Bobi guzashta dar sharhi holi Muhammad (s) on jo tavaqquf kardem, ki u 20 (yo 24) – umi sentyabr (12 rabeu-l – avvli)- soli 622 ba YAsrib (badan Madinatu-n-nabi) dokhil shud. Tafsili sharhi holi Muhammad dar Madina az soati vurud to dami margi u nazar ba zindagii u dar Makka nisbatan khele mufassal va daqiq ast. Dar sarchashmaho dar borai intizorii chand ruzai aholii Madina, zamoni vurud, mahalli tavaqqufi nakhustin, chigunagii intikhobi manzil, nomu nasabi ashkhos khele mufassal bayon shudaast, mo az sababi mahdudiyati imkoni in risola az takrori on sarfi nazar mekunem.
Muhammad(s)-ro tibqi paymoni Aqaba dar Madina hamchun hakam, qarib yak rohbari siyosi dar avval ba qavli Bartold V.V. na hamchun paygambar qabul kardand. Harchand paymoni nomburda bo nomi paymoni jang maruf ast, vale faoliyathoi u dar soli avval shahodat medihand, ki u ba fikri jang nabud. Masalai hatman garavidani mardumi Madina ba islom niz dar miyon nabudaast. «Ahli Madina, – menavisad V.V. Bartold- uhdador shudand, ki ikhtilofoti khudro jihati hallu fasl ba Alloh va pagambari Vay havola kunand: tibqi in sharoit yahudiyon va mushrikon hamchun payravoni Muhammad(s) azoyoni barobarhukuqi ummat ba shumor meraftand. Hatto butkhonahoimushrikon tibki akhbor tanho dar okhirin solhoi hayoti Muhammad(s) pas az fathi Makka vayron karda shudand. Jomea yo khud ummati tashakkulyofta dar Madina az vahdat barkhurdor bud, ba in many, ki masalan agar kase odame kusht dar hej guruhi mardum pushtiboni nameyoft. Dar digar umuri zindagy har kabila ozod bud, metavonist bo tarafi digar ahdu paymon kunad, tanho bo kurayshiyon hej guna ahdu paymon boyad namebastand.»[9]
Barobari in hej majburiyate dar etikod nabuda ba kavli V.V. Bartold nakhustin bor bad az sadsolahoi ziyod ba insoniyat elom shud, ki «Dar din majburiyat nest!»[10] (Lo ikroha fi-d-din K. 2: 257), ki inro dar kitobi mukaddasi islom prinsipi ozodii akida metavon talaqqk kard.
Pas az dokhil shudan ba Madina, dar soli nakhustin kore, ki Muhammad (s) anjom medihad, sokhtani masjid bud. Dar mavridi sokhtmoni on, intikhobi porchai zamin, mavodi sokhtmony dar sarchashmaho mufassal malumot doda shudaast.[11]
Dar shafati masjid du khona baroi du hamsari Rasuli Hudo: Savda va Oisha – dukhtari Abubakr sokhtand. Qiblai musulmonon «Baytulmukaddas» bud. Avvalin muazzini Islom Bilol nom habashie bud, ki dar in masjid azon meguft. Duvumin amale, ki Muhammad (s) anjom dod, mohiyatan yak iqdomi siyosi bud va guvohk az durbini va mulohizakorii u meboshad. U bad az on, ki safi muhojiron dar Madina ru ba afzoish nihod, iqdom ba bastani aqdi barodarkhondagi kard va in nav barodarkhondagi bayni arob mamul bud va onhoe, ki aqdi barodarkhondagi kardaand, hama mazoyo va imtiyozoti barodari khuniro doshtand, hatto ba meros niz sharik meshudand.[12] Bo tashabbusi payombari Hudo bayni har yake muhojiron va yake az ansor aqdu paymoni barodarini basta shud, ki on meboist joi aqdi barodarkhuniro girad.
Albatta na hama dar Madina az on, ki Muhammad (s) Payombari islom (s) ham hokimiyati Madinaro girift va ham ba dini khud mardumi Madinaro bargardonida bud, rozi budand. Az in ru onhoe, ki bo payombari islom mukholif budand, az Madina muhojirat kardand va bazei digar, ki dar Madina monda budand, pinhoni bo u mukholifat va korshikani mekardand. In guruhi okhirin dar Quron «munofiqon» nomida shudand. Az maruftarini onho, ki sarchashmaho khabar dodaand, Abdulloh ibni Ubaydi Hazraji bud.
