SHud, Mushfiqi, az kilkat oini sukhan toza, Mushkinnafason binand anfosi tu mushkintar.
Az Abdurrahmoni Mushfiqi to ruzgori mo osori zerini adabi boqi mondaast:
- Devoni mutoibot.
- Du devoni gazaliyot.
- Devoni qasoid.
- Se masnavi: «Soqinoma», «Gulzori Iram», «Jahonnamo».
Dar ejodiyoti Abdurrahmoni Mushfiqi gazal maqomi avvalin daraja dorad. Du devoni gazaliyoti shoir az chahor hazor bayt iborat ast. Mavzuhoi asosii gazaliyoti shoir asosan ishqu isyonhoi botinii inson, sadoi qalbhoi labrezi muhabbat, suzi oshiqu bemehrii mahbuba, niyozi oshiqu beniyozii mashuqa, mayu bodagusori, musiqiyu navokhohi, tasviri bahoru sitoishi tabiat va gayra ast. In mavzuho bo angezahoi digari ijtimoi: beadolatiyu zolimi, bemehriyu sustpaymoni, havobalandiyu kibr, firebu dasisakori, munofiqiyu avomfirebi va gayra khele qaviyand.
SHoir dar sunnati gazalsaroi goliban ba Hasani Dehlavi va Kamoli Hujandi payravi mekunad:
Nazmi tu, Mushfiqi, ba Kamolu Hasan rasid, Tu guftai, ki payravi piri Hujandiyam.
Az in jost, ki goliban hajmi gazalhoi Mushfiqi 6-7-bayti buda, dar onho mavzuhoi ishqi joyi avvalindaraja dorand.
CHunonchi:
Dar gamat dilro figoru khasta meguem mo, Ahli dardem, in sukhan donista meguem mo. Bar dili mo on chi az toqi du abruyat guzasht, Bo khud az devonagi payvasta meguem mo. Meravi tundu duoguyon zi dunboli tuand, Vah, ki meranji, agar ohista meguem mo. Guftam, ay gul, on dahonro pistai khandon bigu, In sukhan, guft, az dahoni pista meguem mo. Rishtai joni raqibon bar sari kokul maband, Fitnae khohad shudan, sarbasta meguem mo. Har kase pursad zi ashki mo javobi in sukhan, CHehra az khunobi hasrat shusta meguem mo. Mushfiqi, har kas chi donad mastiyu vorastagi, Bo giriftoroni azkhudrasta meguem mo.
Behuda nest, ki ustod S.Ayni gazali boloro «Gazale, ki sar to ba poyash misli in gazal khub, latif, ravon aftaD, kam ast»- meguyad.
Beshubha, chunin gazalhoi shoir khele hunarmandona, dilkash, khushado, maqbulu matlub ejod shudaand. Hususan, vobasta ba mavzu, mazmunu muhtavoi gazal hunari shoir komilan javobgu buda, tasvirgari va maniofariyu mazmunsozi barjasta ast. Dar irtibot ba in janba khususiyathoi shaklii gazal niz jolib meboshad.
Gazal muraddaf buda, radifi on murakkab ast va az du kalima faroham omadavu pas az qofiya joy giriftaast. Qofiyahoi gazal kalimahoi khasta, donista, payvasta, ohista, pista, sarbasta, shusta, rasta meboshand. Qofiyahoi mazkur asosan muqayyad buda, tahkimi goyavii gazalro tamin namudaand.
Gazal dar bahri Ramali musammani mahzuf insho shuda, afoili on chunin shakl dorad:
– V – – / – V – – / – V – -/ – V – yane: foilotun, foilotun, foilotun foilun.
Gazal ishqi boshad ham, dar on hajru firoq, suzu gudoz, nozu istigno, berahmiyu bemehrii mahbuba ba tasvir omadaast. Az in ru, ohanghoi ijtimoi paydo namudani on besabab nest. Zero shoir baroi tasirnokii sukhan va dilnishinii bayon holati obrazhoi lirikiro khele nozuk muoina mekunad. U chunin nazokati hunari ejodro dar ofarinishi gazal beshtar az Hasani Dehlavi va Kamoli Hujandi omukhtaast.
