Matn va sokhtori nahvii on

Istilohitekst az lafzi lotinii textum buda, manoi matoi bofta; aloqamand yo payvast budan dorad. Matn ham misli jumla yak nav vohidi nahvi ba shumor meravad. CHunon ki dar jumlai soda kalimayu iboraho va dar jumlai murakkab juzho bo ham aloqamand shuda omada, yak fikrro ifoda mekunand, dar matn ham chand jumlai sodayu murakkabi mustaqil yagonagii mavzu, mundarija va munosibati gramma- tiki paydo karda, yak fikri mukammal va tamomshudaro ifoda menamoyand. Matn mavzu va ustukhonbandii yagona, bayni juzhoyash aloqamandii grammatiki, mazmuni mukammali in- tihoyofta dorad.

Matn dar ifodai mano va zohir gardidani tobishu ji- lohoi nozuki on ahamiyati kalon dorad. Dar matn hatto ka- limae, ki aslan mani nadorad, sohibi mano megardad. CHu- nonchi, ovozi musicha (fokhta) «ku-ku, ku-ku», ki ba juz taqlidi ovozi paranda chizi digare nest, dar in matn manoi «ku» (mu- khaffafi «kujost») paydo kardaast:

1. On qasr, ki bar charkh hamezad pahlu,

Bar dargahi u shahon nihodandi ru. Didam, ki dar kunguraash fokhtae Binshasta hameguft, ki: «Ku-ku, ku-ku» (Hayyom).

2. Du zan tiflero munozirat (talosh) mekardand va guvoh nadoshtand. Har du peshi qozi raftand va insof khostand. Qozi jallodro talabid va farmud:

– In tiflro du pora kun va ba har du zan bideh!

CHun in sukhan bishunid, yak zan khomush mond, vale zani di- gar shuru faryod ogoz kard:

– Ey qozi! Baroi Hudo, tifli maro du nim nakun! Agar chunin insof ast, tiflro namekhoham.

Qozi ba yaqin pindosht, ki modari tifl hamin ast. Tiflro ba u supurd va zani digarro toziyona zad.

Dar in matn (hikoyat) bayoni fikr ba tarzi silsilavor ja- rayon megirad. Har jumlai badina ba mazmuni jumlai avval aloqamand buda, chizi nave ba on zam mekunad: du zan – tifl – qozi – jallod – du nim – yak zan khomush – digare faryod… CHunin kalimaho nuktahoi asosii intishori voqearo ifo- da mekunand. Hikoyat bo shaklhoi zamoni guzashtai sigai kha- bari, amru khohish bo sigai amri ifoda yoftaast. In ham yake az vositahoi robitai grammatikii jumlahoi tarkibi matn ast. Takrori kalima (zan, tifl, qozi), bo kalimai hammano (zan – modar) yo jonishinhoi gunogun ishora kardan ba shakhs (du zan – har du, modar – u), bo yorii jonishinho ishora namudan ba mafhumhoi qablan zikryofta (in tifl, in sukhan, chunin) niz vositahoi aloqamand namudani mundarijai yak jumla bo jum- lai digar ba shumor meravand.

Tarzi digari ifodai fikri mukammal dar matn ba vasi- lai qolabhoi muvozi surat megirad, ki dar onho matlab ba tarzi muvozi, qiyos yo muqobilguzori bayon gardidaast. CHunin usuli tasvir yo ifodai fikr beshtar dar nazm mushohida me- shavad:

Har gul ki shukufad, labi khandidai most, Har chashma ki jushad, dili bolidai most. Har bargi khazon, ki tiramoh merezad, Az kamhavasiho guli nochidai most (Loiq).

Tanosubi manoii kalimaho chun vasilai ba ham aloqa- mand namudani mazmuni yak misra bo misrai digar, yak bayt bo bayti digar va ba-din vasila sokhtani matn khidmat meku- nad. Dar misrai avvali ruboii Loiq kalimai gul bo feli shukuftan va shabohati on bo labi khandida, dar misrai duyum kalimai chashma bo feli jushidan va shabohati on bo dili bolida, dar bayti duyum dar tiramoh rekhtani bargi khazon ham bo shukuftani guli misrai avval, ham guli nochidai mi- srai okhirin tanosubi ustuvori manoi dorad. Dar tarkibu iborahoi har gul, har chashma, har bargi khazon takror shuda- ni jonishini tayinii har va ba tarzi radif takror omadani most niz yake az vositahoi lugavii sokhtmoni matn ba shumor meravad. Bar zammi in, az muqoisai mazmuni bayti avval bo mundarijai bayti duyum dar tasviri shoir yak tazodi nihoni- ro ehsos kardan mumkin ast.

Az man ba jahoniyon jahon memonad, YAk olami ishqu ormon memonad. Dar ishqi tu harchand shavam ruze pir, Man meravamu ishq javon memonad (Gulrukhsor).

Dar in jo niz yagonagii mavzui liriki (ishq va umri be- baqoi inson), takrori feli memonad, ismhoi jahon (murodi- fi on -olam), ishq va tazodi ibtidoi nek va intihoi nomatlub (inson pir meshavad, vale ishq javon memonad) vasilai yagona- gii mano va sokhtori nahvii matn hisob meyobad.

• Matni zerinro dar qiyosi namunai «Du zan tiflero munozi- rat» mekardand” tahlil kuned. Muayyan kuned, ki dar on jarayo- ni ifodai fikr chi tarz surat giriftaast. Ba sifati vositai aloqai bayni jumlahoi matn kadom unsurhoi lugavi va gram- matiki istifoda shudaand?

Qozizoda az on pesh ba Hirot nayomada bud va mardumi on joro va, az in jumla Jomiro, nameshinokht. Dar khayoli u Jomi monandi ulamoi buzurgi on zamon dar zeri jomahoi purqimat va dastori buzurg jilva menamud. Ammo Jomi dar tobiston va zimiston jomai odii pakhtador mepushid…

Dar vaqte ki Qozizoda ba havlii Jomi omad, u dar doloni darvozai vay pohoyashro ovezon karda ba boloi sufacha nishast va dar on jo kase digar nabud. Dar hamin vaqt Jomi bo qiyofa- te, ki dar bolo tasvir yoft, aso dar dast az khona baromad.

Qozizoda gumon kard, ki in mard boyad oshpaz yo hezumkash va yo yagon khizmatgori odii Mavlavi Jomi boshad. Binobar in az joy barnakhost, ehtirome ham nakard va pursid:

• Hazrati Mullo dar khona hastand?
• To in zamon dar khona budand, – guft Jomi dar javob va tabassume kard.

Qozizoda khud ba khud guft: “Subhonalloh, dar mulozimati in guna azizoni buzurg chi guna mardum meboshand va javobi durust namedihand va besabab mekhandand”. Bad az qadre an- desha karda istodan u ba Jomi guft:

• Ey guli garang! CHi shavad, ki ravi va ba janobi Makh- dum arz kuni, ki pisari qozii Siiston omadaast, orzui mu- lozimat dorad. Agar marhamat namuda qadame ranja namoyand, nihoyati iltifot ast.

Jomi bo shunidani in suporish khuddori karda natavo- nista balandtar khandid. Qozizoda boshad, ruy tursh karda va otashin shuda guft:

• In khandai shumo chi balo zebanda ast (Vosifi).

127. Dar matnhoi zerin chi nishonahoi dar bolo zikrshudai sokhtori matnro mushohida mekuned?

Man agar rindivu masti kardam, Hotiri insonparasti kardam. Man agar devonagiho doshtam, YAne bori dardi dunyo doshtam. Ey kishvari ranjuri man,

ammo tui ganjuri man,

Bo dasti kholiyu dili doro

vidoyat mekunam.