Muhammad (s) na hamchun gureza, balki hamchun payombar va hakam ba Madina dokhil shud, az in ru az hamon mohhoi avva iqdom ba tadbirjui baroi barqarorii nazmu tartib va osoishu suboti jomeai Madinaro mekunad. Va tamomi kushishu iqdomhoi avvalini u mahz ba muqobili jangu nizo va ikhtilofati bayni qabilaviyu avlodi nigaronida shudaast. Namunai ravshani digare az chunin korho bastani qarordodho va hamzamon paymoni bayni muhojironu ansor bo yahud meboshad. Tibqi in paymon dar surati musolimatomez zindagi kardan, yahud az har guna nobarobark va fishor mahfuz va dar dinu doroii khesh ozod budand. Muhimtarin mavodi in paymonro muarrikhi arab Ibn Ishoq ovardaast, ki chunin ast:
- Musulmonon va yahudiyon monandi yak millat dar Madina zindagi khohand kard.
- Musulmonon va yahudiyon dar anjom dodani marosimi dinii khud ozod khohand bud.
- Dar mavqei peshomadi jang, har kadome az in du, digarero dar surate, ki mutajoviz naboshad, alayhi dushman kumak khohad kard.
- Har goh Madina mavridi hamlai dushman qaror girad, har du bo ham difo va ba hamdigar musoidat khohand kard.
- Qarordodi sulh bo dushman bo mashvarati har du ba anjom merasad.
- CHun Madina shahri muqaddase ast, ki az hardu nohiya mavridi ehtirom va har nav khunrezi dar on harom khohad bud.
- Dar mavqei sar zadani ikhtilof va nizo, okhirin dovar baroi rafi ikhtilof, shakhsi rasul khohad bud.
- Imzokunandagoni in paymon ba hamdigar bo khayrkhohi va neki koru raftor khohand kard».[13]
CHunon, ki az in qarordod bar meoyad Muhammad (s) dar avval hej mayli jangu ikhtilofe bo yahudiya va digar namoyandagoni dinho nadoshtaast. Dalolat bar on ki u bo yahudiyon sari jangu sitez nadoshta boz on ast, ki dar soli avval ham qibla va ham ruzai yahudiyonro doshtaast. Muhammad Huseyni Haykal menavisad, ki: «Muhammad tolibi molu maqom va tijorat nabud. Mekhost vasilai oromishi payravoni kheshro faroham kunad, to onho niz monandi digaron dar izhori aqidai khesh ozod boshand. Lozim bud musulmonu yahudi va masehi dar ozodii aqidavu fikr va davat bo yakdigar barobar boshand, zero dar soyai ozodi haqiqat piruz meshavad va jahon rohi kamolro mepaymoyad».[14] Hamin aqidaro V.V. Bartold niz bayon kardaast: «Vazifai Muhammad, hamchun muballigi din digar bud, u meboist dar qatori dini yahudi va nasrony baroi dini khud joe tamin kunad. Dar Makka u gumon mekard, ki hama dinhoi tavhidi yagonaand, holo itminon paydo karda bud, ki yahudiyon va nasroniyon nisbat ba yakdigar badbinand».[15] Hamin tariq hamai islomshinoson az jumla islomshinosoni begarazi avrupoi istedodi favqulodai Muhammad (s)–ro hamchun shakhsiyati siyosi, ki dar Arabiston sobiqa nadosht etirof namuda uro mustaqim yo gayrimustaqim hamchun nobigae, ki asosi vahdati davlatii arabro sarfi nazar az taalluqiyati qabilaviyu avlodi va milli poyaguzori kard, etirof mekunand. Dar robita bo in mavu A. Masse chunin navishtaast: «Vale vazifai avvalindaraja iborat az zarurati muttahid namudani hamai unsurhoi gunoguni aholii Madina sokinoni mahalliest, ki az arabho va yahudiyon, muhojironi Makka, ansorhoi Madina iborat budand… Afkori siyosiiMuhammad, kimisliruhi diniash durakhshon bud, dar hujjati garonbaho (zero onro asl mehisoband) – nizomnomai jamoai musulmonon zohir gardid».[16]
