Ehtimol avvalin organizmho geterotrof budand, zero mod- dahoi organikii buloni avvalinro ba sifati gizo istifoda meburdand.Onho qobiliyati korkardi (tagyir dodani) moddahoi gunogunro, (N2, N28, G++IN3, N0^ ) ki boyad na kamtar az 4 mlrd. sol pesh dar boloi zamin paydo shudaand doshtand. Allakay dar marhalai khele barvaqti evolyutsiyai olami organiki boyad ravan- di fotofosfornokshavi paydo meshud. On vaqt fotosintetikhoi nakhustin ogsigen hosil namekardand. In marhalai evolyutsiyaro holo rustanihoi sabz va bakteriyahoi surkhqirmizi namoyandagi mekunand. 2,5 mlrd. sol pesh badi paydoishi sianobakteriyaho vaz digar shud. Dar natijai fotosintez yakumin bor dar atmos- ferai zamin oksigen paydo va jam shud (ba jadvali 5 nigared).
JaDvali 5.
Jadvali umumii geokhronology va stratigrafiyai Zamin
Eon | Era | Davr
(siste- ma) |
Marhila
(shuba) |
Solshumo- rii izotipy mln. sol | SHaklhoi kharakternokii hayot |
Fanerozoy | Kay- no- zoy | CHorum | Golosen Pleysto- sen | 1,8 | Rushdyobii avlodi Nato |
Neo- gen | Priosen | 25 ± 2 | Paydoishi oilahoi hozirai shirkhUron, tashakkulyobii florai hozirazamon | ||
Pale- ogen | Miosen Oligosen
Eotsen Polesen |
66 ± 3 | NumUi shirkhUron va parandaho | ||
o m o m <0 | BUR | 136 ± 5 | Inkishofi rustanihoi guldor, gulgul- shukufii hasharot, favtidani bisyor khazandaho | ||
YUra | 190 – 195 ± 5 | Hukmronii khazandaho dar ob, khushky, havo va paydoishi pUshidatukhmho va parandaho | |||
Trias | 230 ± 10 | Numui khazandaho, pahnshavii luchtukh- mon, paydoishi shirkhUron | |||
Pa- leo- zoy | Perm | 280 ± 10 | Paydoishi luchtukhmon. Pahnshavii
khazandaho |
||
Kar- bon | Pahnshavii jangalho, gulgulshukufii obkhokiho paydoishi hasharoti parvoz- kunanda, paydoishi khazandaho | ||||
Devon | 345 ± 10 | Hukmronii mohiho, paydoishi hasha- rot va obkhokiho az sarakhsshaklon va az chilbugumho paydo shudani jangalho | |||
Silur | 400 ± 10 | Baromadani rustaniho va besutun- muhraho ba khushky | |||
Ordo-
vik |
435 ± 10 | Paydoishi yakumin sutunmuhradoron
– bejogon |
|||
Kem-
briy |
490 ± 15 | Inkishofi besutunmuhraho, paydoishi rustanihoi darajai oly | |||
Vend | 570 ± 20 | Paydoishi rudakovokho bugumpoyon va khorpUston | |||
Kriptozoy | Pro- tero- zoy | Rifey | 650 – 690 ± 20 | Paydoishi eukariotho, rustaniho va hayvonoti bisyorhujayra | |
Kare-
liy |
1650 ± 50 | Inkishofi rustanihoi darajai past | |||
Ar-
khey |
2500 ± 100
Ziyoda az 3500 |
Tavlidyobii hayot, paydoishi prokori- otho, hukmronii bakteriyaho va obsa- bzho, khukmronii bakteriyaho va obsab- zhoi kabudu sabz, paydoishi obsabzhoi sabz |
Bo sharofati fotosintez dar har yak marhalai oyanda dar moddahoi organikii dar boloi Zamin buda, energiyai nuri of- tob harchi ziyodtar zakhira meshud. In hodisa boshad, umuman girdgardishi biologii moddaho va surati evolyutsiyaro tezo- nid. Qarib 2 mlrd. sol pesh konsentratsiyai oksigen dar atmos- ferai onvaqta 1%-i hoziraro tashkil medod. In ba paydoishi organizmhoi eukariotii nisbat ba bakteriyaho kalontar, imkon faroham ovard.
Ekosistemahoi (organizmhoi zindai in yo on muhit) nakhustin beshubha ba ob aloqamand budand. Dar solhoi okhir diqqati mikrobiologhoro sianobakteriyaho – «namadhoi» qabathoi pay- doishashon mikroby, ki onho dar joyhoi namnoki hamvori baze joyhoi sohil joy giriftaand ba khud jalb kardaast. Takhmin me- ravad, ki in guna namadho metavonistand yakumin organizmhoi zindai to davri kembriy dar sayyorai mo boshand va in asos baroi paydoishi khok dar oyanda bud. SHoyad dar on vaqt namadi yagonai sianobakteriyagii «az bahr va to bahr» yakumin ekosistemai ruyi- zaminii sayyora budaast.