Ey vorisoni khoki man,

ey homiyoni nomi man,

Bo sinai purishqi behamto

vidoyat mekunam (Loiq).

128. Ba manoi kalimaho diqqat namuda matnro khoned. Muayyan ku – ned, ki on chand jumlaro dar bar megirad, bayni onho chi guna aloqai manoi vujud dorad va on ba vositai kadom unsurhoi lugavi va grammatiki ifoda yoftaast.

Padaru modaram, takhmin, az yozdahsolagii man az ham judo shudand, mo – panj nafar, dar khokistartudai modar mondem. Va hamin modaram moro kalon kardand. On goh ki dar omu- zishgoh mekhondam, har hafta non mefiristodand ba dasti bo- zorakiho; haft non baroi du kas: baroi manu barodaram – SHa- rif. Bazan ki ba deha meraftem, modaram mepursidand:

• Falon odam chand non burd?

Meguftam:

• Haft non.

Meguftand:

• Hub odami bainsof budaast! (Loiq)

? 1) Dar matn fikri muallif ba tarzi hikoyat, mukolama, tasvir yo muhokima ifoda yoftaast?

• Dar avvali jumlai duyum ba kor farmudani payvandaki “va” chi ehtiyoj hast?
• Kadom kalima bisyor takror shudaast va on dar sokhtori matn zarurate dorad?
• Az jumlai “Mo – panj nafar, dar khokistartudai modar mon- dem” kadom andeshai noguftai shoirro pay burded?
• Az mavzuhoi adabiyot yake az matnhoro, ki malumoti tarjumai holi adibero dar bar megirad, intikhob namoed va mushohida kuned, ki bayni jumlaho chi guna aloqamandi vujud dorad va on bo kadom vositahoi lugaviyu grammatiki ifoda yoftaast.

Sarkhat (abzats) matnest, mavzu va mundarijai yagona k’J doshta, bayni du sarkhat voqe megardad. CHunonchi, dar in porai marsiyai nasrii Hakim Karim ba margi Payrav Sulaymoni:

YOd dori, charogat dar arafai khomush shudan bud? Hayot ba joyi charogi siyohi ajdodi ba tu mayaki purnuri istiqbolro bakhshid.

YOd dori, zinda dar gur shuda budi? Hayot ba joyi qabri to- rik ba tu chamanzori tokhtu toz dod.

Jilavash dar dastat aspi asr shiha zad, gamzanamoi kard, vale tu boloi on durust nanishasti. Savor shuda bogistonro nasayridi, mevaashro nachashidi, gulhoyashro ba banogushat na- ovekhti. Ba buyash ser nashudi. Monandi kudak nazavqidi, mo- nandi gul nashukufti.

In matn az se sarkhat iborat ast. Du sarkhati avval bo yak sukhan – «YOd dori…» ogoz yofta, dar sarkhati yakum holati ruhii Payrav ba charogi khomush shudaistoda, dar sarkhati duyum ba zindai dargurkhobida monand karda meshavad. Dar sarkhati okhirin dar ayni jushu khurushi ejodi sozgor naomadani zamo- na va bo orzuyu ormonhoi ziyodi javoni az olam chashm pushi- dani shoir zikr yoftaast. Sarkhatho du yo se jumlaro dar bar megirand. Dar matnhoi avval ogozi yakguna, muqobilguzorii du holat, shaklhoi muvozi doshtani khabari jumlaho: yod dori -Dar arafai khomush shuDan buD – bakhshiD, yoD Dori – zinDa Dar gur buDi – DoD; dar matni seyum shiha zaD, gamzanamoi karD – nanishasti, nasayridi, nachashidi, naovekhti, ser nashudi, na- zavqidi, nashukufti vositai muhimi lugaviyu grammatikii aloqai bayni jumlahost.

130. Matnro bodiqqat va bo ovoz chand bor khonda, ba sarkhatho judo karda, ba daftar navised. Dar dokhili har sarkhat (matn az yak- chand jumla iborat boshad) jumlaho chi tarz bo hamdigar aloqai manoi va grammatiki paydo kardaand, sharh dihed.

Soli 1929 – pas az kuchidani idorai markazii Nashriyoti davlatii Tojikiston ba Stalinobod dar Samarqand yak shu- bai tahririi nashriyot boqi mond. Dar in shuba on ruzho mo chor nafar kor mekardem. Mo hama parvonahoe budem, ki dar girdi shami furuzoni adabiyoti tojik – ustod Ayni davr mezadem va az mehri ustodonai(2) u garmiyu quvvat gi- rifta fayzyob(2) meshudem(4). Ruze ba kor omada, dar pahlui ustod Ayni javoni gandumguni chashmu abrusiyohero(2) didam, ki dar sar telpaki bulutrangi qaroquli(2) dosht(4). Ustod: «SHinos shav, Payrav!» guftand. Harisona pesh davidam va bo ham vokhurdi kardem(4). Avvalin taassurote, ki az in muloqot bo Payrav giriftam va dar muddati tamomi hayotam hargiz az lavhi khotiram suturda nakhohad shud, chashmoni zebo va giroi vay ast(4). Abruvoni darozi anbuhash guyo baroi nigoh doshta- ni in chashmhoi zebo «az nazari bad» ofarida shuda budand. U chunon yak nigohi zerichashmii(2) masum va mahjubonae(2) dosht, ki mumkin nabud, kasro ba khud jalb nanamoyad(4) (R.H.).

^r?’ 1) SHarhi kalimahoi bulutrang, suturda, anbuh, masum va mahjubro az farhangho khonda, dar khotir nigah dored, zero in ka- limaho dar yagon mavrid ba shumo lozim meshavand.

• Murodifhoi nahvii «.. .mumkin nabud, kasro ba khud jalb na- namoyad» // «…kasro ba khud jalb menamud» chi tafovuti tobishi mano dorand?
• CHaro «az nazari bad» ba nokhunak girifta shudaast?

131. Az chunin vokhurii avvalini Rahim Hoshim bo Payrav Sulay- moni ilhom girifta shumo ham dar khususi vokhurii avvalinaton bo kase (ustodi nakhustin, hamsabaq, mehmone, ki ba khonai shumo omadaast va gayra) dar hajmi yak sahifai daftar taassuroti nakhustini khudro navised. Onro chand marotiba bo ovoz khonda, nuqsonhoyashro isloh kuned. Bore on taassurotro bo lahni she- voi zaboni adabi ba dustonaton bayon kuned. Agar hamsuhbaton sukhanhoi shumoro bodiqqat shunida boshand, ba khulosae omadan mumkin ast, ki tarzi bayonaton pisand omadaast. In yak nishonai khubi hunari sukhanvarist.

^g!’ Dar aloqai muvozii juzhoi matn vohidhoi tufaylii avvalan, soniyan, nihoyat; yakum, duyum, seyum; az yak ta- raf, az tarafi digar va gayra ba kor burda meshavand:

Kunun ba rohi tuam, az chi sust megardad, Magar ba posh hino bastaast in parovoz?

Avval on, ki ifodai «ba po hino bastan»-ro khonandai za- moni mo, ki hatto ba dast hino bastanro ham barham dodaast, az kujo medonad? Digar on, ki hino ba parovoz chi munosibat dorad? (H.YU.)