Mushfiqi ishqi insoni, muhabbati zaminiro hamchun yak vositai khele halkunandai hayoti insonho, sarnavishtsoz ba tasvir megirad. Az in ru, ishqi insoni niz boyad poku pokiza va beoloishu musaffo boshad. Vale in janba dar tasviri Mushfiqi mohiyati ilhombakhshi ham dorad va az in ru, mushakhkhas karda meshavad. Baroi shoir on lolaruyoni Samarqand ast:
Mushfiqi, be lolaruyoni Samarqand in qadar Sukhtam, k-az dogho shud sinaam naqshi jahon.
Dar gazaliyoti Mushfiqi juziyoti obrazhoi liriki khele uhdabaroyona vasf karda meshavad. SHoir ba vositai tavsifhoi «khusni khatti goliyabu», «bandai ru», «havasi har sari mu», «khoki sari ku» va gayra ba mahbuba sidqan izhori muhabbat mekunad. Dar ishqi mahbuba sadoqati asili khudro bayon menamoyad. Zikri juziyoti vasfshavanda suzu gudozi oshiqro jongudoztaru sinasuztar jilva medihad.
CHunonchi:
Volai husni khati goliyabuyi tu shavam, Vah, chi zebo shudai, bandai ruyi tu shavam. Gar shavad har nafase dar tani man joni digar, Har nafas jon dihamu zinda ba buyi tu shavam. Man na on oshiqam imruz, ki chun bulhavason Talabam komi dilu ranja zi khuyi tu shavam. Sari mue shudaam az gamu doram havase, Ki fidoi havasi har sari muyi tu shavam.
Zindavu murda bar inam, ki ba joye naravam,
Dar qadam boshamu khoki sari kuyi tu shavam.
Sad nakui zi rukhat didamu yak jon dodam, CHi ajab, gar khijil az ruyi nakuyi tu shavam.
Mushfiqi az hama su ru ba tu dorad gamu dard, SHavqro rahguzare nest, ki suyi tu shavam.
Dar lirikai ishqii Mushfiqi mavzuhoi purrakunandai ishqu oshiqi: may, bodapaymoi, sadoi musiqi, navozandagi, bahor, nasimi subhgohi, sadoi bulbulonu hazordaston, rezishi boroni naysonu sadoi juychaho, nakhati gulzorhovu makhmaloso gardidani namudi zohirii zamin va gayra meboshand:
Rukhat imshab, ki hamchun gul zi tobi may araq karda, Ajab doram, ki moh az hola khudro dar tabaq karda.
YO in ki:
Bahor shud, kadah on beh, ki rangi lola namoyad, Bunafsha dar nazar oyad, sari gizola namoyad. Zi dogi lola rasad dar chaman ba khotiri maston, Savodi nargisi soqi chu dar piyola namoyad…
Ru ovardani shoir ba mayu boda, musiqiyu surud ramzi khushguzaronii umr, ganimat donistani lahzahoi zindagi, bahrabardori az hayot, barhamzanii nobasomonihoi ruzgor, pechidagihoi hayot, kanorajui az gamu dardi zamona meboshad. Bo dar nazar doshtani hamin janba shoir takid menamoyad, ki:
Gar nishoti umr khohi, be mai gulgun mabosh, Hamchu davri gul ganimat dor in ayyomro.
Vobasta ba ruzgori nisbatan qashshoqonai Mushfiqi, hatto lirikai ishqii shoir sarshor az mazuhoi digari ijtimoist. Ohanghoi ijtimoi, khususan dar gazalhoi u khele balandsado buda, hatto bazan gazalhoi alohidaro faro giriftaand. Dar baze gazalhoi ijtimoii shoir ham radif (agar murakkab boshad, boz beshtar) va ham qofiya bori goyavi mekashand. In holat sarguzashti qahramoni lirikiro boz ham vozehtaru ravshantar va oshkorotar chilvagar mesozad:
Har shabe az ohi dil koshonaro otash zanam, SHamro suzam, dili parvonaro otash zanam. To ba ragmi man nasozad khonai ishrat raqib, Pesh az murdan ba kuyat khonaro otash zanam. Bo hama ranoi az ohi dilam andesha kun, Hirmane suzad, agar yak donaro otash zanam. In hama otash ba joni man zi dasti dil fitod, Gar ba dast aftad, dili devonaro otash zanam. Joyi har otash dar in vayrona dogi hasrat ast, Joyi on dorad, ki in vayronaro otash zanam.
