SHumo kadom khususiyathoi khosi in mamlakatro medoned, ki on dar bayni digar davlatho bo in khususiyatho farq mekunad?
Oyo in davlatro ba qatori davlathoi mutaraqqi dokhil kardan mumkin ast?
Buzurgtarin mamlakati Amrikoi Lotini az jihati masohat (8,5 mln.km2) va shumorai aholi (qarib 200 mln nafar) Braziliya meboshad, ki ba uqyonusi Atlantik rohi baromadi farokh dorad. On dar qismi sharqi va markazii Amrikoi Lotini joygir shudaast. Qismi shimolii on pastii Amazonkaro dar bar megirad, ki to hol purra az khud nashudaast. Nohiyai nisbatan khub azkhudshuda, qismi sohilii on meboshad. Nohiyahoi dokhili va sufakuhi Braziliya niz purra az khud nashudaand.
Braziliya az jihati shumorai aholi ba qatori panj davlati avvalini dunyo dokhil ast. Az jihati jamovarii qahva va qande, ki az nayshakar istehsol meshavad, dar jahon joyi avvalro ishgol mekunad. NBO Itaypu dar daryoi Parana dar sarhadi Braziliya va Paragvay sokhta shudaast, ki 12 mln kvt/soat iqtidor doshta, dar jahon az jihati iqtidor dar zinai duyum meistad.
Braziliya az madanhoi tabii boy buda, az jihati zakhirai madani ohan, rutila, niobiya, beril, apatit, boksit, tillo, marganets va asbest dar joyi avval ast. Gayr az in, dar qalamravi on zakhirahoi ziyodi titan, kobalt, volfram, fosforit, uran, mis, nikel, molibden, khrom, almos va gayra yoft shudaand. Braziliya yake az taminkunandahoi bozori jahoni (khususan IMA) bo ashyoi khomi minerali meboshad, ki on ahamiyati strategi dorad (niobiya, berilliya, tantal, sirkoni va uran). Mamlakat bo zakhirahoi boyi ob, zamin va charogohho dar jahon shuhrat dorad. SHaroiti musoidi iqlim baroi parvarishi rustanihoi mintaqai tropiki – qahva, kakao, nayshakar, banan, ananas va gayraho imkoniyat faroham ovardaast.
Vatani aslii qahva Afriqo ast, aniqtarash Efiopiya. Pas az vorid namudani on ba Amrikoi Janubi (soli 1718), qahva dar Braziliya vatani duyumi khudro yoft. Talaboti nihoyat ziyod ba qahva dar on zamonho boisi bunyod shudani shahrhoi nav gardida, aksar sohahoi iqtisodiyoti kishvarro sarmoyaguzori mekard. Braziliya har sol 2/3 hissai qahvaro dar jahon istehsol mekunad. Haridori asosii on IMA, kishvarhoi nimjazirai Skandinaviya, Olmon, Turkiya meboshand.
Aholi. Aholii on takhminan 1/3 hissai nufusi Amrikoi Lotiniro tashkil medihad. Mamlakat dar jahon az jihati shumorai aholi dar zinai panjum meistad. Tarkibi etnitikii aholii Braziliya nihoyat murakkab ast. 54,7%-i on az avrupoiho, 5,9% afriqoiho va boqimonda namoyandagoni najodi muguloidho (hinduho) va khalqiyathoi omekhta – mulatho, metisho va sambo iborat meboshad. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km2 20 nafarro tashkil medihad. Az nisf ziyodi aholii mamlakat dar mintaqai sohili maskun shudaand, ki on taqriban 7%-i khoki kishvar ast. Ammo nohiyahoi shimoli va garbi (Amazoniya) kamaholiand. Zichii aholi dar on jo dar 1 km2 ba kamtar az 1 nafar rost meoyad. YAke az omilhoi muhimtarini rushdi iqtisodiyoti Braziliya zakhirahoi korii on meboshad. SHumorai aholi bo surati baland afzuda, kishvarro muntazam bo quvvai kori tamin mekunad. Ziyoda az 80% aholi dar shahrho maskun shudaand. Bakhusus qismi ziyodi aholi dar shahrhoi buzurg San-Paulu va Rio-de-Janeyro jam shudaand. In du aglomeratsiya bo surati baland ba yakdigar nazdik shuda istodaand. Olimon bar in aqidaand, ki solhoi nazdik in aglomeratsiyaho bo yakdigar payvasta shuda, yake az megapolishoi buzurgtarinro dar asri XXI ba vujud meorand.