In unsuri nahvii matnsozi beshtar dar uslubi ilmi ba kor burda meshavad. Uslubi badei dar in bobat imkonoti fa- rovontar dorad. CHunonchi, qolabi «SHumo gumon nakuned, ki… Ne! Balki.Tanho farq dar in jost, ki…» yake az usulhoi dustdoshtai S.Ayni ast dar matni tasviri manzarahoi tabiat yo hasbi holi qahramonhoi asar:

SHumo gumon nakuned, ki har kadomi chashmahoi dar in chashmasor buda ba qadre serob ast, ki yak sang yo nim sangi osi- yoro megardonad. Ne! Balki inho chashmahoeand khurdu zaif, ki monandi chashmhoi sitamdidagoni davrai podshohi obi khudro chakra-chakra mechakonand. Tanho farq dar in jost, ki az chashmi sitamdidagoni davrai podshohi khun mechakid, az inho – ob.

Dar in matni tasviri kalimayu iborahoi chashma, chashma- sor, serob, ob, yak sang yo nim sang osiyoro gardonidan, chakra- cha- kra chakonidantanosubi nazdiki manoi dorand. Jumlai av- val dar shakli tasdiqi omada, bo jumlai yakkalimagii «Ne!» inkor karda meshavad. Dar jumlahoi minbada sababi inkor ba vositai qiyos namudani obi chashmasor bo obi chashmi sitam- didagon sharh meyobad. Dar natija ham az jihati mundarija, ham az lihozi sokhtori nahvi yak matni mukammale ba miyon omadaast, ki yagon juzi onro ikhtisor kardan mahol ast.

• Matni zerinro bo qolabi tasviri bolo muqoisa namuda, robi- tai manoii bayni juzhoi matn va tarzu vositahoi lugaviyu grammatikii aloqai jumlahoi onro muayyan kuned:

SHumo gumon nakuned, ki in juyborho juybori kalon va obhoyashon gurrishdori galton boshand. Ne! Mo az tangii ibo- rat ba in nom yod kardem, vagarna pahnobe bud, ki qadash az qomati sabza va sebargahoi navkheze, ki dar rohi harakati u ruyida budand, balandi nadosht va sadoi harakatash az ovozi junbishi zangulai simini sari zulfi simbaroni nozukkhiro- mi tojik tafovute namekard. (S.A.)

! Matn hajman gunogun meshavad. Matni kalon ba bobu faslho, matni khurd yakchand jumla yo chand sarkhatro dar bar megirad. Dar aloqamand namudani jumlaho dar dokhili matn mutobiqati shaklhoi feli, jonishinho, payvandakho, vohidhoi tufayli, murodifhoi lugavi va qolabhoi muvozi chun vositahoi lugaviyu manoi va grammatiki khizmat mekunand.

Sarkhatho az lihozi mundarijayu vazifaashon dar matn gunogun meshavand: tavzehi, vaslkunanda, mahdudkunanda va zamima yo ilova. Dar sarkhati tavzehi chand fikr paiham bayon meshavad; dar sarkhati vaslkunanda bo yorii vohidhoi tufaylii albatta, dar barobari in, dar haqiqat, ilova bar in, bar zammi in, az in jost, ki…, inchunin, inak, khullasi kalom va gayra fikri minbada bo mundarijai sarkhati peshomada vasl megardad; dar sarkhati mahdudkunanda sarkhati minbadaro bo kalimayu tarkibhoi ammo, vale, lekin, hol on ki, balki, bo vujudi in, bo in hama, sarfi nazar az in, faqat va gayra bo mundarijai sarkhati avval muqobil meguzorad yo mahdud mekunad; dar sarkhati zamima fikru mulohizai okhirin bo tarkibhoi mahz hamin, ana hamin, hamai in va gayra ba mundarijai sarkhathoi peshomada ilova megardad.

• Matni zerin chi guna ast va on chi tarz sokhta shudaast? Juzhoi matn bo hamdigar chi tariqa aloqamand shudaand?

SHabe, hangomi khob Spitamenro hamsarash(2) sar burida, bo gulomi jinoyatsharikash(2) ba qarorgohi(2) Iskandar ovard. Badi muoina Iskandar ba durustii sukhanoni zan bovar kard. Vale dar u andeshai noguvore paydo shud. Holo sari on shakh- se, ki hazoron sarbozoni(2) dalerashro qir karda, uro du sol in jo poband namud, dar nazdash istodaast!(4) CHi qadar mam- lakathoro girift, lashkarhoi purquvvatro(2) bo sarvaroni(2) nomdorash(2) shikast dod, ammo Spitamen baroi u dastnoras(2) mond(4). Iskandar ahamiyati in khidmatro mefahmid, vale hissi nafrat ba in zan, ki khiyonatkorona(2) shavhari khudro – padari farzandoni khudro kusht, bolo girift(4). Farmud, ki uro az qarorgohash ronand…

Inak, bistu se asr guzasht az on ruzgore, ki Spitameni di- lovar bahri ozodii khalqu diyori khud fidokorona(2) jangida- ast. Kornamoii(2) uro dushmanonash ham etirof kardaand va on dar makhazhoi ilmii dunyoi qadim zikr yoftaast. In hama boisi iftikhori tojikon ast. Binobar in vorisoni imruza bo maqsadi zinda kardani nomi u, jasoratu mardonagii(2) u yake az joizahoi olii Jumhurii Tojikistonro bo nomash tasis dodaand (Majalla).

• Payvandakhoi khilofi dar sarkhati avval chi vazifaro ado kar- ij daand?
• Dar sarkhati duyum vazifai kalimai inak, iborai in hama va tarkibi binobar in chist?

I Dar jumlai avvali sarkhat bunyodi matlab ifoda meyobad, guyo poydevori binoi matlab guzoshta meshavad, jum- lahoi minbada on fikrro tavzeh va intishor medihand. Dar jumlai yakumi sarkhati avval – «SHabe, hangomi khob…» kirdo- ri khiyonatkoronai hamsari Spitamen, dar jumlahoi minbada munosibati Iskandar ba harifi shujo va zani khiyonatkori u ifoda gardidaast. Dar jumlai avvali sarkhati duyum qahra- monii Spitamen pas az sipari gardidani bistu se asr khotir- nishon va dar jumlahoi minbada munosibatu qadrdonii vo- risoni imruzai u nisbat ba farzandoni fidokori khud zikr yoftaast. Malum meshavad, ki dar hama guna sarkhat hamin tarzi ustukhonbandii bayoni voqea rioya megardad.

134. Matni zerinro ba sarkhatho judo va muayyan kuned, ki dar har sarkhat jumlai avval chi andesharo ifoda namudaast va jum- lahoi minbada on fikrro chi tarz intishor dodaand? Dar do- khili har sarkhat jumlaho bo hamdigar bo kadom vositahoi luga- viyu grammatiki aloqamand shudaand? CHaro pesh az payvandaki khilofii vale nuqta guzoshtaand?

Soli digar – avvali bahor ba Samarqand omadam va ba ziyorati qabrash raftam(4). Mavsime bud, ki sabza dar har ta- raf sar zada va lolahoi shukufta, ba qavli Payrav, dogi gam bar jigar zada budand(4). Dar pahlui obidai purhashamati(2) SHohi Zinda(6), dar domani teppae qabri u meistod. Beikhti- yor(2) sukhanoni Eraj ba khotiram rasid, ki guftaast:

Maskani ishqi jahon ast in jo, YAk jahon ishq nihon ast in jo!(4)

Dar in shahrchai murdagon khomushii mutlaqe hukmfarmo bud. Obidahoi chandin sadsolai SHohi Zinda, qabrhoi atrof va in qabre, ki dar zerash dili khurushone mekhobid, hama khomush ba nazar merasidand. Vale Payrav khomush nabud. U dar dili mo, dar dili hazoron khonandagonash zinda bud, ba vosi- tai osori qalamiash bo mo guftugu mekard, ba vositai rubobi nazmash hissiyoti moro navozish menamud, ba vositai sherho- yash ba mo ruhbalandi(2) mebakhshid (R.H.).