A. Masse hamon ahdnomai dar bolo zikr shudaro dar nazar dorad, ki bayni muhojironu ansor va mardumi digari Madina sarfi nazar az etiqod va millat basta shuda bud va ahdnomahoi digar, ki on bo qabilahoi mukhtalifi yahudiya munaqid gardida budand. In ahdnomaho voqean avvalin hujjati siyosi dar rohi tashkili jomeai yagonai shahrvandi dar Nimjazirai Arabiston bud. Islomshinosi rus O.G. Bolshakov bo ovardani matni purrai in ahdnomaho dar kitobi khud «Tarikhi khilofat» ba onho chunin baho dodaast: «In qarordodho – hujjathoi khub fikrkardashudaest, ki tavassuti siyosatmadori tafakkuri amali doshta tartib doda shudaand. SHoyad, ki dar on fikru aqida va bayonkardi tarafi mukholif niz inikos yofta boshad, vale kharakteri umumi begumon, dar navbati avval az Muhammad vobasta bud. Vay dar sozmon dodani jamiyati nav (ummat A.SH) khelo bo muvozibat iqdom karda hamaguna robitaho va taahhudoti qablii avlodhoi alohida mahfuz dosht, obrui dohiyoni mahalliro khalaldor nakarda ba khud tanho halli masalahoi bahstalabro guzoshta bud. Dar zimn ba ejodi asoshoi tashkiloti usulan navi siyosi: vahdati hamai azoyoni jamea dar qiboli hamlai dushmani khorijk, fardiyatyobii masuliyati mujrim, ki az pushtibonii avlod mahrum shudaast, khotima guzoshtan ba zadukhurdhoi bayniavlodi, ki az dergoh vodiro ba sutuh ovarda budand zamina guzoshta shud.»[17]
In bahsro Bolshakov O.G. bo khulosai zer anjom dodaast: «In qarordodho, ki avrupoiyon nachandon daqiq» konstitutsiyai Madina menomand (chunki bazan tafsiri nodurust ejod mekunad), guvohi az mahorati siyosi va diplomatii Muhammad mekunad».[18]
Nihoyat pas az in ham savole ba miyon meoyad, ki chunin ast: Bo vujudi in hama taloshu kushishho baroi vahdat va subot bakhshidani jomea, ki az ruzhoi avvali dokhil shudanash ba Madina Rasuli Hudo (s) ba kharj dodaast, sababi dere naguzashta iqdom ba jang bo qurayshiyoni Makka va sipas bo yahudiyon kardani u dar chi bud? Oyo on noshi az khususiyati zotii tahammulnopazirii musulmonon yo paygambari onho nest, yo yak zarurati siyosii dar rohi subot bakhshidan ba sokhtori navi ijtimoii gayri qabilavi-avlodi va mazhabiyu milli bud?
Islomshinosoni garbi kushidaand sababi in chunin tagiri favrii risolati Muhammad (s) va illati tasmim giriftani u ba jangro muayyan kunand. Onho baroi tavjehi in iqdom omili iqtisodiro asos giriftaand, na amri ilohk. Az jumla G.E. Fon Gryunebaum chunin menavisad: «Baroi in ki vazifai asosii khudro ijro karda boshad va aholii ba du lager dar natijai nizohoi baynihamdigary taqsim shudaro muttahid kunad ba Muhammad lozim bud bayni muhochironi az Makka omadi va ansori Madina murosovu hamrayy barqaror kunad. Halli in qaziya biduni tamini novobastagii iqtisodii muhojiron imkonnopazir bud. Dar chunin sharoit Muhammadro rohe baroi tamin kardani in novobastagy ba chuz hamla ba korvoni makkai nabud. In ast, ki jihati akhloqii in masala hech andoza hamsafoniuro dar taachchub nameandokht.»[19] Ammo ba qavli V.V. Bartold «Dar Madina ibtido hatto khabar dar borai chang bo qurayshiyon norozigy ba vuchud ovard: baroi aholii ziroatkori Madina changi tulony kharobyva musibatikalon ba shumor meraft».[20] Dar mavridi tasbiti in guftai khud Bartold V.V. istinod ba Quron (11.212) mekunad.
