MUNOSIBATHOI IQTISODII UMUMIJAHONI

Munosibatkhoi iktisodii umumichakhony az sistemai alo- kakhoi gunoguni iktisodiyoti millii mamlakatkhoi gunogun iborat buda, asosan in munosibathoro taqsimoti bay- nalmilalii mehnat tashkil medihad. In munosibatho quvvai asosii harakatdihandai taraqqiyoti khojagii jahon meboshand.

Surati taraqqii munosibathoi iqtisodii umumijahony az surati afzoishi istehsoloti moddy pesh ast, qi in az baynalmilaly gardidani hayoti hojagy shahodat medihad.

Dar munosibathoi iqtisodii umumijahony naqshi asosiro SHimol mebozad, qi dar on tamomi shaqlhoi munosibathoi iqtisody (alalhusus dar sharoiti jahonishavy) az hama beshtar inqishof yoftaand. Janub boshad, dar in aloqaho mavqei susttar dorad. Albatta, badi ba dast ovardani istiqloliyati siyosy mavqei bisyore az mamlaqathoi ru ba taraqqy digargun shuda, naqshi onho dar aloqahoi iqtisodii umumijahony nazarras gardid. Vale in holat to hol ba tavri boyadu shoyad ba amal naomadaast. Az hamin sabab mamlaqathoi Janub qushishi hudro bahry barqarorqunii tartiboti navi iqtisodii jahony purzur qarda istodaand.

Dar sharoiti imruza masalai munosibathoi SHimol- SHimol va Janub-Janub niz ahammiyati buzurg paydo qardaast. Dar in munosibathoi iqtisodiyoti guzarandadoshta maqomi hossa dorand.

Mamlaqathoi ba aloqahoi iqtisodii umumijahony az hama beshtar vobasta budaro mamlaqathoi iqtisodi qushoda doshta nomidaand. Darajai qushodagii iqtisodiyotro az ruyi qvotai sodiroty (hissai sodirot dar jami mahsuloti dohily) muayyan mequnand. In qvota dar baze mamlaqathoi taraqqiqardai Avrupo va mamlaqathoi navi sanoatii Osiyo beshtar mushohida qarda meshavadu dar mamlaqathoi bozori dohiliashon hajmi qalondoshta qamtar. Masalan, qvotai sodiroty dar Singapur to ba 70 darsad, dar Belgiya va Niderlandiya 55-60 darsad, dar Faronsayu Olmon 25-30 darsad, dar IMA faqat 10 darsadro tashqil medihad.

YAqe az padidahoi qushoda budani iqtisodiyot dar sharoiti hozira tashqil namudani mavzehoi ozodi iqtisody (dar nohiya yo shahrhoi mavqei musoidi iqtisodiyu geografy doshta) ast. Dar in mavzeho tartiboti imtiyoznoqi andozi gumruqy muqarrar qarda shudaast. Hddafi asosii in imtiyozho beshtar jalbqunii zahirahoi moliyavy, moddy, tehnology va mehnaty meboshad. Mavzehoi ozodi iqtisody, qabl az hama ba niyati jalbqunii sarmoyavu tehnologiyai navi horijy, ziyodqunii asorgiry va gany gardonidani bozori dohily bo molho va hizmathoi ba raqobat tobovar tasis doda meshavand. Okhiri solhoi 70-umi asri XX shumorai chunin mavzekho ba 3 khazor rasida budu dar onkho beshtar az 3 mln nafar shugl dosht. Ayni zamon ba khissai mavzekhoi ozodi iqtisody 1/4 khissai muomiloti jakhonii mol rost meoyad. In mavzekho az khama beshtar dar CHin va mamlakatkhoi navi sanoatii Osiyo amal mequnand.