• Nomi Payrav dar kadom jumlaho zikr yoftaast va dar jumla- hoi digar kadom jonishinu ishorajonishinho ba vay ishora kardaand?
• Dar ifodahoi dogi gam, rubobi nazm, shahrchai murdagon va hissiyotro navozish kardan kadom kalima ba manoi asli va kadom kalima ba manoi majozi omadaast?
• Muallif ba mazmuni jumlai «Dar in shahrchai murdagon khomushii mutlaq hukmfarmo bud» chiro muqobil meguzorad?
• Dar jumlai avvali matn charo pas az holi zamoni «Soli digar» alomati tire guzoshta shudaast?

135. Bayti Eraj Mirzoro ba daftar navishta, az ruyi tajribai zin- dagii khud khatti manidod kuned. Az chizhoi didayu shunida yo az joe khondaaton misol ovared. Ilova bar in, matni suporishi 112-ro khonda, sharh dihed, ki charo pesh az jumlae, ki bo payvan- daki khilofii ammo sar shudaast, nuqta guzoshta, jumlai digar- ro bo harfi kalon (“Ammo…”) ogoz namudaand.
136. Matnro bodiqqat khoned va mulohiza namoed, ki ikhtilofi du ba- rodar az chi ogoz yofta, jarayon girift va bo chi anjom paziruft.

Nazari shumo ba niyatu amali du barodar chi guna ast? Naqshai jarayoni voqearo tartib dihed va az ruyi on tafsiloti voqearo batartib bayon kuned.

Nasri pisari Ahmad bar Ismoil vazifa nihoda bud, ki az amvoli Bukhoro har sole ba andozai panjsad hazor diram khiroj gird ovarda, ba Samarqand firistad(4). Vale, azbaski ahli Bukhoro bar asari janghoi payopay(2) kambagal shudand, amir Ismoil bar khud ravo nadid, ki az mardumi bebizoat khi- roj faroham orad(4). Nasr chandin bor ba talabi khiroji Bu- khoro qosidon firistod, ammo amir Ismoil har dafa bo har bahona az in amri barodar sarpechi kard va az hamin sabab mi- yoni du barodar ikhtilof aftod(4).

Hasudoni darbori Nasr ba u badguyiho(2) kardand, ki ba- rodarash az ijroi farmoni u sar tofta, ba muqobilash livoi muqobilat afroshtaast(4). Otashi khashmu gazabi Nasr bolo girift va qasdi jang bo barodar kard. Mohi rajabi soli 272 hijrii qamari (dekabri 985) Nasr lashkari azime faroham ovard va ruy ba Bukhoro nihod.

Amir Ismoil az in iqdomi barodarash khabar yoft va az sari muhabbatu ehtirome, ki ba u dosht, bo lashkariyoni u ba jang napayvast va az shahri Bukhoro berun raft(4)…

9 1) Dar matn kadom kalimaho bisyor takror shudaand va in dar sokhtori matn chi ahamiyat dorad?

• Dar sarkhati avval payvandakhoi khilofii vale, ammo chi guna vazifahoro ado kardaand?
• Dar sarkhati duyum sukhani darboriyoni Nasr chi tarz naql shu- daast? Onro ba tarzi digari naql bargardoned.

! Odatan hodisa, voqea, sarguzasht, naqlu rivoyat az zaboni L*J guyanda – muallif (shakhsi yakumi tanho) hikoyat karda meshavad. Mumkin ast, ki on hodisa yo voqea az zaboni shakhsi seyum (qahramoni asar) bayon karda shavad. In tarzi bayoni fikrro uslubi naql menomand (chunon ki dar povesti «Jal- lodoni Bukhoro» mushohida meshavad). Aksar navisandagon hikoyatro az tasviri makon va zamon, muhit, tasviri namudi zohiri, holati ruhii qahramonu personajhoi asar ogoz meku- nand:

1. Dami begoh(4). Oftob toji zarrine bud bar sari kuh. Vay nurhoi okhirinashro az sari dehavu sahro, dashtu domanai kuh kashida, gurub mekard. Har qadar ki nuri oftob khiratar meshud, rangi osmoni lojuvardi hamon qadar pursafoyu jilo- bakhsh megasht(4). Az furu rafta istodani oftob malakhu kalta- kaloshoi dashti ba tashvish aftodand magar ki, chir-chir ovoz mebarovardand(4,7).

In manzara ba Nazokat nashayu halovati tozae mebakhshid. Vay hamrohi SHarofatkhola govhoro jushida shuda, aknun ba suyi deha furomada meraft… (A.A.).

2. Man zud matoi bisyor chi az khud, chi az savdogaroni digar giriftam va bo onho raftam. CHun ba haram daromadam, imo- rati olie didam, pur az nozaninsanamoni farangi(4). Hama khurshedliqoi mohpaykar, hama nozukandomi siminbar, hama zuhrajabin va rashki qamar. Dar on miyon nozanindilorome, nozukandome, mohrukhsore, ohunigohe, mijgonsiyohe, pistala- be, simingabgabe, mushkinmue, kamandgesue, gunchadahone, shi- rinkalome. chun obi hayot dar siyohi nihon gashta, dar boloi nimtakhte nishasta va digar mohpaykaron monandi sitoragon dar girdash saf basta. Lekin on podshohi suratu mani dar ayni bedimogi sar ba zer afkanda va asari malol az peshonai holash namoyon bud (CHor darvesh).

Dar matni avval hikoyat az tasviri yak lahzai manzarai ta- biat – gurubi oftob ogoz yofta, sipas bayoni voqeai asar shuru megardad. Dar matni duyum dar jarayoni hikoyat husnu jamoli benaziri nozaninoni harami podshoh tasvir karda meshavad. Paydost, ki ba tariqi hikoyat bayon kardani fikr bo tasviri zamonu makon, manzarahoi tabiat, husnu jamoli shakhs, jahoni botinii vay omezish meyobad.

Dar tasvir istifodai tavsifot (dar matni bolo: loju- vardi, pursafo. ), takrori kalima (hama), ba tariqi chida ovardani azohoi jumla, ogoz yoftani tasvir az jumlahoi unvoni, ki makon yo zamoni voqearo mefahmonand (Dami be- goh), bo shaklhoi zamoni guzashtai nazdik yo hikoyagi (gurub mekard, khiratar meshud…) va gohe bo maqsadi nazdik tasavvur kardani hodisa yo voqeai kayho guzashta bo shakli zamoni ho- zira-oyanda ifoda yoftani khabar beshtar mushohida megardad.

137. Matnhoi boloro ba daftar navised. Ba zeri kalimahoe, ki tak- ror shudaand va bo ham tanosubi manoi dorand, khat kashed. SHarh dihed, ki kadom jonishinho va payvandak dar aloqamand namudani juzhoi matn khidmat kardaand.
138. Dar matni zerin jarayoni bayoni fikr chi tarz surat giriftaast va dar in bobat az matni suporishi 139 chi farq dorad? Sar- khatho va jumlahoi dokhili onho bo hamdigar chi tarz aloqamand shudaand?

Dastonam dar havo muallaq meistodand. Dil andaruni sinaam gup-gup(3) metapid. Huni garmi noshinos, vale rohat- bakhsh tamomi vujudamro davr mezad. Bori avval bud, ki haro- rati suzonu guvoroero his mekardam. Ajabam meomad. Hayron meshudam(4). Dar in lahzaho gumon mekardam, az osmoni ba- lande sarozer(2) ba zamin meoyam, dilam tah mekashid, kayfiya- ti nomalume tanamro ba rasha meovard(4).

Dar kafhoi kushoda va muallaqi khud nogah angushthoi narmu nafisero his namudam. In angushthoi hayotbakhshi(2) Zebi bud. Maro rohati guvoro az kafi dast to nokhuni po faro girift. Aknun az khud bekhud meshudam, az qolabi hasti berun mekhazidam(4).

