MASALAHOI ASOSII IQTISODIYOT

Iqtisodiyot chist?

Dar borai iqtisodiyot hama va har ruz harf mezanand. Binobar in dar sahifahoi kitobi mazkur moro suhbate oid ba iqtisodiyot intizor ast. Dar avval boyad donist, ki «iqtisodiyot» chist? Istiloh (yo vojai «iqtisodiyot»-ro) se khel tarif kardan mumkin ast:

YAkum iqtisodiyot in majmui munosibathoe meboshad, ki bayni odamon dar doirai istehsolot, taqsimot, muomilot va istemoli nematho va khizmatrasonihoi moddi va gayrimoddi surat megirand. Boyad dar nazar dosht, ki iqtisodiyot bo rishtahoi noayyon hamai pahluhoi jomearo faro megirad.

Duyum, iqtisodiyot tarzi tashkili faoliyati odamonro ifoda karda, baroi ba vujud ovardani nemathoi zaruri istemoli va qone gardonidani talaboti onho nigaronda shudaast. Talabot hohishi boshuurona va yo beshuuronai odamonro baroi ba dast ovardani nemathoi zaruri ba maqsadi peshburdi faoliyat va inkishofi shakhs ifoda menamoyad.

Seyum, iqtisodiyot ilmest, ki istifodabarii samaranoki zakhirahoi mahdudro baroi qone gardonidani talaboti nomahdudi odamon meomuzad.

Umuman istilohi «iqtisodiyot»-ro hamchun qonun, qoidai khojagidori, yane tarzu usulhoi khojagidori bo maqsadi tamini talaboti odamon tavassuti istehsoli nemathoi hayotan zarur manidod kardan mumkin ast. Az sababi on ki ilmi iqtisodiyot raftor, faoliyati odamonro meomuzad ba guruhi ilmhoi jamiyati dokhil meshavad. Dar hayoti iqtisodi odatan se ishtirokchii asosi faoliyat mekunand: oilaho (khojagihoi khonagi), firmaho va davlat. Faoliyati onho bayni hamdigar vobastagii mutaqobila doshta, tavassuti bozori omilhoi istehsolot (yane, zakhirahoe, ki baroi istehsoli nematho zarurand) va bozori molhoi istemoli (nemathoi az tarafi odamon istemol va yo tavassuti sharthoi bozori mubodilshavanda) ba roh monda meshavad.

NEMATHO hamai on vositahoe meboshand, ki baroi qone gardondani talaboti inson nigaronida shudaand.

OMILHOI ISTEHSOLOT zakhirahoe meboshand, ki az tarafi odamon baroi istehsol kardani nemathoi hayoti istifoda meshavand. Boyad qayd namud, ki dar ravandi faoliyat dar iqtisodiyot ba sifati ishtirokchii asosi shakhs, oila va yo khojagii khonagi baromad mekunad. Bakhusus, baroi qone gardondani talaboti khojagihoi khonagi tamomi faoliyati iktisodiyot dar hamai mamlakathoi jahon ravona karda shudaast.

HOJAGII HONAGI vohidi iqtisodiest, ki az yak va yo yakchand nafar iborat buda, jihati ba dast ovardani daromad az hisobi omilhoi istehsoloti dar ikhtiyordoshta va istifoda kardani in daromadho baroi daryofti molu khizmatrasoniho bo maqsadi istemoli shakhsi mustaqilona qarorho qabul mekunad.