Mushfiqi, dar daftari ayyom mazmuni fanost, Oqibat avroqi in afsonaro otash zanam.
Beshubha gazali bolo yake az gazalhoi shoir ast, ki mazmuni base balandi ijtimoi dorad. Dar ejodi chunin sherho Mushfiqi khele qavipanja meboshad, zero holati mazkur shoyad dar irtibot bo avzoi tarikhii zamoni u pesh omada boshad. U meguyad:
Hargiz nafase shod nadidam dili khudro, Az bandi gam ozod nadidam dili khudro. To gam nakhurad kas, nashavad manzile obod, Gam khurdamu obod nadidam dili khudro.
va gayra.
Ohanghoi ijtimoi dar navhoi digari lirikii shoir niz khele khub ba mushohida merasad. Ba in mani u dar in ruboi meguyad:
Sulton sukhan az sipohu zar meguyad, Tojir sukhan az sudu safar meguyad. Dar har sukhane shevai mo tadbir ast, Taqdir vale harfi digar meguyad.
Dar in ruboi masalai qazovu qadar bayon shudaast. Adib se toifaro zikr namuda guftan mekhohad, ki andeshai inson vobasta ba koru peshai ust. Az tarafi digar, inson dar kadom joy va kadom peshae, ki faoliyat kunad, khatman sudu ziyonro peshi nazar meorad. Maqsadi u ba dast darovardani foida meboshad. Az in jost, ki novobasta ba kasbu kor maqsad, havasu orzu payvasta dar sari inson hast. Dile be havasu sare be orzu nest. Masalan, sulton payvasta meandeshad, ki tavassuti zur, quvva, yane sipoh, sudu foida, yane zar az kujo ba dast biyorad. YO in ki tojir, bozargon, ahli savdo hamesha say dorad, ki ba kujo safar kunad va az kujo ba kujo chi biyoradu bibarad. Vale in hama az doirai sarnavisht berun nest. YAne in hama marbut ba taqdir ast.
Mushfiqi dar barobari madhi sultonho, sitoishi shohonu amiron, onhoro tanqidu sarzanish ham mekunad. U dar in ruboi meguyad:
Sulton, ki zi joh ru ba darvesh nakard, Sad khona kam az simu zari khesh nakard. Bo on ki zaminu osmon mulki Hudost, YAk khona baroi khud bino besh nakard.
Hadaf dar in ruboi niz qazovu qadar ast. Ba shoh balandii martaba imkon namedihad, ki hamnishini darvesh boshad. Inchunin shohon sohibi zaru simi davlatand, yane khazinadorand, vale az yak khona ziyod baroyashon zarurat nadorad. In jo misrai «Na shohanshoh burD az yak kafan besh» ba yod meoyad, ki ba ruboii zikrshudai Mushfiqi hammazmun meboshad.
Umuman dar lirikai Mushfiqi az nigohi mazmunu muhtavo va mavzu gazaliyotu ruboihoi u khele ba ham nazdikand. Zero ishqu oshiqi, hajru visol, suzu firoq, vafovu bevafoi, sadoqatu nosodiqi, saburivu nosaburi, hassosiyu behissi va gayra dar gazaliyotu ruboiho khele malum buda, shoir in navhoi adabiro khele ba zindagii mardum nazdik namudaast. YO khud bo ramzu kinoyahoi andake iktifo mekunad. Masalan, hadaf az may va masti ba andeshai shoir, forig budan az gami zamon, ganimat donistani oditarin lahzahoi ruzgoru zindagi va gayra ast:
Garaz az boda khurdan Mushfiqiro gayr az in nabvad, Ki mesozad dame forig az in dayri gamobodash.
Mushfiqi ba talifi qasida khele zud ogoz kardaast va dar ejodiyoti shoir pas az gazal qasoidi u meistad. Devoni qasidai Mushfiqi az 3000 bayt iborat ast. U dar shakl va mazmunu mavzui qasidaho asosan az qasoidi ananavi berun naraftaast. Vale dar sheriyati ejod, mazmunsoziyu maniofari, hunari shoiri, korgiri az sanathoi badei va gayra khele shoiri navovar va ejodkori tozakor ast. U goliban dar qasoidi madhi qavi-panja buda, dar madhi Sulton Said va amir Abdullohkhon va digaron qasidaho ejod kardaast.