Beikhtiyor angushthoi latifi uro ba lab burdam. (S.S.)

G?! 1) Dar sarkhati avval payvandaki vale kalimaro bo kalima, jumlaro bo jumla va yo chand jumlaro bo yakchand jumlai digar aloqamand kardaast?

• CHaro khabari jumlaho bo shaklhoi zamoni guzashtai fel (gu- zashtai hikoyagi: meistodand, metapid, davr mezadand, his me- karDam…, guzashtai nazdik: his namuDam, faro girift, burDam) ifoda yoftaast?
• Dar sarkhati duyum jonishini in dar sokhtori matn chi sahm gu- zoshtaast?
• CHaro fikr beshtar bo jumlahoi yaktarkibai muayyanshakhs (… harorati suzonu guvoroero his namuDam; Hayron shuDam…) ifo- da yoftaast?
• Alomati senuqta ba chi mani dalolat mekunad va ba sokhtori matne, ki az yakchand sarkhat iborat ast, chi tasir merasonad?

Ba aqidai A. P. CHekhov, hodisahoi tabiatro bo tavsifhoi umumi va obshusta tasvir kardan lozim nest, zero khonanda az chunin tasvir zamon yo makoni voqearo ravshan tasavvur karda nametavonad. Navisanda dar tasviri manzarai tabiat boyad ba juziyot etibor dihad va yagon nuktai darkshavandaro intikhob kunad. CHunonchi, shabi mahtobro tasvir kardani shaved, nagued: «SHab bud. Dar osmon porae ham abr dida nameshud. Mohi shabi chahordah nurposhi mekard». Honanda in satrhoro mutolia namuda, chashm pushida, on shabro peshi nazar ovarda nametavonad. Agar shumo chunin navised: «SHab bud. Dar nazdi novai juyi osiyob shishaporae yaltiros mezad». YO in ki: «SHab bud. Sage az nazdam davida guzasht, az yak pahluyash soyaash ham», shumo shabi mahtobro na tanho tasavvur mekuned, balki bo chashmoni khud mebined. Misli hamin, Hakim Karim dar tasviri nimi ruz nagufta- ast, ki: «Nimi ruz bud. Oftobi garmi chillai tobiston rost ba boloi sar omada, nurhoi garmi khudro sakhovatmandona ba zamin nisor mekard», balki navishtaast: «Safedori balandi labi juy soyai khudro gum karda bud».

139. Tavsiyai A. P. CHekhovro ba kor burda ba tasviri yagon fasli sol pardozed. Sukhanro chunin ogoz kuned:

Sabab chi boshad, ki fasli khazonro ziyodtar dust medo- ram…

CHillai zimistoni qahratun.

Zimiston nameraft, bahor nameomad. Barfu boron, rutu- bat intiho nadosht.

Fasli bahor bud, ammo imsol borish noz mekard.

Omad-omadi bahori Dushanbero khele pazmon shudaam. Har bahor, dar arafai idi bonuvon kokulakoni majnunbed barg- hoi gushaki mush kushoda, sabz meshavand…

140. Matni zerinro ba daftar navishta, ba zeri kalimayu istilohot khat kashed. SHarh dihed, ki matn ba kadom uslubi bayon taalluq dorad, dar on manoi kadom kalimaho baroyaton ravshan nest, istilohho dar kadom sohai ilm ba kor burda meshavand, fikr ba vositai chi guna jumlaho ifoda yoftaast.

Dar loiha dar masalai jumlahoi payravi khilofi gufta shudaast, ki onho dar in shaklho ham kor farmuda shavand:

a)  Garchande ki (agarchande ki) vay mutakhassis ast, ammo (lekin) dar in kor hej chiz namefahmad.

b)  Garchande ki vay mutakhassis ast, bo vujudi in dar in kor hej chiz namefahmad.

Dar in jo, ba fikri mo, dar surati mavjud budani kali- mai garchande ki dar avvali sarjumla omadani kalimai ammo yo bo vujudi in tamoman ziyod ast va ba sokhti jumla khalal me- rasonad.

In guna jumlaho dar shakli «Bo vujudi on ki vay mutakhas- sis ast, dar in masala hej chiz namefahmad» yo «Garchande ki vay mutakhassis ast, dar in masala hej chiz namefahamad» kor farmuda shavand, behtar ast (H.YU.).

I Tafovuti ba tarzi muhokima ifoda yoftani fikr az hi- koyat va tasvir dar in ast, ki guyanda yo navisanda dar halli masalae aqidai harifro rad namuda, durust va asos- nok budani aqidai khudro bo dalelho isbot mekunad. Hangomi bahsi ilmi, odatan, avval yak andesha zikr meyobad, ki mohiyati bahsro dar bar megirad. On andesharo bunyodi bahs (yo tezis) meguya nd.

Dar avvali matni bolo Habib YUsufi yak nuktai bahsta- labi tarzi aloqamand namudani jumlai payravi khilofro bo sarjumla chun bunyodi bahs zikr karda, namunahoero, ki dar loihai nahvi zaboni tojiki baroi istifoda tavsiya shudaand, ba du band (a, b) judo karda meorad va dar borai onho mulohi- zahoi khudro bayon namuda, tarzi durusti aloqamand namudani jumlai payravi khilofro bo sarjumla peshnihod mekunad. Vale muallifi maqola naguftaast, ki tarzi peshnihodkardai u charo, az kadom jihat va bo chi dalel behtar ast.

CHunin tarzi bayoni fikr dar maqolahoi ilmi va taqriz ba kor meravad.

141. Dar maqolai ilmii zerin chi guna khususiyati matni muhokima mushohida meshavad? Juzi bunyod yo nuktai bahsnoki (tezisi) matn, aqidahoi bahstalabi muhaqqiqoni digar, fikri mualli- fi maqola, dalelhoi u baroi isboti fikri khud va khulosa yo na- tijagirii muallif kadom ast?

Balkhi Bomi yo Balkhi nomi?

Dar ogozi yak hikoyai «Guliston»-i Sadi chunin omada: «Sole az Balkhi Bomiyonam safar bud». Azbaski aksari koti- bon va shorehoni asrimiyonagii «Guliston» va muhaqqiqonu mutarjimoni zamoni mo mafhumi Balkhi Bomi yo Balkhi Bo- miyonro namedonistand, matlabi Sadiro durust nafahmida, matni hikoyatro ba salohdidi khesh nuskhabardori kardaand(4).

CHunonchi, shorehi «Guliston» Muhammad Akrami Mul- toni nuskhai Sadiro chunin tahrir karda: «Sole az Balkh bo shomiyonam safar bud». Sipas dar tavzehi matlab menavisad: «.. .yane az Balkh ba suyi SHom bo shomiyon meraftam».

Dar tamomi nuskhahoi qadimai «Guliston», ki ba asrhoi XIII-XIV mansuband, «Sole az Balkhi Bomiyonam safar bud» sabt yoftaast(4). Az asri XV binobar nafahmidani on, ki «Bomiyon» laqabi shahri Balkh ast, nuskhabardoronu shorehon tahrirhoi navi in matlabi Sadiro «ejod» kardaand(4).

Dar bobati on ki Bomi va Bomiyon laqabi shahri Balkh ast, muallifoni farhangnomayu sharhhoi mutabar muttafi- qand(4). Az jumla, sohibi «Farhangi Onandroj» dar tafsi- ri kalimai Balkh malumoti zerinro meorad: «Balkh shahrest mashhur, ki az binohoi salotini qadimi Ajam buda va solho Luhrospu Gushtosp dar on jo zistand va dar on otashkada sokhta budand va onro Navbahor khondaand(4). Va hamchunon ki Marvro Marvi SHojon (SHohijahon) guyand, onro Balkhi Bomi- yon guftaand»(4).

