln nafar aholi zindagi mekunad. Dar in jo 2/3 hissai korkhonahoi sanoati khimiya va silsilai nerugohhoi barqi atomi sokhta shudaand. Onho miqdori ziyodi obi partoviro ba berun mebarorand, ki havo, ob, zaminro iflos mekunad. Qati nazar az chorabinihoi bisyori hifzi muhiti atrof, ki solhoi okhir aksari mamlakathoi mintaqa ba amal mebarorand, vazi ekologii in jo holo ham murakkab ast.
Bo vujudi in ki surati rushdi iqtisodii mintaqa to hadde sust shudaast, Avrupo holo ham dar dunyo yake az markazhoi peshsaf va puriqtidori iqtisodi meboshad.
Inro boyad dar khotir dosht!
Kishvarhoi Avrupoi Garbi – markazi puriqtidori iqtisodi; darajai pasti tavallud va favt.
Savol va suporish.
- Az ruyi kharitai siyosii Avrupoi Garbi va malumoti omori masohatu aholi, tarkibi siyosiyu geografii mintaqaro tavsif dihed. Mamlakathoi az nigohi masohat, shumorai aholi, sokhti idorakuni ba ham monandu farqdoshtaro judo kuned.
Inro man medonam.
- CHaro hissai aholii Avrupoi Garbi dar shumorai umumii aholii jahon kam shudaast?
- Sababi digargunihoe, ki dar joygirshavii sohahoi sanoati Avrupoi Garbi ba amal omadaast, dar chist?
- Sababhoi asosii murakkabshavii masalahoi ekologi dar mintaqa chist?
- Doir ba landshafthoi antropogeni va yodgorihoi tarikhii Avrupoi Garbi chi medoned?
- Tafovuthoi nohiyavi va siyosati nohiyavii davlathoi Avrupoi Garbi dar chi zohir meshavad?
Inro man metavonam.
- Simoi khojagii mamlakathoi taraqqikardai Avruporo kadom sohaho muayyan mekunand?
- Ba taraqqiyoti bosurati naqliyoti avtomobilii mamlakathoi mutaraqqii Avrupo kadom omilho sabab shudaand?
- CHaro mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi bo zichii ziyodi aholi dar afzoishi shumorai aholii dunyo hissai kam dorand?
Ba fikri shumo:
- Dar Avrupoi Garbi peshravihoi nazarrasi baze sohahoi sanoati ba chi vobasta ast?
- Oyo norasoii ashyoi khomi suzishvoriyu energetiki ba mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi (misli buhroni soli 70-umi asri XX) tahDiD mekunaD?
- Kadom sohahoi khojagii Avrupo metavonand dar oyanda muhtoji ashyoi khomi beruna bishavand?
- CHaro mamlakathoi khurdi taraqqikardai Avrupo ziyodtar aloqahoi iqtisodii beruna dorand?
Oyo medoned?
- SHohrohi Belgiya ba darajae charogon shudaast, ki hatto onro shabona az kayhon mebinand.
- Dar Gollandiya 1180 osiyobi bodi ba qayd girifta shudaast.
- Dar Olmon hamai shakhsoni bekhona bo khud sag dorand. In ba khotiri on nest, ki onho in hayvonro dust medorand, balki baroi on ast, ki davlat baroi nigohubini hayvon puli ilovagi medihad.
- Dar SHvedsiya barobarhuquqii zanu mard khub rioya karda meshavad. Dar holati tavalludi farzand, ham ba modar ham ba padar baroi nigohubini farzand 480 ruz rukhsatii bomuzd doda meshavad.
- Floti mohidorii Islandiya az 1000 kishti iborat ast. Ba hisobi miyona dar yak sol 1,5 mln tonna yo in ki ba sari har yak nafar aholii kishvar 6 tonna mohi shikor karda meshavad. Ba mohidori va korkardi on 40% aholii qobili kor band ast. Az ¾ hissai sodiroti kishvarro mohi va mahsuloti az mohi tayyorshuda tashkil medihad.
- Belgiya bo istehsoli silohi shikorii «Brauning», korkardi almos (Antverpen – markazi jahonii furushi javohirot) dar dunyo mashkhur ast. Avstriya bo doshtani makonhoi lijaroni dar kuhsor, CHekhiya bo istehsoli qalam (fabrikai «Kokhi-Nor» dar yak ruz 1 mln qalami doroi 21 darajai sakhti va 64 rang) mashhurand.
- Sokhtmoni tunel bayni Faronsa va Britaniyai Kabir az soli 1987 to 1994 idoma yoft. Dar qari gulugoh se tuneli parallel sokhta shudaast, ki dutoi on baroi harakat dar du samt va yaktoi on baroi tamir khidmat mekunand. Darozii tunel 50 km buda, 37 km-i on az qari gulugoh dar chuqurii 40 metr meguzarad. Holo poezd az Parij to London dar 2,5 soat merasad.
Hulosa. Avrupoi Garbi dar bayni mintaqahoi jahon az jihati masohat az hama khurd ast. Mavqei musoidi joygirshavii geografii on rohhoi ozodi bahri va marzhoi bahriash meboshand. Bahrho dar zindagi va faoliyati kishvarhoi mintaqa naqshi buzurg dorand. SHaroiti tabiii Avrupo baroi zindagi va faoliyati khojagidorii aholi musoid ast. Hududi mintaqa az qadim khub az khud shudaast va istifoda burda meshavad. Qalamravi on baroi rushdi iqtisod va integratsiyai istehsoli khele muvofiq ast. Avrupoi Garbi Doroi sokhtori gunoguni Davlat – monarkhiya, jumhuri, feDeratsiya va unitari meboshad. Avrupo hududi urbanizatsiyai baland, doroi tamadduni yagonai etnokulturi (bartarii dini nasroni va oilai zabonhoi hinduavrupoi) meboshad.