Darajai takhassusii aholii qobili mehnat dar Braziliya to hol past ast.
Dar Braziliya istehsolot chi guna surat girift?
Dar nimai duyumi asri XX Braziliya monandi digar kishvarhoi ru ba inkishof sohahoi sanoatro taraqqi dod va dar natija ba yake az davlathoi sanoati tabdil yoft.
Dar tuli yakchand dahsola dar Braziliya rushdi sanoat bo tekhnologiyai hozirazamon ba roh monda shud va yaku yakbora hajmi mahsuloti sodirotii on afzud.
Avtomobil dar sodiroti kishvar yake az joyhoi namoyonro ishgol namuda, qismi ziyodi on ba mamlakathoi hamsoyai voqe dar Amrikoi Lotini sodir karda meshavad. Braziliya az jihati istehsoli havopaymo ba qatori mamlakathoi peshsafi jahon dokhil ast. SHirkati «Embraer» dar jahon pas az shirkathoi samolyotsozii «Boing»-i amrikoi, «Erbas»-i avrupoi va «Bombarde»-i Kanada joyi chorumro ishgol menamoyad. Markazi asosii sanoatii Braziliya nohiyai janubu sharqi meboshad, ki nisbat ba digar nohiyaho rushdyofta buda, sekunjai San- Paulu, Rio-de-Jeneyro va Belu-Orizontiro dar bar megirad.
Sohahoi muhimtarini istehsoloti sanoati dar Braziliya avto- mobilsozi, sanoati aerokayhoni va elektronika mahsub meyoband. Istehsoli avtomobilho dar filialhoi shirkathoi buzurgi jahoni «Folksvagen», «FIAT», «Jeneral Motors» va «Ford» ba roh monda shudaast.Pesh giriftani sanoatikunoni boisi rushdi sohahoi metallurgiyai siyoh, naftukhimiya, moshinsozi va gayra shud. Hajmi istehsoli avtomobil, kishti, elektrotekhnika va elektronika, tekhnikai harbi va digar sohahoi sanoat afzud.
Braziliya yake az abarqudrathoi jahon dar sohai kishovarzi buda, az jihati istehsoli mahsuloti kishovarzi pas az CHin, IMA va Hinduston dar zinai chorum meistad va dar istehsoli qahva, nayshakar, soyya, aflesun, gusht yake az joyhoi namoyonro ishgol mekunad.
Braziliya dar tarkibi kishovarzii jahon (2015)
Joy dar jahon | ||
YAkum | Duyum | Seyum |
Nayshakar | Ananas | Juvorimakka |
Qahva | Soyya | Istehsoli gusht |
Aflesun va afshurai on | Sarshumori chorvoi kaloni shokhdor (gov) | Sarshumori khuk |
Lubiyo | Paranda |
Rasmi 40. Nohiyahoi iqtisodii Braziliya
Vobasta ba gunogunii sharoiti tabii, aholi va sokhti khojagi qalamravi Braziliyaro ba 5 mintaqai iqtisodi judo mekunand.
Mintaqai iqtisodii Janubu SHarq qadimtarin nohiya buda, yadroi iqtisodiyoti kishvar meboshad. Dar hududi on 4\5 hissai mahsuloti kishovarzi istehsol karda meshavad. SHahri San- Paulu, ki dar hududi in mintaqa joygir ast, buzurgtarin markazi iqtisodii mamlakat va tamomi Amrikoi Lotini meboshad. Naqshi «sekunjai sanoati» (San-Paulu – Rio-de-Jeneyro – Belu-Orizonti) dar peshrafti khojagi khele buzurg ast. Hojagii mintaqa az hama darajai balandi rushdro dorost. Dar mintaqa sohahoi ilmtalab niz khub rivoj yoftaand. Dar hududi shahri Santa-Riti kompleksi istehsolii mahsuloti elektroni tashakkul yoftaast, ki in joro «Vodii elektroniki» menomand. Qismi ziyodi mahsulote, ki ba bozori beruna sodir meshavad, dar hamin nohiya istehsol karda meshavad.
Dar mintaqai iqtisodii Janub, ki sharoiti gunoguni tabii dorad, sohahoi kishovarzi, istehsoli mahsuloti jangal, gusht va poyafzol khub tashakkul yoftaand.