Hamin tavr, bo lafzhoi rumiyon va shomiyon ivaz kardani Bomiyon(4), Balkhi Bomiro Balkhi nomi khondan(4) va safari Sa- diro az Balkh ba Bomiyon donistan(4) galathoeand, ki az nado- nistani laqabi Balkh sar zadaast(4) (A.N.).

L u g a t:

SHoreh – sharhdihanda, tafsirkunanda.

Muttafiq – hamfikr, hamaqida.

Bomi, Bomiyon – az kalimai avastoii bama – ba manoi «durakh- shon» ast.

SHom – nomi qadimai Dimishq ast.

• Ogohi paydo karded, ki na tanho odamon laqab doshtaand, bal- ki baze shahrhoi qadima ham sohibi laqab budaand. Bigued, ki boz kadom shahru kishvarhoro medoned, ki ba nomi asliashon si- fati digare niz chun laqab zam gardidaast.
• Hangomi murojiat namudan ba manbahoi ilmi yo dalel ovar- dan bar isboti fikri khud muallifi maqola kadom vohidhoi tu- fayliro kor farmudaast?
• Aqidai muallif bo kadom vohidi tufayli jambast shuda- ast?
• Istilohoti matn ba kadom sohai ilm mutaalliq ast?
• Bayni sarkhathoi matn va dar dokhili onho bayni jumlaho chi robitahoi manoi va grammatiki mushohida meshavand va onho bo kadom vositahoi lugaviyu grammatiki ifoda yoftaand?

!     Dar muhokimai ilmi aqida boyad saheh, daqiq va asosnok

ifoda gardad. Dalelho etimodnok, bebahs va ba darajai kofi ovarda shavand. Muhokima boyad dar zaminai ustuvori mantiqi sukhan surat girad.

Hangomi muhokimai masala andesha batartib va pay dar pay bayon karda meshavad. Mulohiza va dalelho bo tarti- bi raqam, harf yo vohidhoi tufaylii avvalan, soniyan, yakum, duyum, az yak taraf, az tarafi digar va gayra guruhbandi karda meshavand. Mulohiza va dalelho boyad mukammal ovar- da shavand: bad az kalimai avvalan yak andesha yo dalel ki zikr yoft, boyad bo kalimai soniyan davomi fikr ham bayon sha- vad. Dar intihoi muhokima fikr bo vohidhoi tufaylii ba hamin tariq, khulosa, khullasi kalom va gayra jambast karda meshavad. Hangomi istinod, ishora kardan ba manbahoi fikr tarkibu jumlahoi ba aqidai, tibqi malumoti, chunon ki dar bolo ishora kardem, ba tarze ki sarchashmaho shahodat me- dihand va amsoli inho ba kor burda meshavand.

Dar matni muhokima hangomi aloqamand namudani yak jumla ba jumlai digar kalimayu ifodahoi binoan, binobar in, az in ru, bo vujudi in, bo in hama, dar in holat, dar in guna mavridho, az in jost, ki va gayra beshtar duchor meoyand.

• Matnro khonda, nuktahoi asosii onro ba daftar navised. Fikr kuned, ki boz dar kadom mavridho in jonishin barziyod kor far- muda meshavad.

«Hud»-hoi barziyod

Ruze raisi yak majlis baroi ba ovoz guzoshtani taklife guft: «Har kas tarafdori in taklif boshad, dasti khudro bar- dorad(4)». YAk rafiqi khushtab az nuqsoni in jumla pay burd va shukhiomez guft: «Rafiqon, hushyor boshed, ki dasti kasi di- garro nabardored, faqat dasti khudro bardored».

Ore, sukhani raisi majlis bemantiq bud. Hud az khud ma- lum ast, ki dar vaqti ovoz dodan har kas dasti khudro khohad bardosht, na dasti kasi digarro(4). Binobar in ba takid ovar- dani kalimai khuD zarur nest…

Mutaassifona, sohibi aslii in khato on raisi majlis na- bud, balki u galati mashhurero, ki dar matbuoti mo khele pahn shudaast, takror kard(4). Magar jumlahoi zerin dar beman- tiqi(2) monandi gapi on rais nestand?

Halqho az imperialiston(5) talab mekunand, ki dasti khud- ro az mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika(1) kashand! U asari khudro navisht (M.SH.).

• Nutqi aynan naqlshudai sarkhati avvalro ba mazmunan naql- shuda bargardoned.
• Hissachai tasdiqii «ore» dar sokhtori matn chi vazifaro ado mekunad?
• Dar sarkhati seyum kadom unsurhoi lugavi, manoi va gram- matiki dar aloqamand kardani juzhoi matn (jumlahoi pesh va pasomada) khizmat mekunand?
• Sababhoi guzoshta shudani alomathoi kitobatro gued.

143. Hangomi mutoliai matni zerin beshtar ba on etibor dihed, ki muallifi kitobi «Har sukhan joevu har nukta maqome dorad» M.SHakuri baroi isboti fikri khud az manbahoi ilmi chi tarz foida burda, aqidai khudro asosnok kardaast. Mazmuni matnro ba daftar navishta, sharh dihed, ki dar on kadom istilohhoi zabonshinosi istifoda shudaand va onho dar sokhtori manoii matn chi sahm guzoshtaand:

Namud

Kalimai namud dar bisyore az navishtahoi imruza manoe paydo kardaast, ki ba manoi aslii on hej muvofiq nameoyad. Onro beshtar ba manoi nav va khel kor mefarmoyand. CHunon- chi, ba in tarz:

In namudi tashbeh dar gazalhoi shoir nihoyat kam ast; Na- mudhoi alohidai rustaniyu hayvonot az bayn meravand (yane az bayn rafta istodaand); Plan az ruyi baze namudhoi mah- suloti khojagii qishloq ijro nashud…

Dar «Farhangi zaboni tojiki» namud chunin ezoh shu- daast: 1) aft, shakl, simo, manzara; 2) namuna, timsol. Ustod Ayni dar «Lugati nimtafsili» manoi onro ba nazar namu- dan hisob karda, chunin misol ovardaast: Namudi in chiz khub ast.

Namud dar asl asosi feli namudan buda, in fel ba ma- noi nishon dodan, namoyon kardan yo shudan, ba nazar omadan va gayra istemol megardad. CHunon ki shoir guftaast:

Dushvor namoi rukhu dushvor dihi bus, Oson biraboi dilu oson bubari jon.

Namudor ham az hamin fel buda, masalan, namudor shu- dan “namoyon gardidan” ast. Az in qiyos namud shakli zohirii har chiz ast. «Vaqte ki dar yak zabon yak kalima ba yak mano khos shavad, ba manoi digar ba hej asos kuchondan mumkin nest». In jo komilan haq ba jonibi ustod Ayni.