Dar ravandi evolyutsiyai biosfera khele barvaqt sokhti «duqa- batagi» (poydevor)-i on asosi bakteriyayu mikroby va az boloi on «devori» eukarioti namudor shud. Asosi bakteriyagiyu mikrobi khele ustuvor ast va hatto dar zamoni mo – 3,9 mlrd. sol badi sar- shavii evolyutsiyai biosfera, aynan hamon khel jamoai mikrobho- ero vomekhurem, ki ba marhalai avvali evolyutsiyai biosfera khos budaand (onho asosan dar atrofi chashmahoi garm – gidrotermho dar khushki va chuqurihoi uqyonus) joygirand. Hamin asosi biakte- riyagiyu mikroobii biosfera dar badali sadho million sol bar- tari dosht.
Avvalin rustaniho obsabzhoi sabz dar qabathoi hafriothoi erai arkhey (qarib 3 mlrd. sol pesh ) yoft shudaand. Hayvonoti av- valin to holo dar shakli hafriyot mushohida nashudaast va dar okhirhoi proterozoy (qarib 1,5 mlrd. sol pesh) az bisyorhujay- raho rudakovokon, bugumpoyho va khorpustho paydo shudaand. Dar vend yakumin organizmhoi alafkhur (amyobaho, infuzoriyaho, zan- burugho) paydo shud, ki in yakbora ekosistemahoi konsumenthoi qatori yakumi pesh vujuddoshtaro murakkab kard.
Paydoishi organizmhoi bisyorhujayra balandshavii yo ziyod- shavii ustuvorii ekosistemahoro muhayyo kard va imkoniyati in- kishofi onhoro bo rohhoi gunogun tamin sokht.
Dar avvali erai paleozoy dar davrai Kembri yakbora dar yak- chand guruhi organizmho skeleti sakhti madani doshta (az silit- siy, stronsiy, kalsiy, apatit, khitin) paydo meshavand. In hodi- saro B.M.Mednikov «revolyutsiyai skelet» nomidaast. Paydoishi revolyutsiyai skelet in manoi dar ekosistemaho paydo shudani konsumenthoi qatori duyum – darrandahoro dosht, ki in yake az sababhoi asosii tez ziyodshavii ekosistemahoi mukhtalif gardid. Sababi ehtimolii digar shoyad paydoishi organizmhoi boz ham murakkabtar – poloyandaho boshad. Be vujud doshtani in guna po- loyandahoi zinda obanborho, az jumla obi uqyonusi Jahoni bisyor khira mebud va khosiyathoi fizikiyu kimyoviash niz digar khel mebud. Moddahoi organiki bo hamrohii akhloti biopoloyandaho ba zeri ob rafta, dar natijai faoliyati biopoloyandaho takshonhoi ze- riobiro boy mekard va in baroi inkishofi ekosistemahoi boyi zeriobi sharoiti musoid muhayyo mekard. In sababi inkishofi trilobitho va priapulidhoi gunogun bud. Faqat az davrai or- dovik sar karda tashakkulyobii faunai ekosistemai ba qabathoi gafsi ob aloqadoshta paydo meshavad (ba jadvali 5 nigared).
Dar natijai az khud kardani obanborho az tarafi orga- nizmhoi zinda gidrosferai sayyora az moddahoi gayrizinda ba moddai zinda tabdil meyobad. Agar tasavvurot nisbat ba paydo- ishi khok doir ba khususiyati biogeni doshtani on dar ilm aniq malum shuda boshad, pas hamin guna aqidahoi monand dar borai paydoishi uqyonus holo nokifoyaand.
Paydoish va pahnshavii rustanihoi ragdor dar silur va de- von na faqat baroi dar oyanda tagyir yoftani gazhoi tarkibi at- mosfera, balki baroi kam kardani eroziyai khushki va doimi shu- dani sarhad bayni khushki va ob naqshi muhim bozid. Paydoishi rustanihoi zamini, ki qobiliyati ba bolo sabzidan doshtand, imkon dod, ki sokhtori fotosintezkunandai biosfera dar muhiti seqabata joygir shavand va in jarayon fotosintezro khele purshid- dat kard. Paydoishi rustanihoi zamini baroi mukammalshavii ekosistemahoi zamini (inkishofi khok, sistemai resha, pokhsai pusidai rustanigi, jamshavii miqdori ziyodi biomassa) tako- ni khele jiddi shud. Ammo az tarafi digar sadho mln. sol lozim shudaast, ki dar ekosistemahoi on davra miqdori lozimii kon- sumenthoi (istemolkunandahoi) rustanihoi sabz paydo shavand. Az hamin sabab, miqdori nihoyat ziyodi moddahoi organiki isti- foda nashudaand va az gardishi biotiki berun monda to zamoni mo dar shakli kandanihoi foidanoki suzishvori, angishtsang, naft, slaneshoi suzanda omada rasidaand.
