SHakli idorakunii federativii in davlat chi bartari dorad? Pas az Jangi Duyumi Jahon in mamlakat dar kadom holat qaror dosht? Joygir budani on dar markazi Avrupo baroi mamlakat chi ahamiyat dorad? Pas az yakjoyashavii qismathoi on kadom problemaho paydo shudand?
Mavqei iqtisodiyu geografi. Olmon davlati yakmillata buda, muvofiqi konstitutsiya davlati federativi meboshad. On tarikhan az yakchand mulkdorii federali tashakkul yoftaast. Mulkho konstitutsiya, parlumon va hukumati khudro dorand va huquqhoi muayyani khudmukhtoriro niz sohiband. Dar yak vaqt tamomi hukumat va parlumoni mulkho ba hukumati federativi itoat mekunand.
Mavqei iqdisodiyu geografii Olmon, ki dar markazi Avrupo qaror giriftaast, baroi in kishvar khele muhim ast. Kishvar sohibi shohrohhoi buzurgi rohi ohanu avtomobil va havoi buda, onho chun chorrohahoi buzurgi mintaqa, yane rohi kutohtarin az Avrupoi Garbi ba tarafi sharq istifoda meshavand. Dar in miyon rohi baromadi bevositai Olmon ba bahri SHimoli naqshi makhsusro mebozad, zero dar sohili in bahr bandarhoi buzurgi jahoni joygir shudaand. Az bandari Rotterdam Niderlandiya niz istifoda mebarad. Daryohoi Reyn va Rona vositai muhimmi borkashoni ba dokhili mamlakat va khoriji on meboshand.
Hamai davlathoi hamsoyai Olmon davlathoi taraqqikardaand.
Olmon yake az mamlakathoi taraqqikardai dunyo buda, dar markazi in qita dar chorrohahoi payvastshavii hamai qismhoi Avrupo joygir ast va sharoiti tabiii on baroi rushdi iqtisodiyot musoidat mekunad.
Aholi. Olmon dar Avrupoi Garbi yake az kishvarhoi seraholist, vale afzoishi tabiii aholi nisbatan past ast.
Badi Jangi Duyumi Jahon dar natijai az digar davlatho, az jumla, az davlathoi Avrupoi SHarqi bargashtani olmoniho ba kishvar shumorai aholi afzud.
Joygirshavii aholi, shugl va hayati sinfii on simoi sanoati doshtani mamlakatro ifoda mekunad. Zichii miyonai aholi ba har yak kilometri murabba beshtar az 230 nafar buda, dar nohiyahoi sanoati (makhsusan dar nohiyai Rur) in nishondihanda ba 1000-2000 nafar merasad. Az ruyi darajai urbanizatsiya Olmon dar miqyosi jahon yake az joyhoi avvalin (beshtar az 80%)-ro ishgol mekunad. Aglomeratsiyai shahrii havzai Rur az kalontarinho buda, dar girdu atrofi Essen, Dortmund va digar markazhoi kalon dahho shahru mahalhoi korgarnishin bo ham yakjoya shudaand. Onho aglomeratsiyai khele buzurgro tashkil kardaand, ki dahho kilometr tul kashida, beshtar az 5 mln nafar aholi dorand. Mavjudiyati miqdori ziyodi korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati va aholi mushkiloti ekologiro ba miyon ovardaast. Makhsusan havo va obhoi daryohoi Reynu Rur iflos shudaand.
Olmon yake az davlathoi seraholii Avrupoi Garbi meboshad.
Baroi Jumhurii Federativii Olmon vazi nomusoidi demo- grafi khos ast. Kishvar dar vartai kamshavii aholi qaror dorad.
Tavsifi umumii khojagi. Olmon davlati doroi sanoati mutaraqqi buda, az ruyi hajmi umumii mahsuloti dokhili, istehsoloti sanoati va darajai taraqqiyoti iqtisodi dar miqyosi jahon joyi namoyonro ishgol mekunad. Dar hajmi umumii mahsuloti jahoni hissai Olmon ziyoda az 6% ast. Ba on qarib 23% hajmi mahsuloti dokhilii Avrupoi Garbi rost meoyad. Holo narkhi umumii mahsuloti dokhilii mamlakat 13446 trln (ba har sari aholi 16580) dollarro tashkil mekunad.