144. Dar guftuguyi imruza hagomi safar bazan «Moshinaro dar ha- min jo man kuned» meguyand. Feli «man kardan» magar chu- nin mani ham dorad? Az lugatho istifoda burda, mulohizaho- yatonro navised.
145. Matnro botaammul mutolia kuned va bigued, ki on ba kadom us- lubi bayon taalluq dorad, matlabi nigoranda chi tariqa (hikoyat, tasvir, muhokima) ifoda yoftaast va baroi muassir bayon kar- dani maqsad kadom vositai uslubii zabon istifoda shudaast:

Mo baso mushohida kardaem, ki dar tuyho, marakaho, ni- shastho, mahfilho, jashnhoi solgireh va hokazo asosan sho- iron, navisandagon, ruznomanigoron, muharriri ruznomai shahr yo nohiya, muallimoni zabon va adabiyotro «dar gap usto» gufta soqi intikhob mekunand, na muallimi khimiya yo fizika- ro… CHaro? CHaro digaron «dar gap usto» ne? CHaro raisi kolkhoz, ki az hama ijroi bekamukosti planro talab mekunad, nameta- vonad, dar tuyi uzvi kolkhozi khud soqii maraka boshad? CHaro u baroi talabi ijroi plan sukhan meyobad, ammo dar ruzi shodi harfe gufta nametavonad? Sabab in jost, ki qisme az ziyoiyon bo hama donishi ikhtisosi odamoni khushkand, marakaoroyi az dastashon nameoyad, sukhane bar sukhane nametavonand zam biku- nand, dar holathoi muayyan khushguyi, hozirjavobi, baytguyi, shahdrezi va shirinadoi karda nametavonand (Loiq).

• Pursishi “CHaro?” va dar avvali jumlahoi minbada takror shudani on bo chi maqsad ast? Hamin matlabro bo jumlai khabari ham ifoda kardan mumkin ast?
• Kalimai solgirehro shoir ba chi mano kor farmudaast?
• CHaro dar azohoi chida pasvandhoi jambandi –ho va –on (-gon) takror shudaand?

I Savoli ritoriki chunin tarzi pursish ast, ki dar on maqsadi savoldihanda az musohib chizero pursida donistan nest, balki ba vositai ohangi pursish matlabi khudro tasirbakhsh ifoda kardan ast. In guna jumlahoi savoliro gayriasli ham meguyand. Matlab az «CHaro?» in ast, ki na hamai azoi jomea, hatto ziyoiyon marifati baland, hunari sukhanvariyu mahfiloroyi dorand. Agar fikr chunin bayon shavad, muassir va purjoziba namebaroyad. Binobar in dar matni bolo shoir az jumlahoi savolii ritoriki chun vositai muassiri nahvi foida burdaast.

Gohe guyanda yo navisanda hangomi muhokima khud ba khud chand fikrro pay dar pay bo ohangi savol bayon namuda, dar okhir ba on pursishho khud javob medihad. In ham yake az imkonoti uslubii nahvi zabon ast, ki bo maqsadi takidi fikr va ifoda namudani yagon ehsosoti musbat yo manfii khud ba kor mebarand. CHunin vositahoi muassiri nahvi beshtar dar asari badei va janrhoi publisistii badei istifoda meshavand. Namunai khubi ba kor burdani in usuli takidi fikr misoli bolost.

146. Ba alomathoi ist va zadai mantiqi rioya namuda matnro bur- ro qiroat kuned. Bigued, ki on ba kadom uslubi bayon taalluq dorad va muallif dar on az kadom imkonoti uslubii ifodai muassiri fikr istifoda burdaast?

– Uy yasavul! Gapatro donista zan! Mo duzd shuda khonai kiro zadem, buzu gusfandi kiro burdem, ba zanu farzandi ki bo chashmi bad nigoh kardem?… Duzd kasest, ki bebois ba khonai mardumoni bekas pakhsh karda medaroyad! Duzd kasest, ki becho- rai beyaroqro ba dast darovarda, ba sarash shamsher mekashad va ba sinaash miltiq menihad! Duzd kasest, ki mardumoni becho- rai ba kori khud mashgulro besabab mebandad, mebarad, mezanad, mekushad! Duzd kasest, ki na tanho moli faqironro megirad, balki zan, farzand, nomus va obruyi bechoragonro ham poymol mekunad!… Agar hanuz ham ki budani duzdro nadonista boshi, shunida mon, ki khudi tu duzd, amlokdorat duzd, hokimat duzd, vazirat duzd, qoziyu raisat duzd! SHunidi?! (S.A.)

• Kalimahoi yasavul, amlokDor, qozi, shamsher chi guna oburang (uslubii guftuguyi yo kitobi, hissii musbat yo manfi, zamon, mahal) dorand va dar matn bo chi maqsad kor farmuda shudaand?
• Kadom kalimaho dar zaboni imruza manoi nav paydo karda- and?
• Iborai bo chashmi bad nigoh kardan chi guna vohidi zabon ast va chi mano dorad?
• Jonishini khud dar ifodai «khudi tu duzd» ba manoi nafsi (sohibi) omadaast yo baroi takid?
• Bandakjonishini shakhsiyu sohibii -at (dar kalimahoi am- lokdor, hokim, vazir, qoziyu rais) chi guna oburangi hissi zohir kardaast?
• CHaro dar jumlai “SHunidi?!” alomati savolu khitob guzoshta shudaast?

Manoi lugavii kalimai tahrir navishtan va ozod kardani gulom, vale manoi istilohii on dar jurnalistika va sohai nashriyot ikhtisor yo ilova kardan va isloh namudani nuqsonhoi matn ast. Muhammad Gazoli dar «Nasihat-ul-muluk» navishtaast: «Va chun noma navisi, pesh az on ki binavardi (lulavor bipechoni), furukhon, on goh binavard, to, gar khatoe boshad, onro andaryofta oyad. Va jahd boyad kardan, to sukhan kutoh buvadu mano daroz va sukhan dubora navishta nashavadu az alfozi garon parhez kunad, to sutuda (tarifzeb) buvad».

Har chizi navishta umri daroz mebinad va az sohibqalam masuliyati beshtar talab mekunad. Mujazbayoni ham oson mu- yassar namegardad. Binobar in navisandagon matni asarhoi khudro borho khonda, «qalam mezanand», to ki sukhan kutoh, pur- mazmun, benuqson va pukhta baroyad. CHunin khislatro dar khud parvaridan ba har fardi bamarifati jomea vojib ast.

147. Matnhoro muqoisa namuda, muayyan kuned, ki navisanda hango- mi tahriri onho kadom kalima yo iboraro ikhtisor yo bo kalimayu

iborai digar ivaz namudaast. Mulohiza kuned, ki Hakim Karim charo mahz hamin tarzi bayonro saloh donista bud.

148. Jumlahoro bodiqqat khoned va muayyan kuned, ki kadom kalimaho barziyod yo galat kor farmuda shudaand. Jumlahoro isloh karda, ba daftar navised.
149. Dar markazi shahr binohoi shonzdahoshyona bo oroishi hozirazamon qomat afrukhtaand; 2. Kotibai imruza dar mavri- di iqtisodiyoti jahoni boyad taassuroti komil doshta boshad; 3. Orzu doram, dar oyandai nazdiktarin dar fazoi Tojiki- ston parchami yakdili hukmfarmo megardad; 4. Mutaassifona, in qaror ham purra halli khudro nayoft; 5. Hohonam, hamesha boloi sari javonon osmoni begubor va oftobi purbor shu- laafkan boshad; 6. Safar ba chashmoni khud bovar namekard,

ki dar yak shab chi tagyirothoe shuda dar bozor; 7. Ashkhose nizhast, ki adlu insofro az dast dodayu ramazonro ba manfiati daromad istifoda mekunand; 8. Mavzui sulh, dustii khalqho, barodari, vatandusti dar osori Mirzo Tursunzoda mavqei asosi dorand; 9. Manbai asosii obi toza barfu piryakhhoi Po- mir meboshand; 10. Bo ba kor darovardani korkhona 32 nafar joyi kor paydo namud; 11. Aksari mutakhassisone, ki dar kor- khonahoi sanoat kor mekunand, onho dar Tojikiston zindagoni mekunand (Ruznoma).