Dar asl sababi taachchubi mardumi Madina az iqdom ba chang, tanho ba in zudy va dar nazari avval biduni zarurati chiddy ogoz gardidani on shuda metavonist va illo imkoni vuqui chang va dar holati chang qaror giriftani aholii Madina bo qurayshiyoni Makka az hamon paymoni Aqaba, ki «paymoni chang» nom giriftaast malum bud. Mardumi Madina alalkhusus ansor az vuqui in chunin sodisa khabar doshtand. CHunon ki M.H. Haykal ovardaast, hangomi bastani paymon dar Aqaba Abbos ibni Abdulmuttalib zimni murochiat ba ahli Madina meguyad: «Ey mardumi Hazrach, shumo bo inmard (yane Muhammadpaygambarikhud – A.SH.) paymon mebanded, ki bo mukholifonash ba chang barkhezed. Agar medoned, ki zahrai in korro nadored va hamin ki amvolaton az dast raftu mardonaton kushta shudand, uro taslimi dushman khohed kard, ham aknun uro raho kuned, vagarna dar du chahon ziyonkor khohed bud. Va agar medoned, ki bo ahdi khud vafodor khohed budu az itlofi chonu mol nameharosed, uro peshvoy bigired, ki nekii du chahon dar in ast.» Hama guftand: «Mo az chonu mol daret nadorem. Dar rohi u vafodorem, vale podoshi mo chy khohad bud?» Muhammad (s) bo oromishu matonat javob dod: «Bihisht».[21] In ast, ki baroi mardumi Madina sad dar sad jangidan bo dushmanoni Muhammad (s) gayri chashmdosht va nogahony nabud.
Qurayshiyon bo taqibhoi pay dar pay, taziqu tazibi, fishoru taaddii khud nisbat ba Muhammad (s) va payravonash va nihoyat iqdom ba qatli u khudro ba tarzi tabiy dar vaziyati jang bo Muhammad (s) qaror doda budand. Az in ru iqdom ba jang kardani Paygambari islom (s) be asos nabud. Dar surate, ki uro hamchun rohbari siyosy va homii manofei ummati Madina intikhob namudand U meboist dar fikri tamini amniyati on boshad. Vale ba har surat Muhammad (s) tibqi akhbori sarchashmaho to mavqee, ki ba in amr farmoish az Hudo nashud, iqdom nakard. Boz ham tibqi malumote, ki M.H. Haykal ovardaast, «Mardumi YAsrib pas az paymoni duvumi Aqaba hamin, ki shunidand, rozgue bong mezanad va dostoni paymonashro bo Quraysh meguyad, ba u guftand: «Ba Hudoe, ki turo ba rosty firistoda, agar bikhohy, fardo teg dar mardumi Mino guzorem», javob dod: «Mo bad- in kor farmon nadorem.»[22]
YAk soli zindagony dar Madina nishon dod, ki vaziyat chiguna ast va mavqeiyati Muhammad (s) va yoronash dar oyanda az chi vobasta ast. Az akhbori sarchashmaho malum meshavad, ki bo vujudi tavajjuhi khose, ki Muhammad (s) ba yahudiyon dar ogozi hijrat dosht, onho az kosta shudani mavqeyati iqtisodiyu siyosii khudashon dar Madina pas az garavidani aksariyati aholii on ba Muhammad (s) dast ba mukholifat va korshikany mezadand va pinhony bar ziddi u tabligu tashviq va dini uro tamaskhur mekardand. Az in ru onhoro Quroni karim «munofiqon» nomidaast. Idomai in vaziyat metavonist omili ikhtilofu nizo dar bayni aholii
Madina gardad. Guzashta az in Muhammad (s) khub mefahmid, ki Qurayshiyon ba in osoni az u va payravonash dastbardor nakhohand shud az in ru yo muntaziri zarbai nogahonii onho budan lozim bud yo peshdasti namuda zarbai nogahon zadan.
Dar chunin yak vaziyati nihoyat hassos ijozai jang bo Qurayshiyon va jihod hamchun farizai islom nozil megardad. Dar oyati 39-40-umi surai «Haj» Hudovand farmud: «Rukhsat doda shuda ononero, ki mejangand, zero onho (az dushman) sitam kashidand va Hudo bar yorii onho qodir ast, onho (muminone, ki) ba nohaq az khonahoshon ovora shudand, faqat dar borai on, ki meguftand: «Parvardigori mo Hudoi yaktost». Hamin tavr muvofiqi baze malumotho dar mohhoi haftum yo hashtumi soli avval va muvofiqi malumothoi digar dar soli duvum marakahoi hujum ba korvoni ahli Makka shuru meshavad. Amaliyothoi jangii musulmononro dar zamoni Muhammad(s) –sadri islom ba du guruh taqsim kardaand. Ba janghoe, ki bevosita khudi Muhammad(s) Rasuli Hudo shirkat dosht «gazva» yo «gazo» va on marakahoe, ki yake az sahobaho farmondehk mekardand «sariya» nomidaand. Hamagi miqdori gazavoti paygambarro 26 yo 27 – to va miqdori sariyahoro 82–to muayyan kardaand.166
Mo dar zer ruykhati purrai gazovot va sariyahoro meorem.
