MAZMUN VA MUNDARIJAI IDEYAVII HIKOYAHOI «BAHORISTON»

Abdurahmoni Jomi dar «Bahoriston» ba bisyor masalahoi muhimmi zamonaash, ki dar devonhoyu masnavihoyash ibroz kar- da bud, boz barmegardad. U tanho yak chizro mekhost: orzu dosht, ki hayotu zindagii khalq khub boshad, zulmu bedodgari barham khurad. Navisanda jamiyatro ba zolimonu mazlumon taqsim karda, ba muqobili zolimon va berahmiyu beshafqatii onho mebaroyad. U zolimonro tanqid karda, onhoro az shuru isyoni khalq – mazlumon ogoh mesozad. CHunonchi, dar bobi duyum hikoyate ovarda shudaast, ki dar on hakimi donishmand ba Iskandar chunin meguyad: «Har ki bo zerdaston shevai mushtzani bar dast girad, dar lagadkubii za- bardaston bimirad:

Dilo, gush kun az man in nuktai khush,

Ki monDast Dar gusham az nuktaDonon,

Ki har kas kashaD tegi nomehruboni,

SHavaD kushtai tegi nomehrubonon.

Jomi shohonu hokimoni zolimro mazammat namuda, pardai firebu nayrangro az ruyashon dur mepartoyad. Podshohon dar zeri niqobi dini mubini islom ba khalqi mehnatkash zulm mekardand. Jomi ba in guna shohon nafrat dorad. Vay shohoni bedin, yane kofiri odilro az shohoni dindori zolim balandtar hisob meku- nad. SHoir dar ogozi bobi seyum, ki ba hamin masala bakhshida shudaast, dar borai Nushervoni Odil chunin meguyad: «Nushervon bo on ki az din begona bud, dar adlu rostii yagona… Dar tavorikh chunon mastur ast, ki panj hazor sol saltanati olam taalluq ba gabron va mugon dosht va in davlat dar khonadoni eshon bud, zero ki ba raoyo adl mekardand va zulm ravo namedoshtand:

Adlu insof don, na kufru na din,

On chi Dar hifzi mulk Darkor ast.

Adli bedin nizomi olamro

Behtar az zulmi shoqi DinDor ast.

Dar hikoyati digar Jomi talab mekunad, ki dar barobari shoh muqarrabon, vaziron va digar amaldoroni vay niz boyad odil va fuqaroparvar boshand. «Meboyad, ki podshohonro munhiyoni^[1] rostkirdore bar kor boshand, ki ahvoli raoyo va gumoshtagon ba- royashonro ba vay rasonand»:

CHu shoqro nabuvaD ogaqi zi qoli sipoq,

Kujo sipoq zi qaqri vay ehtiroz kunanD?

Ba qasDi zulm qazoron baqona pesh oranD,

Ba jangi fisq qazoron tarona soz kunanD.

Agar shoh odil naboshad, zulm rivoj girifta, poyai davlat noustuvor msgardad. Az in ru, ba mansabhoi davlati shakhsoni pokvijdon, rostkoru bomarifatro intikhob kardan lozim ast, – meguyad Jomi. Navisanda beshtar aqidahoi siyosivu ijtimoiashro zimni obrazhoi shohoni ideali – Iskandar va Nushervon, hakimonu donishmandon ifoda kardaast.

Dar «Bahoriston» navisanda dar mavzui talimu tarbiya fik- ru mulohizahoi purqimate bayon kardaast. Pesh az hama, asari maz- kurro Jomi baroi talimi pisarash ejod namudaast. Navisanda zimni yak qator hikoyahoi «Bahoriston» ahamiyati ilmu donishro dar inkishofu taraqqii jamiyat nishon doda, zikr mekunad, ki ilm yak bahri bekanor buda, shokhahoi ziyod dorad. Boyad shakhs hamon ilmero purra omuzad, ki on nihoyat zarur meboshad. Ilova bar in, shakhs boyad ilmi omukhtaashro dar amal istifoda barad:

Ilme, ki noguziri tu boshad, bad-on giroy,

V-onro, k-az on guzir buvaD, justuju makun.