• Dar matni 4 jonishini khuD bamavqe omadaast? Feli hal karDan (shuDan, yoftan) bo kadom ismho tanosubi manoi dorad? Ismi qaror kadom felhoro talab mekunad?
• Ismi oftob chi guna sifatho dorad va kadome az onho ba mat- ni 5 sozgor meaftad?
• Kadom amal khosi parcham ast (dar matni 3)?
• CHi kor boyad kard, ki dar matni 10 peshoyandhoi bo va ba ham- pahlu naoyand?

Baze shakhsoni durandeshi ahli marifat az javoni chunin mekardaand: har andeshai az kase shunida yo az joe khondaashonro dar daftari khotira yo varaqchaho mukhtasar qayd karda, ba daruni lifofae andokhta, ba ruyi on nomi mavzuro menavishtaand. Barobari sipari gardidani solho daruni on lifofaho ham pur shudan megiriftaast. Har goh dar yagon mavzu chize navishtani yo dar joe sukhanroni kardani shavand, pesh az hama, on lifofaro kushoda, malumoti on varaqchahoro khonda, dar maqola, maruza va yo sukhanroni istifoda mekarda- and.

Ba maktabiyon ham lozim meoyad, ki muhtavoi asosii darsi nazariro ba tariqi fishurda (tezis) yo natijagiri (konspekt) binavisand. In zahmati andak samarai bobarakat dorad: fikr ba masalahoi digar pareshon nameshavad, diqqat ba mavzui dars jalb megardad, mayna ba justuju medaroyad, savolhoi nav ba nav paydo meshavand, az muallim mepursad, dars faol ja- rayon megirad…

Fishurda nomi fasl yo sarlavhahoi chizi mutoliashuda nest, balki nuktahoi az hama muhimi masala ast, ki mukhta- sar az zaboni khud yo aynan dar nokhunak navishta, dar maru- zai ilmi yo referat baroi tasdiqi fikri khud ba sifati dalel ovarda meshavad.

Maruzai ilmi bo madadi muallim az tarafi khonanda na- vishta meshavad. Muallim mavzui maruza va nomguyi asaru maqolahoi ilmiro peshnihod mekunad yo khudi khonanda mavzu- ro intikhob namuda, ba justujuyi mavodi ilmi va mutolia me- pardozad. Bad az faroham ovardani mavod naqshai maruzaro tartib doda, az ruyi on ba navishtan shuru mekunad. Badi anjomi kor matni maruzaro bodiqqat khonda, tahrir mekunad. Maruza dar mahfil yo jamomadhoi ilmi khonda meshavad. Ba hamin minvol faoliyati mustaqilona maruza, maqola, refe- rat va taqriz navishtan ogoz megardad. Hamai adibon, ruzno- manigoron va olimon kori ilmiyu ejodiro hamin tavr ogoz kardaand.

• Korro az natijagirii (konspekt kardani) darsi adabiyot yo ta- rikh shuru kuned. Hangomi qayd namudani nuktahoi asosii mavzui dars chand savol omoda karda, dar okhiri dars az mual- lim pursed. Tavajjuhi ustod ba shumo beshtar megardad.

156. Ba du savol javob navised:
157. CHi zarurat pesh omad, ki inson boyad tabiatro ehtiyot ku- nad?
158. CHi zarurat moro pesh omad, ki Qonuni zabonro qabul kunem?

Javobhoro ba tariqi maruza yo yak guzorishi mukhtasari ilmi tayyor karda, dar huzuri hamsabaqon khoned. On boisi bahsi ilmi, mubodilai afkor va yak nav mashqi sukhanvari megardad.

157. Matnro bodiqqat khonda, muqarrar kuned, ki on ba kadom uslu- bi bayon taalluq dorad va hadafi asosii muallif chist. Ande- shahoi khudro dar in bobat ba tariqi taqriz navised.

SHaykhurrais ovardaast, ki dar ovoni javoni kitobi «Mo- bad-ut-tabiat»-i Arasturo chihil bor khondu matni onro az- bar kard, bo vujudi in nafahmid, vale qanoat nakardu sharhi Forobiro ba dast ovard va garazhoi Arastu baroyash oshkor shud. Barhaq, mo nobiga Sino nestem, ki yak kitobro chihil bor khonem. Ammo insof kuned, mo ham odamem va boz dast bar sinaho mekubem, ki Sino hammillati most, shanu sharafi most, obruyu iftikhori most. CHaro dastu ostin barzada aqal- lan yak bor yak kitob namekhonem va chun kalimaero nafahmi- dem, shikoyat meovaremu lek ba farhangho nazar nameandozem? Agar nazar meandokhtem, «Farhangi zaboni tojiki» (du jild, 1969) – buzurgtarin lugatnomai zaboni ahli Ajam – dahho sol chang zadayu magor basta dar dukonho khob nameraft. Oyo in farhang tanho baroi farhangiyon va farhangparaston ast? Oyo dust doshtani farhang faqat khosi guruhe az mardum ast? Oyo zaboni tojiki tanho zaboni modari Muhammadjon SHakuri, Loiq, Bozor Sobir ast? Oyo zaboni modar va zaboni modarii hamai mo nest?

Masalai buzurgdoshti zaboni modari masalai hayotu mamoti millat ast. Zaboni modariro buzurg nadoshta, chi son metavon zodmandon (volidon)-ro buzurg dosht? CHi son meta- von tarikhi millat va azizonu nomdoroni varo buzurg dosht? Millate, ki zaboni modariashro tavono namesozad, pos name- dorad va aziz nameshumorad, mahkum ba zavol ast. (Foteh Ab- dullo).

YAk bardoshti Loiq az safari Eron: «Hususan parastishi kitob dar Eron onchunon ast, ki megued, modar kudakashro par- pech kardavu az bodu boron panoh medorad. Kitobro in guna meparastand va ba kitob chun ba mehrob sajda mekunand».

Istilohi taqriz dar farhang ba manoi baho dodan ba navishtahoi kase tafsir shudaast. Taqriz ba asar, maqola va tadqiqoti ilmi navishta meshavad. Dar on ham jihathoi khub, ham nuqsonu norasoihoi on zikr meyobad.

Annotatsiya malumoti mukhtasar dar borai maqola yo kitob ast. On az chand jumla iborat buda, masalahoi asosii munda- rijai maqola yo kitobro dar bar megirad. CHunonchi, malumot- nomai kitobi M. SHakuri «Har sukhan joevu har nukta maqome dorad» dar pasi nakhustvaraqi kitob ba tarzi zayl omadaast:

«Madaniyati balandi jamiyat va peshrafti manavii onro biduni zaboni iqtidormande tasavvur nametavon kard. Hastii tarikhii khalq va justujuhoi bardavomi manavii u dar oinai zabon aks andokhtaast. Pas, in oinaro tozavu begu- bor boyad nigoh dorem, to hastii manavii khudro az on binem va baroi takmili khud kushem. CHuninand andeshahoi muallifi in kitob doir ba masalahoi zabon va tarzi bayon».

Malumotnomai kitobi Mirzo Tursunzoda «Oshyoni ba- land» chunin ast:

«Oshyoni baland» guldastaest az chamanistoni tabi sar- shori SHoiri Halqii Tojikiston Mirzo Tursunzoda. SHoir dar sherhoyash odamonero vasf menamoyad, ki bo mehnati qahramononai khud ham sarvatu ham obruyu etibori kishvari azizashonro afzun megardonand».

158. Mulohiza kuned, ki magar malumotnomahoi bolo muhtavoi aso- sii kitobhoi M.SHakuri va M.Tursunzodaro purra inikos me- kunand. Agar navishtani malumotnomai on kitobhoro ba shumo mefarmudand, ba on boz chi ilova mekarded?
159. Ba yak-du kitobi darsi va ba yagon asari badei, ki mutolia kar- daed, malumotnoma navised.