Mintaqai iqtisodii SHimolu SHarqi raviyai takhassusii vase dorad. Dar on beshtar sohahoi kishovarzi inkishof yoftaand. Qarib tamomi istehsoli kakao dar mamlakat ba hamin mintaqa rost meoyad. Qismi ziyodi nayshakar niz dar hamin joy parvarish karda meshavad. Mintaqai mazkur yake az markazhoi asosii kurortii kishvar ba shumor meravad.
Mintaqai iqtisodii Garbi-Markazi to hol khub az khud nashudaast va qismi kami on hamchun charogoh baroi parvarishi chorvoi gushtdeh istifoda meshavad. YAke az omilhoi asosii kuchonidani poytakhti Braziliya az shahri Rio-de-Janeyro ba Brazilia baroi ba tanzim darovardan va taraqqi dodani iqtisodiyoti in mintaqa ast.
Mintaqai iqtisodii SHimol, mintaqai Amazoniyaro, ki zakhirahoi buzurgi tabii doradu to hol khub az khud nashudaast, dar bar megirad. Faoliyati khojagi dar in mintaqa parokanda ast. On mintaqai nav azkhudshuda ba shumor meravad.
Inro boyad dar khotir dosht!
Braziliya – kishvari navi sanoati, mintaqai nav azkhudshavanda.
Savol va suporishi.
- Az atlas, kharitahoi tabii va iqtisodi istifoda burda, joygirshavii sarvathoi tabii va madanhoi tabiii Braziliyaro sharh dihed.
Inro man medonam.
- Braziliya az kadom namudi sarvathoi zerizamini boy ast?
- Dar kharita joygirshavii aholiro nishon dihed va onro dar kharitai konturi tasvir kuned.
- Sohahoi takhassusii mamlakat kadomhoand?
- Braziliya bo kadom kishvarho robitai iqtisodi dorad?
- Naqshi Braziliya dar jahon, dar mintaqai Amrikoi Lotini va SHimoli dar chist?
Inro man metavonam.
- Sokhti hududii khojagii Braziliya chi guna ast? Oyo on metavonad, ki digar shavad? Bo kadom rohho? CHaro?
- Nohiyahoi iqtisodii Braziliya kadomhoand? Onho chi guna tafovutho dorand?
- Sohahoi takhassusii kishovarzii kishvar kadomhoyand? Onhoro sharh dihed. Nohiyahoi asosii kishovarziro dar kharita nishon dihed.
Oyo medoned
- Sokhtmoni poytakhti Braziliya shahri Brazilia dar markazi geografii Braziliya, dar maydoni kholi soli 1956 ogoz yoft. Soli 1960 poytakhtro az Rio-de-Janeyro ba Brazilia kuchonidand. On dar shakli samolyot ba naqsha girifta shuda, yake az memorihoi hozirazamoni shahrsozi meboshad va yagona obekti tamadduni navin ast, ki dar ruykhati yodgorihoi umumijahoni vorid shudaast.
Rasmi 41. Korkhonai samolyotsozii «Embraer»
dar nazdikii sh. San-Paulu
- YAke az buzurgtarin NBO dar jahon «Itaypu» meboshad, ki dar daryoi Parana, dar sarhadi Braziliya va Paragvay (dar nazdikii sharsharai mashhuri Iguasu) sokhta shudaast. Soli 1990 hamai 18 agregati on bo iqtidori 12,6 mln kvt/s purra ba kor daromad.
Hulosa. Braziliya yake az kishvarhoi bosurat inkishofyobandai Amrikoi Lotini buda, dar mintaqa az jihati nishondihandahoi iqtisodi zinai avvalro ishgol mekunad. Aznavsozii khojagii khalqi on boisi rushdi aksariyati sohahoi sanoat shud. Qarib tamomi kishvarhoi mintaqa az avtomobilhoi istehsoli Braziliya istifoda mebarand, Hamsafarhoi sunii Zamini Braziliya dar kayhon kor mekunand. Samolyothoi istehsolkardai on qarib dar tamomi davlatho dida meshavand. Sohahoi ananavii istehsoli mahsuloti kishovarzi to hol dar bozori jahoni ahamiyati khudro gum nakardaand. Qahva, soy, sharbati aflesun va gayra mahsuloti asosii sodirotii mamlakat meboshand. Gunogunii sharoit va sarvathoi tabii, tarikhi tashakkuli khojagi dar mamlakat az ruyi mintaqahoi iqtisodi va sohahoi takhassusii onho ravshan ayon ast. Dar bayni in nohiyaho mavqei asosiro nohiyai Janubu SHarq ishgol mekunad.