Boloravi va inkishofi iqtisodi badijangii Olmon ba vase shudani bozori dokhilii on vobasta meboshad. Holo az ruyi darajai istehsoli mahsuloti sanoati az IMA qafo buda, qarib barobari Jopon va dar yakjoyagi nisbat ba Angliya, Italiya, Belgiya beshtar mahsulot istehsol mekunand. Iqtidori iqtisodii on ba inkishofi sohahoi sanoat vobasta meboshad va dar on monopoliyahoi kalon (shirkathoi transmilli – SHTN) mavqei asosi dorand.
Dar sohahoi iqtisodi Olmon dar solhoi badi Jangi Duyumi Jahon peshravii kalon mushohida karda meshavad. Dar tamomi nohiyahoi on dar tarkibi khojagi sanoat bartari paydo kardaast.
Sanoat. Besh az sad sol qabl az in zakhirahoi tabiii Olmon, ba monandi angisht, namakhoi kaliy va oshi, madani ohan ba taraqqiyoti sohahoi energetikayu khimiya, sanoati metallurgiya va moshinsozi asos guzoshta budand.
Energetikai on to miyonai solhoi 60-umi asri XX asosan ba vositai angisht amal mekard, chunki zakhirai angishti kishvar khele ziyod ast. Holo 3/4 hissai istikhroji on ba havzai Rur rost meoyad. Dar nohiyai Kyoln angishti siyohtob bo usuli kushod istikhroj karda meshavad, ki on ashyoi khomi sanoati khimiya va suzishvori ba hisob meravad. Qismi ziyodi nerugohhoi barqi alavi dar havzahoi angisht joygirand, vale dar sharoiti inkishofi ilmi-tekhniki istikhroji angisht yakbora kam shuda, hissai naftu gaz dar energetika afzud. Dar ayni zamon on 60%-ro tashkil mekunad. Dar Olmon nerugohhoi barqi atomi (dar zaminai madani urani mahalli) amal mekunand. Bo qarori navi hukumati Olmon minbad faoliyati nerugohhoi atomi dar mamlakat qat karda meshavad.
Metallurgiyai siyoh asosan dar zaminai madani ohani voridoti amal mekunad. Qismi ziyodi istehsoli chuyanu pulod ba korkhonahoi Rur, Ayzen-Hyuttenshtadt va havzai Saara rost meoyad, ki in korkhonaho sikli purrai istehsoli dorand. Az sohahoi metallurgiyai ranga sanoati alyumin, mis pesh raftaast, ki on asosan bo ashyoi khomi voridoti kor mekunad. Korkhonahoi metallurgi dar havzai nerugohhoi barqi Kyoln va Rur sokhta shudaand.
Moshinsozi sohai inkishofyoftai sanoat buda, az ruyi istehsoli moshinho Olmon tanho az IMA qafo meistad, ammo az ruyi sodirot dar miqyosi jahon joyi avvalro ishgol mekunad.
Sanoati moshinsozi va khimiya sohahoi takhassusii baynalmilalii Olmon meboshand.
Aksari shirkathoi moshinsozi az doirai mamlakat berun faoliyat mekunand. Masalan shirkati «Folksvagen», ki yake az kalontarin shirkathoi moshinsozi ba hisob meravad, dar yak qator mamlakatho korkhonai mushtarak dorad va ba besh az sad kishvari dunyo avtomobil mefurushad.
Mahsuloti moshinsozii vaznin, muharrikho, lokomotivu tajhizot va tekhnikai navi harbi dar janubu garbi kishvar istehsol karda meshavand. Markazhoi asosii moshinsozi dar Dyusseldorf, Kyoln, SHtutgart, Myunkhen, Drezden, Karl-Marks-SHtadt voqe shudaand. Makoni asosii kishtisozi shahri Gamburg meboshad.