Mavzui qasidahoi Mushfiqi ba gayr az madhu sano, inchunin pesh az hama az hamdu nati Hudo, Muhammad (s) va yoroni u, simohoi mutabari din, maylhoi sufiyona, tasviri manzarahoi diyor, faslhoi sol, ishqu muhabbat, sarguzashti khudi ejodkor, hasbi holu shikva az zamon, tanqidi beadolatiho va gayra meboshand.
Mushfiqi yake az sababhoi asosii ru ba darbor ovardani khudro dar osudagiyu oromii darbor medonad va az in ru meguyad:
Ba in dargohi oly Mushfiqy bahri duo omad,
Panoh ovard az javri zamonu fitnai davron.
U Sulton Saidro «shohi iqlimi karomat», «sohibi fazlu karam» menomad va in hokimro baso sitoish mekunad:
Adli u to khori zulm az poyi miskinon kashid, Nest sahroe, ki boshad be surudi khorkan. Kas ba ahdi u naaftodast dar chohi balo, Juz dili oshiq, vale on niz dar chohi zaqan.
Mushfiqi dar sanoi Abdullohkhoni SHayboni ham khele sodiqona kamar bastaast va uro arbobi davlat donista, asosi muvaffaqiyati ejodiyoti khudro az sharofati davlatdorii hamin hokim medonad:
SHeri man gar zinate dorad, zi yumni madhi tust, Hona oroyad, bale, har kas ba qadri mehmon.
Mushfiqi mamduhi khudshohro bazan ba shohoni peshin shabeh donista, hatto gohe afzal meshumorad.
CHunonchi, meguyad:
Husravo, ahdi sukhan toza shud az davlati tu, Natavon ahde az in nodiratar paydo kard. Nayi khushki qalam az fayzi bahori karamat Bargi ejoz barovardu samar paydo kard.
va gayra. Hususan mavzuhoi tanqidi va tasavvufiyu pandunasihatii Mushfiqi khele jolib va jazzoband.
SHoir sarvazir Osafro beibo dev menomad, ki chunin jurat kam andar kam ast. Agar dev rohbar boshad, pas, chi guna nizom barqaror khohad gasht?
CHunonchi, meguyad:
Osaf, ki dev boshadu devon ba hukmi u, Nazmi umuri mulki Sulaymon chy son dihad? U masti jomi mansabu har dam ba peshi u Sogar dahon kushoyadu shisha zabon dihad.
Dar beshtari ashori lirikii Mushfiqi, khususan dar gazaliyotash ohanghoi shikvoi, tanqidi va etirozi khele baland sado dodaand. Zero shoir az tangii maishi, az ruzgori nobasomon, az hayoti vaznin baso bo suzu gudoz va bo hasrat sukhan meguyad. Albatta, qahramoni lirikii u hangomi tasvir mahdud nest va az in jihat, shoyad shoir umuman ahvoli ahli qalamro dar nazar doshta boshad. Ba har hol, pesh az hama shakhsiyati shoir boyad fahmida shavad. U joe tamoman noiloj mondani khudro takid kardaast;
Darmoni dil kujost, ki bahri davo ravam, Bechoraam, iloj nadoram, kujo ravam?
YO in ki:
Ruyi murode hargiz nadidam, Az nomurody umram sar omad.
In ast, ki shoir baroi tasalli yoftan va taskin dodani dili khud ba suzi dilu ashki chashm (giryai jigarsuz) dar in dunyoi bevafo sozish kardan mekhohad. Az in jost, ki tanqidi ruirosti shohonu amiron va vazironu hokimon dar ejodiyoti u khele kam ast. YAne, u sozish kardaast. Az tarafi digar, shoyad az hamin jihat boshad, ki shoir beshtar ba hazlu shukhi va ashori mutoi bavi ru meorad. Albatta, in mavzu niz yak nav etirozi sakht, yak shakli tanqidi zimomdoroni zamona meboshad:
Ba ashku otashi dil sokhtem az olami foni, Hayoli sim kam doremu savdoi zare kamtar.