V-on dam, ki hosili tu shavaD ilmi noguzir.

Gayr az amal ba mujibi on orzu makun!

Jomi odamonro ba dustiyu rafoqat, nakukory, sakhovatu olihimmati davat kardaast. Masalan, dar bobi chorum hikoyate ovarda meshavad, ki qahramoni on gulom ast. «Az Abdulloh ibni Jafar raziyallohu anhu ovardaand, ki ruze azimati safa- re karda bud. Dar nakhlistoni qavme furud omad, ki gulome siyoh nigohboni on bud. Did, ki se qursi non ba jihati quti vay ovar- dand. Sage on jo hozir shud. On gulom yak qurs peshi vay andokht, bikhurd. Abdulloh raziyallohu anhu az vay pursid, ki:

• Har ruz quti tu chist?

Guft:

• On chi didi.

Farmud:

• CHaro vayro bar nafsi khud isor nakardi? Guft:
• Vay dar in zamin garib ast, chunin gumon mebaram, ki az ma- sofati dur omadaast va gurusna ast. Nakhostam, ki vayro gurusna guzoram. Pas guft:
• Imruz chi khohi khurd?

Guft:

• Ruza khoham dosht».

Jomi dar barobari madhu sitoish kardani khislathoi neki insoni, odamoni badro mazammatu sarzanish mekunad.

Jomi khele durust pay burda bud, ki akhloqi tabaqai bolo nihoyat fosid shudaast. Hikoyahoe, ki navisanda dar «Bahoriston» ovardaast, mahz ba in guruh khosand:

«Pisarero guftand:

• Mekhohi, ki padari tu bimirad, to merosi vay bigiri?

Guft:

• Ne, ammo mekhoham, ki uro bikushand, to chunonchi merosi vay bigiram, diyat¹ niz bistonam.

FarzanD nakhohaD zi payi mol paDarro,

HohaD, ki namonaD paDaru mol bimonaD.

Hush nest ba margi padaru burdani meros,

HohaD, ki kushanDash, ki Diyat ham bisitonad!

Dar jomea baroi baze ashkhos sarvatu boigary az hama chiz bo- lotar meistad. Dar ruzgori adib mo dalelhoi ziyodero meyobem, ki shohzodagon baroi toju takht, molu sarvat shuda ba amali nosho- ista dast mezadand. Masalan, pisari Ulugbek Abdulatif baroi toju takhti shohy padarashro kusht.

Bar khilofi hikoyati bolo Jomi hikoyati digare niz ovar- daast, ki dar on du javon az tabaqai poyonii jamiyat ishtirok dorand. Hikoyat chunin ogoz meyobad: «SHabe dar masjidi jomei Misr otash aftodu bisukht. Musulmononro tavahhum^[2] in shud, ki onro nasoro^[3] kardaand. Ba mukofoti on otash dar khonahoi eshon andokhtand va bisukhtand. Sultoni Misr jamoatero, ki otash dar khonahoi eshon andokhta budand, bigriftu dar yak joy jam kard va bifarmud, ki to ba adadi eshon ruqaho^[4] navishtand: dar baze kushtan, dar baze dast buridanu dar baze toziyona zadan. Va on ruqaho bar eshon afshondand. Bar har kas har ruqae, ki aftod, bo vay ba mazmuni on muomala kardand. YAk ruqa, ki mazmuni on ba kushtan bud, dar kase aftod.

Guft:

• Az kushtan boke nadoram, ammo modare doram, juz man kase nadorad.

Dar pahlui vay digare bud, ki dar ruqai vay toziyona zadan bud. Vay ruqai khudro bad-on kas dod va ruqai vayro giriftu guft:

• Man modar nadoram.

Inro ba joyi vay bikushtand va onro ba joyi in toziyona za- dand.

Ba simu zar javonmarDi tavon karD,

Hush on kas, k-u javonmarDi ba jon karD.

Ba jon chun ehtiyoji yor bishnokht,

Hayoti khuD fiDoi joni u sokht.