YAke az davrahoi revolyutsioni dar inkishofi minbadai ekosistemahoi biosferai zamin ehtimol paydoishi rustanihoi alafii yaksola dar miyonai davrai bur boshad. Onho dar yakjoyagi bo hayvonot va zanburughoi zud takomulyoftaistoda gardishi biogeniro dar ekosistemaho tezonidand.
Dar sarhadi mezozoy va paleozoy gunogunshaklii biologii organizmhoi zindai bahri khele zaif shud. Mikdori oilahoi or- ganizmhoi bahri dar dahho mln. sol du marotiba kam shud. Saba- bi in to holo aniq malum nest va ba zammi in, in guna buhron dar hamin davra dar ekosistemahoi zamini ba qayd girifta na- shudaast. Dar oyanda dar mezozoy va kaynozoy niz hamin buhron takror yoftaast, lekin dar miqyosi kamtar, hamon vaqt dar davomi yakchand mln. sol qarib choryaki vohidhoi tasnifotii pesh mavjud- buda, nest shudaast. Doir ba sababhoi in buhronho yakchand pesh- nihod mavjudand, ammo yagontoi onho ba tavri purra va to okhir isbotshuda nestand.
Dar ravandi evolyutsiyai hayot dar Zamin qadami muhim ho- silshavii gardishi bioti bud, yane ba vujud omadani hamin gun- na ekosistemae, ki yak miqdori mushakhkhasi moddaro bisyorkarata istifoda burda tavonad. In imkon hamon vaqt paydo shud, ki ekosistemaho dar khud nafaqat avtotrofho (khemo va fotosinte- tikhoro), balki geterotrofhoro faro giriftaand. Hamin tariq, triadai segona produsentho (istehsolkunandaho) konsumentho (istifodabarandaho) redusentho (vayronkunandaho, mada- nisozho) paydo shud. Samti muhimmi minbadai evolyutsiyai ekosistema kam shudani gumshavii modda az gardishi bioti va sermahsul budani hijrati elementhoi kimiyovi bud. In guna ser- mahsulii gardishi biologii modda dar hayvonot, dar mavridi paydoishi garmkhunho (parandaho va shirkhuron) va dar paydoishi rustanihoi alafii yaksola ravshan ifoda meyobad. SHirkhurho ba- roi tashkil kardani biomassai khud faqat hamagi 1% moddahoi istemolkardaashonro sarf mekunand.
CHi khele ki naboshad, dar ravandi inkishofi hayot dar sayyorai mo dar majmu murakkabshavii ekosistemaho ba amal omada, zi- yodshavii miqdori namudhoi dar yak vaqt vujuddoshtaro imkonpa- zir sokht. Hama joyi sayyoraro band kardani hayot, tafriqashavii bioshiddati kurai Zamin ba viloyathoi biogeografi, bioma, for- matsiyaho natijai evolyutsiyai ekosistemahoi biosferai hozirai zamin meboshad, ki milliard solho davom karda, ba bisyor biose- nozho judo shudaast va millionho namudhoi holo vujuddoshtaro dar bar megirad. Ehtimol yake az natijahoi tafriqashavii biosfe- ra dar rafti evolyutsiya, balandshavii ustuvorii yagonagii bios- fera boshad. Ba har hol in khulosa va boz bisyor aqidahoi digari mavjuda dar darajai mulohizaroni va muhokima meboshand va aso- snokkunii ilmiro talab menamoyand. Dar majmu, metavon guft, ki khususiyathoi asosii evolyusiyai biosferai Zamin inhoyand:
- Murakkabshavii umumii ekosistemaho va ziyodshavii «majmui hayot yo shaklhoi gunoguni on»;
- Paydoishi gardishi biotii moddaho, ki ba vositai zanji- ri bohamdigar aloqamandi produsentho, konsumentho va redu- sentho amali meshavand;
- Zakhirashavii massai moddahoi organiki;
- Boz ham ziyodtar moddahoi gayrizindaro az khud kardani moddai zinda, moddai paydoishi ekosistemahoi biokosi doshta (khok, uqyonushoi hozira);
- Halqavi va davrai afzun yoftani gunogunii biologi.
Savolho baroi sanjish:
- Biosfera chist? Onro sharh dihed.
- Bo paydoishi rustanihoi sabz dar atmosferai zamin chi hodisa ba amal omad?
- Ekosistemahoi nakhustin ba chi aloqamand budand?
- Paydoishi revolyutsiyai skelet chi mano dorad?
- Paydoish va pahnshavii rustanihoi ragdor chi ahamiyat dosht?
- Kadom organizmho gardishi biogeniro dar ekosistemaho tezoni- dand?
- Konsumenthoi qatori yakum va duyum gufta chiro mefahmed?
- Hususiyathoi asosii evolyutsiyai biosferaro nombar kuned?