Iqlimi Olmon az uqyonusi ba kontinentali guzaranda buda, imkoniyat medihad, ki dar mamlakat tamomi ziroathoi mintaqa mutadil parvarish karda shavand. Hokash doroi khususiyati hosilkhezii miyona meboshad. Dar zaminhoi kisht az nurihoi khimiyavi vase istifoda mebarand.Kishovarzi. Az jihati istehsoli mahsuloti in soha Olmon pas az Faronsa va Italiya meistad, vale az ruyi surat va mahsulnoki az darajai miyonai mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi pesh meistad. Olmon az ruyi darajai taminoti moshinhoi kishovarzi va istifodai nurihoi khimiyavi yake az joyhoi avvalro ishgol mekunad.Sanoati khimiya yake az sohahoi taraqqikarda buda, az ruyi hajmi umumii istehsoli mahsuloti on Olmon badi IMA va Jopon dar joyi seyum va az ruyi sodirotash dar jahon dar joyi avval meistad. Nohiyahoi kaloni sanoati khimiya Rur, Galle, Gamburg, Bavariya meboshand. Mahsuloti asosii on rang, nuri, doruvor va digar mahsuloti naftu khimiya ast.
Dar tarkibi kishovarzii Olmon sohai chorvodori afzaliyat dorad. Az panj chor hissai mahsuloti kishovarzi ba chorvodori rost meoyad. Sarshumori khuk va chorvoi kaloni shokhdor ziyod buda, khojagihoi shiri daromadi ziyod megirand. Dar tamomi nohiyaho chorvodori bo ziroatkori omezish yofta, ziroatkori ba chorvodori khidmat mekunad. SHudgor 1/3 hissai zaminhoi kishtro tashkil mekunad. Ziroathoi asosi gandum, javdor, jav, suli buda, gandumu javdor hamchun khurokvori, jav baroi istehsoli pivo, suli baroi khuroki chorvo istifoda meshavand. Kartoshka va lablabuparvari dar aksari nohiyaho pahn shudaast. Istehsoli mahsuloti kishovarzii vatani az panj chor qismi talaboti mamlakatro qone megardonad, az jumla bo gandum, qand, gushti gov, panir va ravgani maska aholi purra tamin meboshad.
Naqliyot. Qalamravi Olmonro shabakai zichi rohhoi naqliyoti faro giriftaast. Makhsusan dar nohiyai sanoatii Rur shabakai zichi rohho mavjud ast.
Az ruyi borkashonii rohiohani Olmon az Faronsa qafo, az Angliya du barobar, az Italiya chor barobar pesh ast. Borkashonii az hama ziyod dar nohiyai Rur ba nazar merasad. Naqliyoti avtomobili nisbat ba naqliyoti rohi ohan beshtar boru musofir mekashonad. Naqliyoti obi ham dar khojagii Olmon ahamiyati kalon dorad. Az panj yak hissai borhoi dokhili ba vositai daryoho va kanalho kashonida meshavand. Girehhoi asosii naqliyoti Gamburg, Myunkhen, Kyoln meboshand.
Tafovuthoi iqtisodiyu geografi. Solhoi okhir pas az muttahid shudani du davlati Olmon nobarobarihoi taraqqiyot mushohida karda meshavad. Muttahid shudani Olmoni Garbi bo SHarqi boisi kamshavii istehsoloti sanoati dar Olmoni Garbii peshrafta shud. Nohiyai sanoatii Rur dar hamin jo voqe shudaast, ki 1/25 hissai masohati mamlakatro dar bar giriftaast. Dar on 1/5 hissai aholi istiqomat mekunad va 1/3 qismi korkhonahoi sanoatii mamlakat joygir shudaand. SHahrhoi kaloni on Essen, Duysburg, Dyusseldorf meboshand.