Mazmuni in hikoyati Jomi khonandaro ba khulosae meo- rad, ki mahz mardumi odi chunin khislathoi hamida dorand va ba javonmardi kodirand. Qahramoni hikoyat az marg nametarsad. Vale vay modari piri bekas dorad va baroi nigohubini modar, parastorii u murdan namekhohad. Javonmardii qahramoni digari hikoyati bolo az javoni avvala boz olitar ast. U ba khotiri modari piri rafiqash khudro ba kushtan medihad. Dar obrazi in du javon navisanda khislathoi behtarini insoniro jambast kardaast.

Jomi ba vositai in hikoyat masalai hurmati padaru modar- ro dar miyon meguzorad. Navisanda guftan mekhohad, ki padaru mo- darro hurmatu ehtirom kardan darkor, ba qadri mehnathoi onho boyad rasid va hargiz monandi on farzandi nokhalafi mardi sar- vatmand, ki kushtani padarashro orzu mekard, budan nashoyad.

Abdurahmoni Jomi dar «Bahoriston» ba masalai dustiyu rafoqat ahamiyati kalon medihad. In masala dar hikoyati bolo dar simoi du javon to andozae inikos yoftaast.

Jomi on kasero dusti haqiqi meshumorad, ki dar har yak lahzai hayot ba u madadgoru ruhbardor boshad. Agar lozim shavad, az sukhanoni talkhu baze koru kirdori nojoi dustash malol na- shuda, kanoragiri nakunad. Dar in mavzu navisanda az hayoti yake az orifonu donishmandoni guzashta Abubakr Muhammad Jafar ibni Halafi Bukhoroi (861 – 946) hikoyate meorad. Abubakr ba shur meoyad, yane pareshonhol meshavad va uro ba bemoriston me- barand. YAk guruh odamon baroi didanash meoyand. Abubakr az onho mepursad:

• SHumo kiyoned?

Guftand:

• Dustoni tu.

Sang bardosht va bar eshon hamla kard. Jumla bigurekhtand. Bikhandid. Guft:

• Boz oed, ey muddaiyon, ki duston az duston nagurezand va az sangi jafoyashon naparhezand:

On ast DustDor, ki harchanD Dushmani BinaD zi Dust, besh shavaD DustDortar.

Bar sar hazor sangi jafo gar khuraD az u, GarDaD binoi ishqash az on ustuvortar,

Jomi on kasero rafiqi bad hisob mekunad, ki mahz ba khoti- ri chize, bo maqsade rishtai dusti mepayvandad. CHunin dusti poyai ustuvor nadorad. Az in guna «rafiq» zudtar paymoni dustiro buridan khubtar ast. Jomi in sukhanashro az nomi orifu hakimi mashhuri asri X Abulhasan taqviyat medihad. Masalan, hikoyat in tavr ogoz meyobad: «SHaykh Abulhasan guftaast, ki dar dunyo hej chiz nokhushtar nest az duste, ki dustii vay az baroi garaze boshad yo ivaze».

Nokastar az u kas nabuvaD Dar olam,
K-az Dust ba juz Dust muroDe khouaD.

Dar «Guliston»-i Sadi doir ba mavzui dusti hikoyathoi bisyore ovarda shudaand. Har du adibi buzurg doir ba in masala hamfikrand. Onho dusti begarazro dusti haqiqi hisob kardaand. Dust on kas ast, ki dar mavridhoi pareshonholiyu darmondagi ba tu madad merasonad:

Dust mashmor, on ki dar nemat zanad

Lofi yoriyu baroDarkhonDagi.

Dust on boshad, ki girad dasti dust Dar pareshonholiyu DarmonDagi.

Hikoyoti Jomi, ki dar bolo ovardem, az har jihat sukhanoni Sadiro takmil va taqviyat medihand.

[1]  Munhiyon – khabardihandagon.

[2]  Tavahhum – gumon, gumonbar shudan.

[3]   Nasoro – nasroniho, payravoni dini Iso, khristianho.

[4]   Ruqa – maktub.