YAke az khususiyatkhoi farqnoki amali khojagii jakhony im- ruza toraft beshtar taraqqikunii munosibatkhoi iqtisodii baynalmilaly meboshad. Onro dar vaseyu khamatarafa shudani munosibatkhoi iqtisodii bayni mamlaqatkho, gurukhi mamlaqatkho, shirqat va tashqilotkhoi alokhida mebinem. Sababgori in khususiyat inkhoyand: baynalmilalqunii istekhsolot, taraqqii bemisl va integratsiyai nokhiyakho, tezutundshavii masalakhoi globaly.

Omilkhoi asosii taraqqii munosibatkhoi iqtisodiyu umumi- jakhony, paydoishi munosibatkhoi puliyu moly, qashfiyotkhoi buzurgi geografy, vaseshavii miqyosi istekhsolot, taraqqiyu taqmili vositakhoi naqliyot va gayrakho meboshand.

SHaqlkhoi munosibatkhoi iqtisodii umumijakhony toraft mukhtalif megardand. Zero peshravii khar qadom mamlaqati jakhon ba darajai ishtiroqi on dar muomiloti jakhonii sarvatkhoi moddiyu manavy vobastagii zij dorad. Imruz khej yagon mamlaqat, khatto taraqqiqardatarin kham ba samaranoqii yaqkhelai tamomi makhsulotkhoi khozirazamon qodir nest. Hdmin tariq, zamoni judoikhoi milly, sarbastagii khojagii davlatkho bebozgasht pasi sar shudand.

YAqe az shaqlkhoi qadimai munosibatkhoi iqtisodii umumi- jakhony tijorati baynalmilaly ast, qi dar ibtidoi paydoishi khud miqyosi makhdudro moliq bud. Zero dar on davrakho istekhsolot simoi naturavy dosht va asosan baroi qonegardonii talaboti akholy amal meqard. Vaseshavii tijorati beruna ba davrai sarmoyadory, makhsusan dar davrai sanoati qaloni moshiny rost meoyad. Dar zamoni peshrafti ilmiyu tekhniqy vay nabzi nav paydo namuda, az surati afzoishi istekhsolot khele pesh guzashtaast, qi in az vaseshavii taqsimoti geografii mekhnat daraq medikhad. Solkhoi 1950-1990 gardishi tijorati jakhony 73 barobar, yane az 150 mlrd dollar to ba 11 trln dollar ziyod shudaast. Dar zamoni RIT tarqibi tijorati jakhony tagyir yoftaast. Hissai molkhoi tayyor toraft ziyod va khissai ashyoi khomu khuroqvorikho qam shuda istodaast. Dar bayni molkhoi tayyor makhsulotkhoi ilmtalab (elektroniki, elektrotekhniki, avtomobil va gayra) mavqei kalonro sokhib shudaand.

Tijorati khizmat nisbat ba tijorati mol tez afzuda, ba on khissai M4 kismi tamomi tijorati jakhony rost meoyad.

Tijorati khizmat niz khodisai nav nest. Hizmatrasonii nakliyoty tarikhi kadima dorad, ki khizmatrasonii kishtikhoi khorijy va kiroyakunii kishtikhoi bahry az khamin kabiland.

Mamlakatkhoi «kirokashi bakhry» (YUnon, Olmon, Angliya, Faronsa, Gollandiya, SHvetsiya, Daniya, Norvegiya) floti bakhrii khudro ba khizmati borkashonii baynibandarii digar mamlakatkho medikhand.

Dar zamoni khozira khizmatrasonikhoi sokhtmony, sugurtavy, namoishy, kiroyai kino, ijorai tajkhizotkhoi ilmy va is- tekhsoly,      mukhandisy, korkardabarorii akhbori

ilmy, istifodai alokakhoi kaykhoni paydo shuda, khele tez pakhn shudaand. Mubodilai tajribakhoi istekhsoly, ki ba khud nomi baynalmilalii «nou-khau» giriftaand, shakli makhsus shudaand. Futbolbozonu khokkeistkho va digar varzishgaron dar komandakhoi bonufuzi digar mamlakatkho bozy karda istodaand.