Dar qismi janub sohahoi elektrotekhnika, moshinsozii daqiq, dastgohsozii elektroni, sanoati khimiya, bofandagi, khurokvori taraq- qi kardaast. SHahri az hama kalontarinash Myunkhen ast. SHimolu sharqi qismi garbii mamlakatro nohiyai kishovarzi nomidan mumkin ast. Dar hamvorihoi Olmoni SHimoli chorvodorii shiri va qisman gushti rushd kardaast. Aksari maydonhoi in joro charogohu margzor, alafzor, zaminhoi kishti ziroati khuroki chorvo faro giriftaand. Dar in jo inchunin istikhroji ashyoi khomi minerali vujud dorad. SHahrhoi kalonash Gamburg, Volfsburg buda, ba vositai onho tijorati berunii Olmon ba amal barovarda meshavad. Korkhonahoi kaloni shirkati avtomobilsozii «Folksvagen» dar hamin jo voqeand. Qismi sharqii Olmon (sobiq Olmoni demokrati) az mintaqahoi digar farq dorad. Dar qismi janubu garb va janubi in jo majmuai murakkabi khojagi tashkil shudaast. Dar in jo sanoat bartari doshta, kishovarzii intensivi taraqqi kardaast. Aglomeratsiyahoi kaloni shahri dar atrofi Leypsig, Galle, Drezden ba vujud omadaand. Dar qismi markaz va sharq istikhroji angisht, istehsoli nerui barq, metalhoi siyoh, istehsoli mahsuloti elektroniyu radiotekhniki, khimiyavi, dastgohsozi, poligrafi, duzandagi taraqqi kardaand. Poytakhti Olmon shahri Berlin dar hamin jost. Okrughoi shimolii in jo «darvozai bahri» ba hisob meravand.
Aloqahoi iqtisodii khoriji. Olmon qarib bo tamomi mamlakatho aloqai tijorati dorad. Az ruyi sodirot dar jahon dar joyi duyum qaror dorad. Beshtar az 56%-i sodirotash ba avtomobilsozi, moshinsozii umumi, molhoi khimiyavi va elektroni rost meoyad. Az ruyi sodiroti mahsuloti bofandagi dar jahon peshsaf buda (11%- i sodiroti jahoni), az ruyi sodiroti libosi tayyor badi CHinu Italiya dar joyi seyum, az ruyi mahsuloti kishovarzi badi IMA, Faronsa, Gollandiya dar joyi chorum meistad. Olmon mamlakati kaloni tijoratii dunyo ast. SHarikoni tijoratii Olmon Faronsa, Italiya, Angliya, IMA, Avstriya, Gollandiya, Daniya, Belgiya va Lyuksemburg meboshand.
Savol va suporish.
- Ba mavqei iqtisodiyu geografii Olmon baho dihed.
Inro man medonam.
- SHugli aholii Olmonro bo yake az mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi muqoisa kuned. Tafovutash dar chist?
- Nohiyahoi seraholi va aglomeratsiyahoi kaloni shahriro juDo kuneD.
- Nohiyahoi asosii metallurgiya, moshinsozi, khimiyaro muayyan kuned.
Hususiyati joygirshavii in sohaho dar chist?
- Hissai Olmonro dar istehsoloti sanoati «Haftgona» muqoisa kuned.
- Sohahoi asosii sanoati havzai Rur va shahrhoi atrofi on kaDomhoanD?
- Tafovuthoi iqtisodiyu geografii qismhoi mamlakatro nombar kuned. Sababi in tafovutho dar chist?
- Ruykhati molhoi sodirotiyu voridotii Olmonro tartib doda, onro sharh dihed.
Inro man metavonam.
- Mavqei Olmonro dar jahoni imruza chi muayyan mekunad?
- Mavqei on dar iqtisodiyot va siyosati jahon chi guna ast?
- CHaro Olmon badi jangi kharobiovar ba zudi ba qatori mamlakathoi “Haftgona” dokhil shud? Sababashro sharh dihed.
- Oyo dar oyanda mavqei siyosi, iqtisodi va harbii Olmon tagyir meyobad yo ne?
Oyo medoned?
- Avvalin bonki amonatguzori dar dunyo soli 1786 dar shahri Oldenburgi Olmon ba kor shuru kardaast. Qarib 70% rohhoi avtomobilgardi Olmon meyori mahdudshudai harakat nadorand. 102 nafar dorandai joizai Nobel olmoniho meboshand. Dar Olmon har shakhsi duvum sohibi avtomobil ast. Hulosa. Mavqei muvofiqi geografii Olmon baroi rushdi iqtisodii in kishvar zaminai musoid faroham ovardaast. SHakli hozirai sokhtorii Olmon dar okhiri asri HH surat giriftaast va holo az nigohi iqtidori iqtisodi dar safi peshi kishvarhoi Avrupo qaror dorad.