Namudi oddii khojagii khonagi shakhsi alohida meboshad, ki biduni nazdikon zindagii judogona burda, vositahoi zaruriro khud ba dast meovarad va istemol mekunad. Namudi murakkabi khojagii khonagi oila ast, ki az volidaynu farzandon iborat buda, dar khonai alohida khojagii umumiro pesh mebarad. Azoi oila doroi omilhoi istehsolot, pesh az hama, mehnat quvvai kori meboshad. Bar ivazi mehnati dar korkhonaho ijrokarda dar shakli muzdi kor azoi oila daromad ba dast meorad va oid ba istifodai on ba maqsadi kharid namudani mahsuloti istemoli, saru libos, pardokhti khizmathoi kommunali, istirohat va gayraho qarorho qabul mekunad. Gayr az mehnat azoi oila metavonad sohibmulki digar omilhoi istehsolot, ba monandi zavodu fabrika, qitai zamin va digarho niz boshad. Oila az istifodai in omilhoi istehsolot niz daromad ba dast ovarda metavonad. Boyad qayd namud, ki khojagihoi khonagi dar qatori davlat sohibmulki zakhirahoi tabiii mamlakat mahsub meyoband. Binobar hamin hamai kushishhoi davlat baroi samaranokii istifodai zakhirahoi iqtisodi va baland bardoshtani sathi zindagii khojagihoi khonagi ravona karda shudaand. Az in lihoz ilmi iqtisodiyot raftor va faoliyati odamonro dar ravandi khojagidori meomuzad. Omuzish va donistani in ilm baroi odamon, korkhonaho va davlat bahri behtar shudani faoliyati khojagidori va istifodai samaranoki zakhirahoi mavjuda musoidat mekunad. CHi khele ki malum ast, tamomi mavjudoti zindai sayyorai Zamin az tabiat istifoda mebarand, vale tanho inson baroi qone gardondani talaboti khud qobiliyati digargun kardani nemathoro (dar hajm va namudhoi gunogun) dorad.

Dar barobari in na hamai nemathoro metavon ba vujud ovard va istehsol kard. Binobar in ilmi iqtisodi tamomi nemathoro ba du guruh judo mekunad: 1) nemathoi gayriiqtisodi (tabii, ozod); 2) nemathoi iqtisodi.

NEMATHOI GAYRIIQTISODI guruhi nemathoeand, ki dar tabiat zakhirai beokhir dorand va baroi qone kardani talaboti odamon kifoyaand.

In guruhi nematho zarurati istehsoli nadoshta, dastrasi hamagonand, ozodona va roygon mavridi istifoda qaror doda meshavand. Ba nemathoi gayriiqtisodi havo, nuri Oftob, obi boron, mohi dar uqyonus va gayra dokhil meshavand.

Qismi ziyodi talaboti inson az hisobi nemathoi iqtisodi, yane molu khizmatrasonihoe, ki az tarafi odamon istehsol shudaand, qone gardonida meshavand. Hajmi in nematho baroi purra qone gardondani talaboti odamon nokifoyaand va tanho az hisobi istifodai omilhoi ilovagii istehsolot ziyod gardonida shuda, bo tarzhoi gunogun taqsim karda meshavand.

Imruz odamon nisbat ba davrahoi qadim zindagii khubtar dorand, ki in hama natijai afzoish va behtarshavii khususiyathoi nemathoi iqtisodist (khuroka, saru libos, manzil va g).

Baroi istehsoli nemathoi hayotan zarur odamon zakhirahoi tabii, mehnat va digar vositahoi makhsus (tajhizot, obekthoi istehsoli va g.)-ro istifoda mebarand, ki hamai onho omilhoi istehsolotro tashkil medihand.

Namudhoi zerini omilhoi istehsolotro judo kardan mumkin ast: mehnat; zamin; sarmoya.

Zeri mafhumi mehnat hamchun omili istehsolot, faoliyati odamon oid ba istehsoli molu khizmatho fahmida meshavad.

MEHNAT dar ravandi istehsoli nemathoi iqtisodi istifoda kardani qobiliyati zehni va jismonii odamon meboshad.

Buzurgii in omil dar majmu dar miqyosi mamlakat az miqdori aholii sinni qobili mehnat, sathi tahsiloti odamon, kasbiyati onho asosan vobastagi dorad. Sohibi zahirai mehnat daromad megirad, ki onro muzdi mehnat menomand.

Zeri mafhumi zamin hamchun omili istehsolot, tamomi zakhirahoi tabiiro, ki baroi istehsoli nemathoi iqtisodi istifoda meshavand, dar bar megirad. Sohibmulki zakhirahoi tabii niz daromad megirad va on renta nomida meshavad.

Mafhumi sarmoya hamchun omili istehsolot, binoyu inshooti istehsoli, dastgohu tajhizotro, ki baroi istehsoli nemathoi iqtisodi istifoda meshavand, dar bar megirad. Boyad qayd namud, ki mehnat va zamin omilhoi avvalindarajaand, yane be mavjudiyati onho khojagidori vujud doshta nametavonad. Sarmoya boshad, omili duyumdaraja ast va on tavassuti mehnati inson sokhta meshavad, chunki dastgohu tajhizot dar tabiat khud az khud paydo nameshavand.