Geografiyai tijorati baynalmilaly betagyir namondaast. Bo vujudi in kholo joyi yakum dar ikhtiyori mamlakatkhoi tarak- kikardai Garb buda, khissai onkho dar tijorati jakhony ba 70 darsad merasad. Joyi taajjub nest, ki ba katori «dakhtoi avval» mamlakatkhoi «khaftgona» dokhilandu badi onkho Niderlandiya, Belgiya, Koreya. Az khama peshsaf IMA buda, vale az nigokhi «balansi tijorat» (nisbati narkhi molkhoi voridoty ba molkhoi sodiroty) kafo memonad.

Muomiloti kaloni mol bayni khudi khamin mamlakatkho ba amal meoyad: IMA-Kanada, IMA-Jopon, Olmon-Faronsa. Dar tijorati baynalmilaly joyi duyumro mamlakatkhoi Janub ishgol kardaand, ki dar on khissai mamlakatkhoi navi sanoatii Osiyo va tashkiloti OPEK ziyod ast. Joyi seyum ba mamlakatkhoi ba       bozory guzaranda mansub astu dar on mavkei CHinu Rusiya nazarras ast.

Dar bozori jakhonii mol rakobatnoky ziyod ast, ki onro «jangi tijoraty» nomidaand. Masalan, sodiroti avtomobilkhoi Jopon, ki inkho samaranok, bovarinok, barokhat va az nigokhi ekology tozatar budand, solkhoi 80 karni XX boisi on gardid, ki dar IMA khar yak avtomobili panjum tamgai jopony dosht. SHirkatkhoi jopony «Honda» va «Nisan» dar IMA zavodkhoi avtomobilbarorii khudro sokhtand.

Bahri tanzimi savdoi umumijahoni Tashkiloti Umumi- jahonii Tijorat (TUT) tasis doda shudaast, ki ba on holo karib 140 davlat azo meboshand va ba hissai onho 9/10 kismi tijorati jahoni rost meoyad.

Ba katori digar shaklhoi hele muhimmi munosibathoi ikti- sodii umumijahoni munosibathoi karziyu moliyavi shomil ast. In shakl nisbatan javon buda, imruz ahammiyati avvalindaraja paido kardaast va holo qarib tamomi olami iktisodiro faro giriftaast. Sohibi asosii in shakl shirkathoi Transmilli meboshand. Agar arzishi molhoi sodiroti az arzishi molhoi voridoti bolo boshad, balansi tijorat faol ast va baraksash balansi tijorat gairifaol.

Munosibathoi karziyu moliyavi dar shakli karzdihi, so- diroti sarmoya, mahsusan dar shakli investitsiyai bevosita ifoda meyoband. Ohiri solhoi 90- asri XX hajmi junin inves- titsiyahoi dar jahon jamshuda az 3 trln dollar ziyod bud.

Geografiyai sohai mablagguzori (yo ki migratsiyai sarmoya) tagiirothoi ziyodro az sar meguzaronad. Pesh az Jangi duyumi jahon samti mablagguzori asosan az mamlakathoi tarakkikarda ba mamlakathoi ru ba inkishof budu in sarmoya asosan dar sohahoi sanoati istihroj va plantatsiyaho guzoshta meshud. Dar zamoni RIT mabalgguzori ba sohahoi ilmtalabu hizmat samaranoktar gardid. Rohi asosii harakati sarmoyaro munosibat baini davlathoi IMA, Avrupoi Garbi va Jopon muaiyan mekunad, ki dar baini inho az ruii mikyosi amaliyothoi moliyavi Avrupoi Garbi (Angliya, Olmon, Faronsa, Niderlandiya) dar joii avval, IMA dar joii duyum va Jopon dar joii seyum meistad.

Vazi moliyavii Janub tashvishovar astu karzi umumii onho az 2 trln dollar guzashtaast. Bo vujudi on, imruz dar Janub du markazi kaloni sodiroti sarmoya tashkil yoftaast. YAkumini on dar mamlakathoi sodirkunandai naft amal mekunad. Az in mamlakatho naft ba Avrupo, mamlakathoi Osiyo va Af- riko firistoda meshavad. Markazi duyum dar mamlakathoi «palanghoi osiyoi» (Singapur, Gonkong, Taivan) tasis doda shudaast.