2. Gazvai Buvvat «……….
3. Gazvai Ushayro …………….. «— 4. Gazvai avvali Badr ……………….. «……….. 5. Gazvai Badri Kubro ————— «——— 6. Gazvai Bani Sulaym ——————- «—– 7. Gazvai Bani Qaynuqo ——————– «– 8. Gazvai Soviq « |
- Gazvai Vaddon (Abvo) dar soli duvumi hijri
- Gazvai Gatfon soli seyumi mohi Muharram
- Gazvai Buhron dar Rabe–ul–okhiri soli seyum
- Gazvai Uhud dar avvali soli seyum
- Gazvai Hamroulasad……………… «……..
- Bani Nazir dar soli chahorumi hijri
- Gazvai Zoturriqo ……………………… «—-
- Gazvai Badri okhira (Badri al-Mavid
- Gazvai Davmat-ul-Jandal dar soli panjumi hijri
- Gazvai Handaq (- Ahzob) ————– «——
- Gazvai Bani Qureyza……………………. «…..
- Gazvai Bani Lihyon (= Usfan) soli shashum
- Gazvai Zi qorad (= Goba) ————- «—-
- Gazvai Bani-l-Mustaqil (= Muraysi)
- Gazvai Hudaybiya ………………………… «—
- Gazvai Haybar soli haftum
- Gazvai Umrat-ul-qazo soli haftum
- Gazvai Fath-ul-Makka soli hashtum
- Gazvai Hunayn ……………………………. «…..
- Gazvai Toif «—-
- Gazvai Tabuk soli hashtum va nuhum
SARIYAHOI RASULI HUDO
- Sariyai Hamza ibni Abdulmuttalib soli duyum
- Sariyai Ubayda ibni Horis ibni Abdulmuttalib
- Sariyai Sad ibni Abuvvaqqos ——- «—-
- Sariyai Abdulloh b. Jahsh ————— «—-
- Sariyai Umayr b. Adi ——– «—-
- Sariyai Solim b. Umayr —————— «—
- Sariyai Muhammad b. Maslomi ——— «—
- Sariyai Zayd b. Horisa ——– «—
- Sariyai Marsad b. Abo soli chahorum
- Sariyai Abu Salma b. Abdulasad ———– «—
- Sariyai Munzir b. Amr (= Biri Muovvana) «—
- Sariyai Abdulloh b. Unays —————– «–
- Sariyai Amr b. Umayya Zamri ———– «–
- Sariyai Abu Ubayda b.Jarroh soli panjum
- Sariyai Abdulloh b. Atik soli shashum
16. Sariyai Muhammad b. Maslama……………. «–
17. Sariyai Umar b. Hattob ——————— «— 18. Sariyai Hilol b. Horis Muzani……………. «– 19. Sariyai Bashir b. Suvayd Juhani……….. «— 20. Sariyai Sad b. Uboda Juhani …………… «— 21. Sariyai Ukkosha b. Mihsan Asadi ——— «— 22. Sariyai Muhammad b. Maslama ———— «— 23. Sariyai Abu Ubayd b. Jaroh —————- «— 24. Sariyai |
- Sariyai Zayd b. Horisa soli shashum
- Sariyai
- Sariyai
- Sariyai
- Sariyai
- Sariyai
- Sariyai Ali b. Abi Tolib -«……………… «–
- Sariyai Abdurrahmon b.Avf «———— «–
- Sariyai Abu Ubayda b.Jarroh «———— «–
- Sariyai Zayd b. Horisa ——— «———– «–
- Sariyai Abdulloh b. Ravoha —«———– «–
- Sariyai
- Sariyai Kurz b. Jobir Fehri soli shashum
- Sariyai Umar b. Hattob soli haftum
- Sariyai Abubakr «—————- «———- «–
- Sariyai Bashir b. Sad ——— «———- «–
- Sariyai Zubayr b. Avvom ——- «———- «–
- Sariyai Golib b.Abdulloh Laysi «…………… «–
- Sariyai Bashir b. Sad ——— «———- «-
- Sariyai Ibn Abi al – Avjo………. «…………. «-
- Sariyai Abdulloh b.Abi Hadrad —«———- «-
Aslami
- Sariyai Muhayisa b. Masud ——– «——— «-
- Sariyai Abdulloh b.Abi Hadrad ——— «— «–
- Sariyai Golib b.Abdulloh Laysi soli hashtum
- Sariyai
- Sariyai Kab ibni Umayr Gifori «………. «-
- Sariyai Uyayna b. Hisn Fazori ……….. «…… «-
- Sariyai Kutba b. Omir b. Hadida…….. «—- «-
- Sariyai Muat ——– «——————— «—- «-
- Sariyai Amr b. Os -«……………………. «…… «-
- Sariyai Abu Ubayd b. Jarroh…………… «—- «-
- Sariyai Abu Qatoda b. Ribi ………….. «…… «-
- Sariyai Abu Qatoda ………………………… «………….
