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MARHALAI AVVALI EVOLYUTSIYAI BIOLOGI

Ravandhoi sintezie, ki dar muhiti abiogeni-behayot khud ba khud meguzashtand, dar mavridi hamroh shudan ba digar modda ta- vonotar shuda metavonistand. Masalan, dar tajriba bo koatser- vatho – qatrahoi bo modda sershuda (Soaseguayo – kalimai lotini manoyash jamshavi) nishon doda shudaast, ki az joy kardani onho dar mahluli glyukoza-1 fosfat (G-1-F) qobiliyat dorand bo shid- dat krakhmalro sintez kunand (agar ba sharte peshaki ba koatservat fosforilaza guzaronida shuda boshad). Badi yakbora voridsozii fosforilaza va amilaza ba koatservatho va joygirkunonii onho dar mahluli G-1-F avval krakhmal va bad maltoza sintez shud.

Takhmin meshavad, ki dar marhalai avvali evolyutsiyai tobio- logi koatservathoe, ki dar onho konsentratsiyai muayyani majmui 17

metalho va moddahoi sodai organiki ba vujud omad, baroi guza- rish ba sintezi biogeni asos guzoshtaand. In sintezho purshiddatar hamon vaqte shudand, ki dar koatservatho ATF paydo shud, ki on vazifai tanzim kardanro ijro mekard. ATF boshad avvalan bo rohi abiogeni sintez shuda bud. Hatto avvalin mavjudoti zinda ATF-ro az muhiti atrofashon girifta metavonistand.

Az jonibi digar faoliyati katalikii koatservatho tibqi paydoshavii majmaahoi metalho va payvastahoi organiki purquvvat shuda metavonist. Masalan, az dokhil kardani ionhoi ohan bo halqai porfirin faoliyati katalitikii on dar muqoi- sa bo ioni ohan dar mahlul 100 marotiba ziyod meshavad. Ehtimol dar natijai faroham omadani hamin tanosub, dar koatservatho koferment va badtar fermenthoi nisbati substrat tasirdoshta paydo shuda, ba sintezi biogeni musoidat namudaand. Baroi pay- doishi fermentho majmui peptidhoi soda bo ionhoi metalho is- tifoda shuda metavonistand.

To paydoishi mavjudoti haqiqii zinda shart nabud, ki qo- biliyati khudtakrorkuni bo reduplikatsiyai aniqi kislotahoi nukleini aloqamand boshad, chunki on khele sust amali meshud. Hudduchandshavii onho natijai doimi budani tanosubi sura- ti reaksiyahoi mukhtalifi mubodilai moddaho, bo ishtiroki ko- fermentho – katalizatorhoi tabiati safedagi nadoshta guzashta metavonist. Dar oyanda ehtimol intikhobi pesh az biologii koat- servatho az ruyi qobiliyati paydo kardani polimerhoi makhsusi safedamonandi javobguyi tezonidani surati reaksiyai khimiyavi idoma yofta ast (A. I. Oparin).Natijahoi in guna intikhob dar sokhtori kislotahoi nukleini bo rohi bartari paydo kardani sistemahoe, ki duchandashavii kislotahoi nukleiniashon bo ishtiroki fermentho amali meshud, sabt shuda metavonist. Hamai in tagyirot ba paydoishi mubodilai halqavii moddaho, ki baroi mavjudoti zinda khos ast, ovarda rasonid.

Metabolizmi energetiki

Sintezhoi polimeri
(Hosilshavii sistemahoi
monomolekulyari)

Reduplikatsiyai kislotahoi nukleini

Az ehtimol dur nest, ki dar sistemai koatservatho intikhobi khudi kislotahoi nukleini az ruyi tarzi namoishi harchi behtari mazmuni paydarhamii nukleotidho, yane intikhob az ruyi genho rafta boshad. YAkumin intikhobi khudduchandshavii molekulai KRN boyad az ruyi surat va aniqii duchandshavi meraft, zero baroi sokhtani nuskha zakhirai nukleotidho lozim bud ( ba monandi raqo- bati organizmho baroi zakhirai khurok). Sistemahoe (mavjudiyote), ki kislotahoi nukleiniashon doroi paydarhami nukleotidhoi (majmuai) khub faoliyatkunandaro dorand, hamchun mavjudoti zinda nom burda metavonem.

Savolho baroi sanjish:

  1. Koatservat chist?
  2. Dar sharoiti tajriba koatservatho kadom vaqt krakhmalro teztar sintez karda metavonand?
  3. Kadom koatservatho baroi sintezi biogeni asos guzoshtand?
  4. Faoliyati katalikii koatservatho kadom vaqt purquvvat meshud?
  5. Kadom tagyirot ba paydoishi mubodilai doimii moddaho ovarda rasond?
  6. Kadom sistemahoro hamchun mavjudoti zinda gufta metavonem?

Digar farziyakhri payDoishi hayot Dar ruyi Zamin

YAkumin obanborho va yakumin jinshoi takshon (madanhoi gi- lin) 3,8-4 mlrd. sol pesh paydo shud. Farziyai J.Bernal naqshi tak- shonhoi gilinro dar konsentronii moddahoi organikii paydoishi abiogenidoshta va inchunin, ahamiyati moddahoi bayni sayyoraro (sianidi gidrogen, oksidi karbon, formaldegid va gayraho), ki ba boloi Zamin tavassuti sitorai dumdor (kameta) va shihobpora (metioritho) ovarda shudaand, khele muhim meshumorad.

Zamin dar davomi 105-106 sol bo hamrohii changi kayhoni 108­1010 tonna mavoddi organikiro girifta metavonist, ki az nigohi miqdor az biomassai muosiri sayyorai mo ziyod ast. Moddahoi orga- nikii zamin az hisobi favorazanii vulqonho niz ziyod meshudand. Masalan, hisob karda shudaast, ki az favora zadani yak vulqon ba Zamin 1000 tonna moddahoi organiki partofta meshavad. Bo sababi dar yagon sath nishastani changhoi nihoyat khurdi (ultra- mikroskopii) juzhoi gunoguni koinoti yo moddahoi organikii vulqoni bayni khud bo tasiri nurhoi ultrobunafsh ba reaksiya dokhil shuda, pardai ba khud khosi az aminokislotaho, mochevina va digar moddaho iborat budaro hosil karda metavonistand. In guna ravandho konsentratsiyai lozimii moddahoro dar yagon sath muhayyo sokhta, vositai tez paydo shudani mavjudoti zinda dar uqyonusi avvalin shuda metavonistand. Az jihati nazariyavi rohhoi digari paydoishi hayotro niz tasavvur kardan mumkin ast. Masalan, dar vaqti dar boloi yagon muhiti garm (obanborhoi khurd) aftidani obe, ki dar on aminokislotaho hal shudaast, ra- vandi polimerizatsiya bo hosilshavii zarrachahoi protenoidi anjom yofta metavonist (tajribahoi K.Fols va R.Foks). Hudi aminokislotaho hangomi hosil shudani polipeptidho naqshi katalizatoriro ijro karda metavonistand. Hamin guna naqshi katalizatoriro dar paydoishi protobiontho molekulahoi KRN va polipeptidho ijro karda metavonistand. Ba chunin ravandho «khudsozii» makromolekulaho hangomi muttahidshavii onho dar majmuahoi boz ham murakkabtar musoidat karda metavonist.

Dar protobiontho har yak qism yo molekulai KRN boyad az sari nav az molekulahoi dar ob dispersiyashuda sintez meshud. Erai evolyutsiyai biologi hamon vaqte shuru shud, ki bo kadom yak rohe genho paydo shudand.

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