Az mamlakathoi ba iktisodiyoti bozori guzaranda dar bozori moliyavii jahon Jin va Rusiya mavkei namoyon dorand. Jin, dar barobari jamkunii sarmoyai horiji, barorandai sarmoya niz meboshad. Rusiya boshad, tankisii moliyavi mekashad va baroi az mamlakathoi Garb giriftani madadi moliyavi kushishi ziyode dorad. Tanzimgaroni harakati baynalmilalii sarmoya Bonki baynalmilalii aznavsozy va rusha (BBAT) va Zakhirai Asory Baynalmilaly (ZAB) meboshand.

BBAT karib 170 azo doshta, faoliyati khudro ba tatbiki loikhakhoi sokhtorii aarozmuadat ravona kardaast. In tashkilot ba gurukhi Bonki umumijakhony mansub ast. ZAB tashkiloti asoriyu karzii baynikhukumaty buaa, bakhry batartiborii munosibatkhoi asory-moliyavii bayni mamlakatkho, nigakhdorii kurbii asorkho va yorii asory rasonidan ba mamlakathoi niyozmand tasis doda shudaast va 180 mamlakat, az jumla Tojikiston azoi on meboshand.

Az sababi aar soli 1997 paydo shudani bukhroni jakhonii moliyavy aar mamlakatkhoi Assotsiatsiyai aavlatkhoi Janubu SHarkii Osiyo (ASEAN) va baa aar Jumhurii Koreya, Jopon va digar mamlakathoi jakhon vazifai in tashkilot murakkabu vaznin garaia. Az in sabab okhiri solkhoi 90- asri XX masalai zaruriyati islokhot aar tamomi nizomi moliyavii jakhon ba miyon guzoshta shua.

SHakli mukhimmi munosibatkhoi iqtisodii umumijakhony khamkorikhoi istekhsolii baynalmilaly buaa, onkho aar navkhoi gunogun ba amal barovarda meshavand. Inkho, kabl az khama, makhsusgaraony va     istekhsolot va istekhsoli yakjoyai makhsulot dar asosi faoliyati bisyortarafa meboshana. Du shakli avval beshtar aar sokhai avtomobilsozy pakhn shuaaand. Tayyorii mamlakatkhoi Faronsa, Angliya, Olmon, Ispaniya oidi baamalbarorii loikhai istekhsoli yakjoyai aerobusi A-320 az amsoli khamin ast. H,ar kadom mamlakat kismi alokhidai tayyoraro istekhsol mekunaa va vasli purrai in kismkho aar shakhri Tuluzai Faronsa ba amal meoyad.

Hamkorikho aar joaai yakjoya sokhtani inshootkhoi khojagy, tasisi korkhonakhoi shariky niz az shaklkhoi pakhnshuaai istekhsoliand. Dar sharoiti RIT khamkorikhoi ilmiyu tekhniky khele vase pakhn shuaa istoaaand, ki ba jorikunii komyobikhoi navi ilmu tekhnika, samaranokona istifoaabarii sarvatkhoi tabiy va gayra musoidat mekunand. In shakli munosibatkho dar tijorati litsenziyayu patentkho, akhbor oiai baamalbarorii yakjoyai loikhakho,         ilmi, khifzi mukhiti zist zokhir megaraad.

Solkhoi okhir sayyokhati baynalmilaly bo surati kalon vusat girifta, ba shakli mukhimmi muomiloti khizmat tabail yoftaast. Omilkhoi asosii ba in kholat boisshuda tarakkii
quvvakhoi istehsolkunanda, qabl az hama, takmili vositahoi nakliyot, taraqqii urbanizatsiya, boloravii sathi zindagii mardum meboshandu khavasi donistani digar mamlakatkho va khalkkho odamon afzudaast.