Digar az masalahoi bisyor jiddi dar lirikai Mushfiqi tasviri tabiat, manzarahoi diyor, gulu giyoh, abru boron, oftobu garmo, nasimu bodi bahoron, nakhati bahoriyu makhmalpushshavii dashtu daman, nazarraboii kuhu homun, khayolangezii vodihoi gulpush va g. meboshad. In holat na tanho dar gazaliyotu ruboiyot, inchunin dar qasidahoi u khele jolib ba tasvir omadaast:
May khurdavu afrukhta rukhsor shukufa, Gul-gul shuda az khandai bisyor shukufa. Z-on pesh, ki dar bog saroparda zanad gul, Zad khaymai khud pesh ba gulzor shukufa. Azbaski ba tashrifi rayohin guhar afshond, SHud abr tihikisavu zardor shukufa. To sabza bar atrofi guliston pari tutist, Az sinai boz ast namudor shukufa. Dar bod mabodo, ki ba shukhi fitad az shokh, Hudrastavu tifl astu sabuksor shukufa.
YO khud:
Abri nayson ba guliston chu guharbor shavad, Nastaran purguhari soda sadafvor shavad. Falaki shokh, k-az u subhi shukufa bidamad, Ufuqi tarfi chaman matlai anvor shavad. Sabza shona dihad, az goliyadon lola barad, To nasim oyadu mashshotai gulzor shavad…
Va yo lahzae az fasli tiramohro chunin bo khususiyathoi judogonai on dar qasidai «Vasfi khazon» ba qalam medihad:
Ba ruyi ob khazonro sari tamosho shud, Hazor zavraqi zarrin zi barg paydo shud. Zi baski khuni gul az shokh rekht nishtari khor, Zi chehraash asari zaf oshkoro shud.
YAke az mavzuhoi markazi dar ejodiyoti Mushfiqi hajvu mutoiba meboshad. U ba in mavzu az ovoni javoni-solhoi tahsil dar madrasa ogoz kardaast. Taqriban solhoi 1557-1558 shoir ashori hajvii khudro murattab namudaast. In ast, ki «Devoni mutoibot»-i shoir ashori hajvi- mutoibotii uro faro megirad. Mushfiqi dar borai arzishi hajvu mutoiba meguyad:
SHamsheri hajv olatu afzori shoirist, In jins bad madonu az in nav bad mabar.
Beshtar hajvi u doirai vasei hamkasbon, ziyoiyoni zamoni Mush- fiqiro dar bar megirad. Inchunin, hajvu mutoiboti Mushfiqi ba tabaqahoi hokimi zamon, amaldoron, sohibmansabon, sarmoyadoron niz ravona gardidaast:
Hoja gandum vada kardu nimi jav hosil nashud, Dar adoi vada doim himmatash dun astu voh. U razolat karda boshad, mo qanoat mekunem, Bigzarad in soli qahtu monad on ruyi siyoh.
Mushfiqi az tabaqahoi sohibmansabon: Arbobzoda, qozi, Masudi sarmoyador va digaronro hajv kardaast. U dar borai Masudi sarmoyador meguyad:
Dar kori tu, Masud, ajal der kunad, Vaqt ast, ki zur ovaradu zer kunad. Az simu zari jahon nashud chashmi tu ser, CHashmoni turo khoki lahad ser kunad.
YO in ki Mahmud nom mulloi geloni, ki bad ba Samarqand omada muqimi shudaast, Mushfiqi uro hajv mekunad:
Zi Gelon omady, Mahmud, berun, Kuloh az Husravi Daylam girifti. Zady sarkalla bo Zahhoki moron, Tu ham magz az sari odam girifti.
Digar az khususiyathoi hajvi Mushfiqi va mutoiboti u dar mushakhkhas va hayoti budani mavzu ast.
U shakhsonro bo kasbu faoliyatashon nombar mekunad va kirdori zishti onhoro hajvu tanqid menamoyad.
Leksikai hajvi- mutoibavii ashori Mushfiqi khossi hamon kasbu pesha, odi, bozori va bazan turkist. Ahyonan az odob berun niz meboshand.