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid ——————- «———-
- Sariyai Abu Omir Ashori ————– «———-
- Sariyai Amru b. Os ————————- «———-
- Sariyai Sad b. Zayd Ashholi ———– «———-
- Sariyai Holid b. Sad b. Os ———— «———-
- Sariyai Hoshim b. Os………………………. «………….
- Sariyai Tufayl b.Amr Dasvi ———– «———-
- Sariyai Golib b. Abdulloh soli hashtum
- Sariyai Amr b. Umayya ——————— «—-
- – Sariyai Abdulloh b. Suhayl b. Amr ——-
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid ———————- «——
- Sariyai Zahhok b. Sufiyo Kilobi soli nuhum
- Sariyai Alqama b. Muharraz Mudliji «…………
- Sariyai Ukkosha b. Mihsan Asadi ———– «—-
- Sariyai Ali b. Abi Tolib ——————- «——
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid ———————- «——
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid soli dahum
- Sariyai Usoma b. Zayd ————————— «—-
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid ————————- «—-
- Sariyai Ali b. Abi Tolib ——————- «——
- Sariyai Holid b. Valid ———————- «——
- Sariyai Usoma b. Zayd soli yozdahum
- Sariyai Bano abs ——————————– «[15]
In ast miqdori nomgui komili gazovot va sariyahoi musulmonon dar sadri islom to vafoti paygambari on Muhammad (s).
Sarchashmahoi islomi har yake az in marakahoro mufassal bayon kardaand, vale tahqiqotho va adabiyothoi garbi ba juz bayoni mukhtasari baze az marakahoi buzurgi asosii jangii Muhammad (Badr, Uhud, Handaq, Bani Kaynuqa, Haybar va g.) tavajjuhi ziyode ba in marakaho nakardaand. Hamatarafa va daqiq omukhtani in marakahoi nizomii barqarorshavii islom va davlati islomi baroi shinokhtani islom va jarayoni tashakkuli shuuri siyosii arob va musulmonon khele muhim ast. Mo niz mutaassifona, az sababi mahdudiyati hajmi risola majburem tanho bo bayoni qismati asosii gazvaho iktifo kunem.
[9] . V.V. Bartold. Soch. T. U1, M. 1966, sah 96.
[10] Hamin jo.
[11] Nig. SHaykh Muhammad–al – Hazrajy, Nuru–l–yakin, S. 68–69.; m.t. Ardakony, Tarikhi tahlilii islom, sah. 104-105.
[12] M.T. Ardakoni, Tarikhi kalomi islom, sah. 106.
[13] Iqtib. az Tarikhi tahlilii islom, talifi duktur Mahmud Tabotaboii Ardakoni, j.1.s.107,
[14] M.H. Haykal, Zindagonii Muhammad, s. 225.
[15] V.V. Bartold. Soch. T.6 .
[16] A. Masse, Islom. Dushanbe.1984, sah.37.
[17] O.G. Bolshakov, Istoriya khalifata, T. 1. Islam v Araviii (570-633)
[18] Hamon jo.
[19] G.E. Fon Gryunebaum, klassicheskiy islam, M: Nauka, s. 1986, sah. 35.
[20] V.V. Bartold, Soch. child. U1 .s. 98.
[21] M.H. Haykal, Zindagonii Muhammad, s. 210-211.
[22] Hamon jo, s. 225.
[15] Iqtibos az D.M.T. Ardakoni, Tarikhi tahlilii islom az s. 111-11U.