Sayyokhati baynalmilaliro az nigokhi: a) maksad basayyokhatkhoi rekreatsiony (salomatkuny); b) ekskursiony (donistagiry); v) kory (khizmaty); g) ilmy; az nigokhi tarzi kharakat-avtomobily, rokhi okhany, bakhry, khavoy, daryoy judo kardaand. Dar avjgirii sayyokhat afzoishi «sanoati sayyoh» nakshi muhimro mebozad, ki ba on shabakai mehmonhonaho, kempingho, firmahoi sayyohaty, hizmathoi ahboriyu reklamagy, korhonahoi istehsoli savgoty va gayraho mansuband.

Nogufta namonad, ki sayyohati baynalmilaly baroi baze mamlakatho sarchashmai hele muhimmi daromad ast. In daromad dar yak sol dar mikyosi dunyo ba 500 mlrd dollar rasidaast. Az ruyi hajmi daromadi mutlak dar joyi avval IMA buda, vale az hissai in daromad dar jami mahsuloti dohily mamlakathoi «kurorty», ki az hisobi furushi hizmati sayyohony zindagy dorand, peshsafand.

Avrupo mintakai asosii sayyohony horijiro jalbkunanda meboshad, ki dar bayni on mamlakatho «segonai kalon» – Ispaniya, Faronsa va Italiya mavkei asosy dorand.

Miyoni mamlakathoi Osiyo kishvarhoi Malayziya, Tailand, CHin, dar Amrikoi SHimoly – IMA, dar Amrikoi Lotini – Meksika jalbkunandagoni asosii sayyohon meboshand.

Ohiri asri XX va sarshavii asri XXI na tanho ziyodshavii odni mikyosi faoliyati hojagii mamlakathoi alohida va tamomi iktisodiyoti jahon, injunin vaseshavii alokaho bayni mamlakathoi gunogun, rivojgirii taksimoti baynalmilalii mehnat, toraft baynalmilaligardii hayoti hojagy, paydoishu tarakkii guruhhoi integratsiony, avji inkilobi ilmy- tehniky meboshad. Hakikatan yagon mamlakate nest, ki vay ba nizomi munosibathoi iktisody va bo ham vobastagy dohil nashuda boshad.

Hojagii jahoni ohiri asri HH va avvali asri XXI bausulhoi navi istehsoloti jamiyagiyu postindustriyavy, ba jamiyati ahboriyu ilmy tabdilyobii mamlakathoi tarakkikardatarin sohib gardid. Mahz jarayoni ijtimoikunony dar vaziyati imruza omili halkunanda gardidaast. Dar tarzi nav ravishi asosy yakjoyakunii komyobihoi RIT bo vositahoi bozorii mayli ijtimoy doshta meboshad.

Alomathoi asosii khosi chamiyati postindustriyavy chu- ninand:

1) dar sokhai iqtisodi in guzarish az istekhsoli molkho ba istekhsoli khizmat; 2) dar sokhai shugl boshad, bartari doshtani qorqunoni mekhnati fiqri; 3) dar sokhai ilm istifodai samaranoq va bo kham muvofiq namudani tadqiqotkho, qi ba taraqqii istekhsoloti ilmtalab musoidat mequnad; 4) dar sokhai idoraquni boyad qabuli qarorkho dar asosi tekhniqayu tekhnologiyai akhbori surat girand; 5) dar sokhai eqologiya in muqarrarqunii nazorati bovarinoq az boloi dakholati inson ba mukhiti atrof meboshand.

Davrai guzarish ba asri XXI baroi khochagii umumichakhoni davrai nigokhdorii surati mutadili afzoishi iqtisodi, balandshavii naqshi omilkhoi beruna dar taraqqiyoti khochagi, globaliqunonii bozorkhoi moliyavi va purzurshavii bo kham vobastagii iqtisodiyoti milli, afzoishi sokhai khizmat, mu- tadil gardidani usulkhoi khamqorii bainidavlati meboshad