Baroi namuna gazali hajvii «Taqsimi meros»-ro zikr khohem kard, ki khele tanzi maleh dorad. Dar in gazal tavassuti sanati tazodu muqobala az ogoz to anjomi on nobarobarii zanu mard va hatto khoharu barodar ba tasvir girifta meshavad. Az suyi digar, harisi ba molu chiz, sarvatu nemat nishon doda shudaast. Hatto sheri mazkur mohiyati sharhiholi dorad:
Hamshira, kharji motami bobo az oni tu, Sabr az manu masorifi qurro az oni tu. Anbori pur zi gallai bobo az on man, V-on kohhoi monda ba sahro az oni tu. In jomakhobu bistaru bolin az oni man, Betoqatiyu nolai shabho az oni tu. Tanburi pur zi khotami bobo az oni man V-on nagmahoi tarnatarono az oni tu. V-on joykhobi mondai bobo az oni man, Tasbehi pora-porai bobo az oni tu. Dastor, joma, futai bobo az oni man, Betoqatiyu nolai shabho az oni tu. Hamyoni pur zi tangai bobo az oni man, Zangi fulusi mondai bobo az oni tu. Az kunji khona to ba labi bom az oni man, Az pushti bom to ba Surayyo az oni tu. Raftan ba suyi qabru nishastan az oni man, Dastorkhoni chalpaku halvo az oni tu.
Az in gazal barmeoyad, ki shoir urfu odati jorii zamonro, ki dar onho ba zanon chandon etibor doda nameshavad, sakht hajv mekunad. Zohiran on chizhoe, ki ba khohar az merosi bobo peshnihod karda meshavand, ham az nigohi mikdor, doirai farogiri, hajm, sarshumor, andoza, arzishmandi hissai ba khohar peshni- hodshuda beshtar ast. Vale amalan ba khohar chize mushakhkhas dar dast namemonad. Va on chi ki moli merosist, ba barodar rasidaast. Az in ru, shoir mantiqan hamshiraro himoya mekunad.
YO in ki namunae az yak gazali digari shoir, ki ba mavzui muhim-ishqu masalahoi digari ijtimoi: nodori, tangdasti, benavoi, suzu firoq, hajru zuri va gayra, ki qahramoni lirikiro jon ba lab ovardavu noiloj sokhtaast, ru meorem.
Dar in gazal, ki qablan niz zikr shuda bud, hatto khavfi afzaliyati raqib ba nazar merasad. Az in jost, ki oshiq-qahramoni liriki mekhohad ru ba qatiyatu jiddiyat biyorad.
Mushfiqi meguyad:
Har shabe az ohi dil koshonaro otash zanam, SHamro suzam, dili parvonaro otash zanam. To ba ragmi man nasuzad khonai ishrat raqib, Pesh az murdan ba kuyat khonaro otash zanam.
Bo hama ranoi az ohi dilam andesha kun, Hirmane suzad, agar yak donaro otash zanam. In hama otash ba joni man zi dasti dil fitod, Gar ba dast aftad, dili devonaro otash zanam. Joyi har otash dar in vayrona dogi hasrat ast, Joyi on dorad, ki in vayronaro otash zanam. Mushfiqi, dar daftari ayyom mazmuni fanost, Oqibat avroqi in afsonaro otash zanam.
Gazali mazkur ishqi buda, dar on sukhan az DarDu suz ast. Oshiq hej iloji digare baroi daryofti visol nameyobad. Az in ru, mahz ba khotiri on ki raqib az in peshomad komyob nashavad, digar hej chizro dareg namedorad. Oshiq az khonavu joy, shamu parvona, khirmanu dona va umuman az hasti meguzaradu otash meafkanad. Otashi afkandai oshiq otashi vaqei nest, balki dudi ohi dil ast, ki suzonu otashoso ast.
Az sababi on ki in otash az dil ast, pas, hasti duchori fano meboshad, zero vositae, iloje, dastrasie, umede digar baroi visol dar u namondaast. Albatta, chunin surat giriftani mazmunsoziyu maniofari dar ashori Mushfiqi, pesh az hama dar gazaliyoti u az nobasomonihoi zamoni shoir, az tangii maishi, az dastkutohi pesh omadaast. In ast, ki chunin ohangho na tanho dar gazalhoi Mushfiqi duchor meshavand, balki hamai shaklhoi sherii ejodiyoti uro ham faro giriftaand. Omukhtani in masala baroi ravshan namudani bisyor masalahoi zindaginomai shoir yori khohad namud.