Baroi tahlili ravandhoi iqtisodi odatan az mehnat boz yak omili digari istehsolot sohibkori judo karda meshavad, ki on qobiliyati odamonro, ba monandi durust baho dodan baroi peshnihodi molhoi nav ba kharidoron va yo vorid namudani tekhnologiyahoi nav bo maqsadi sohib shudan ba foidai ziyod, joy doshtani khavf va zarar didan az faoliyati tijorati va khavfi az dast dodani pasandozhoi khud va inchunin pursamar istifoda burdani digar omilhoro baroi istehsoli nemathoi zaruri jamiyati dar bar megirad.

Dar mavridi avval baroi mo muayyan nest, ki mehnat az qobiliyati sohibkori chi farqe dorad, dar hole ki ham sohibkor va ham korgari kiroya yakjo faoliyat mekunand. Albatta, farqiyate hast, chunki korgari kiroya tanho amalhoero ba anjom merasonad, ki az tarafi sohibmulk-sohibkor farmuda meshavand. Sohibkor boshad, takya ba qobiliyathoi khud namuda, oid ba chi, chi qadar va chi tavr dar korkhona boyad istehsol namudan qarorho qabul mekunad. Gayr az in qarorhoi sohibkor boyad peshomadi ravandi istehsolot va furushi mahsulotro niz faro girifta tavonad. Ana, hamin holatho iqtisodchiyonro vodor mesozand, ki qobiliyati sohibkoriro ba sifati omili istehsolot vorid namoyand.

Dar asri XX ittiloot niz ba qatori omilhoi istehsolot vorid shuda, tamomi malumot va akhborero, ki ba odamon baroi pesh burdani faoliyat dar iqtisodiyot zarur ast, dar bar girift. Hajmi in zakhiraro chen kardan imkonnopazir ast, lekin arzishi on baso garon meboshad.

Mukammal namudani tarzi istifodai omilhoi istehsolot baroi jamiyat du unsuri muhim, yane makhsusgardonii mehnat va mubodilai natijai onro ba miyon ovard.

Makhsusgardonii mehnat dar prinsiphoi inkishofi khojagidorii jamiyati asos meyobad, ki muhimtarini onho: taqsimoti boshuuronai mehnat bayni odamon; bo kasbhoi nav omuzondani odamon; imkoniyati hamgiroi, yane hamkori bahri noil gashtan ba maqsadi umumi meboshand.

Umuman, arzishnokii makhsusgardonii mehnat ba asoshoi zerin takya mekunad: yakum, hamai odamon qobiliyati gunoguni zehni va jismoni dorand va faoliyati onho niz az rui qobiliyati mehnatiashon intikhob megardad. Duyum, makhsusgardonii mehnat baroi odamon imkon medihad, ki kasbi intikhobkardaashonro takmil dihand va bo sifati baland molu khizmathoro peshnihod namoyand. Seyum, rushdi qobiliyati mehnati vaqtro niz sarfa namuda, zarari guzarish az yak namudi mehnat ba namudi digari onro kam mekunad.

Makhsusgardoni va afzoishi hosilnokii mehnat baroi odamon imkoniyati istehsoli ziyodi nemathoro tamin namud, ki ba gayr az qismi istemolshavanda, qismi izofaro ba vujud ovard. Holati mazkur zarurati mubodilai doimii nemathoro ba miyon ovard.

Mubodilai doimii molu khizmatrasoniho hamchun sarchashmai paydoishi faoliyati muhim, yane tijorat meboshad, ki shakli kharidu furush yo ki mubodilai molro ba pul mefahmonad.

MOL ashyoi moddiest, ki baroi istemol va yo mubodila istehsol karda meshavad.

HIZMATRASONIHO gufta faoliyati samaranokero menomand, ki arzishnokii muayyanro doro meboshad.

TIJORAT mubodilai ozodu samaranoki nemathost, ki shakli kharidu furushi molho va khizmatrasonihoro tavassuti pul mefahmonad.