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OSIYOI JANUBU GARBI

Hususiyathoi khosi tabii, khojagi va aholii mintaqa kadomhoyand? Kadom omilho boisi tezutund shudani vazi siyosii mintaqa shudaast? Vazi siyosii in mintaqa ba Tojikiston chi guna tasir merasonad?

Mavqei geografi, sharoit va sarvathoi tabii. Osiyoi Janubu Garbi qismi ziyodi hududi SHarqi Nazdik va SHarqi Miyonaro dar bar megirad (SHarqi Nazdik va Miyona shartan qalamravi Osiyoi Janubu Garbi va Afriqoi SHimoliro dar bar megirad). Masohati on 6,8 mln km2 buda, mavqei musoidi iqtisodi-geografi dorad. Rohi bahrii baynalkhalqi, ki az kanori janubu garbii mintaqa meguzarad, aloqai iqtisodii onro bo mamlakathoi Osiyoi Janubi, Janubu SHarqi, Afriqo, Avrupo va Amriko tamin mekunad. Relefi Osiyoi Janubu Garbi az sufakuh va kuhsor iborat buda, atrofashro qatorkuhhoi baland va hamvoriho ihota kardaand. Dar nohiyahoi shimoli iqlimi subtropiki, dar janub tropiki hukmron ast. Qarib tamomi qalamravi onro biyobonu nimbiyobonho ishgol kardaand.

Baroi aksar davlathoi mintaqa tamadduni islomi khos ast. Gayr az in dar in jo davlati Isroil joygir ast, ki aholii on payravi dini yahudi meboshand. Dar mamlakathoi Suriya va Lubnon yak qismi aholi dini nasroniro parastish mekunand. Ba hayati mintaqa 17 davlat dokhil meshavad.

Mintaqa bo joygir budan dar chorrohai payvastshavii se qitai olam az nigohi siyosi ba yake az mintaqahoi nooromi jahon tabdil shudaast. Pas az sokhtmoni kanali Suets va rohi ohani Berlin-Bagdod ahamiyati harbiyu siyosii on afzud. Daryofti zakhirahoi buzurgi naftu gaz mavqei mintaqaro dar siyosat va iqtisodi jahon mustahkamtar kard.

2/3 hissai zakhirai nafti jahon ba mamlakathoi Osiyoi Janubu Garbi rost meoyad.

Baroi mintaqa iqlimi khushk khos ast. Dar in jo yake az buzurgtarin biyobonho – biyoboni Arab joygir shudaast. Qismi ziyodi daryohoi mintaqa mavsimi meboshandu kamoband, ki in dar barobari iqlimi khushk baroi rushdi ziroatkori mone ejod meshavad, ammo naqshi daryohoi Dajla va Furot dar zindagi va faoliyati odamon khele buzurg ast, ki onhoro baroi obyori, tamini obi oshomidani va sokhtmoni korkhonahoi gidrotekhniki istifoda mebarand.

Az jihati istikhroj va sodiroti khrom Turkiya dar jahon joyi namoyonro ishgol mekunad.

Az sarvathoi tabii boyigarii asosii mintaqa naft va gaz meboshand (2\3 hissai zakhirai jahon). Konhoi on dar qalamravi aksar kishvarho (Arabistoni Saudi, Eron, Iroq, Kuvayt, Qatar, AMA, Bahrayn) yoft shudaand va dar taqsimoti baynalmilalii mehnat mavqei onhoro muayyan mekunand. Gayr az in az madanhoi tabii khrom (Turkiya), mis (Turkiya, Eron), madani ohan, mangan, polimetalho, fosfor va gayra mavjudand.

Boyigarii asosii mintaqa zakhirai naftu gazi davlathoi khaliji Fors meboshad, ki ahamiyati jahoni dorad.

Geografiyai aholi. Aholii mintaqa aslan mansubi se guruhi etnolingvisti (etnikiyu zaboni): guruhi eronii oilai zabonhoi hinduavrupoi (forsho, tolishho, afgonho, balujho, kurdho); guruhi somi (arabho, oshuriho, yahudiho); va guruhi turki (turkho, ozarho va turkmanhoi Eron) meboshand.

Baroi mintaqa afzoishi balandi tabiii aholi khos ast, ammo on dar hama kishvarho yak khel nest va dar Kipru Isroil az hama past ast.

Aholii kishvarhoi istikhrojkunandai naft dar mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi na tanho az hisobi afzoishi tabii, inchunin az hisobi muhojirat ziyod meshavad.

Maskunshavii aholi niz dar mintaqa nobarobar ast. Qarib dar hama kishvarho az nisf ziyodi aholi dar 15-20% qalamravi onho jam shudaand. Nohiyahoi seraholii on sohili daryohoi Dajla va Furot, khaliju bahrho meboshand. Dar majmu dar mintaqa darajai urbanizatsiya baland ast, lekin in baroi hama mamlakathoi mintaqa khos nest.

Hushkii iqlimi qismi ziyodi mintaqa boisi maskunshavii aholi dar sohili bahru daryoho shudaast.

Geografiyai khojagii khalqi mintaqa. Ahamiyati iqtisodii jahoni doshtani mintaqaro zakhirahoi buzurgi nafti Arabistoni Saudi, Kuvayt, AMA, Bahrayn, Eron va Iroq muayyan mekunad. Nohiyahoi asosii istikhroji naft hududi kishvarhoe meboshand, ki dar sohili khaliji Fors joygirand. Az jihati istikhroji naft Arabistoni Saudi dar jahon peshsaf ast (sole to 500 mln t). Qismi ziyodi naft hamchun ashyoi khom ba kishvarhoi Avrupoi Garbi va IMA sodir karda meshavad.

Dar zaminai ashyoi khomi mahalli korkhonahoi metallurgiyai siyoh va ranga bunyod shudaand (Eron, Turkiya). Dar aksar kishvarho sanoati bofandagi, kosibi khususan qolinbofi va charmgari, korkhonahoi istehsoli nurihoi madani rivoj yoftaast.

YAke az sohahoi muhimtarini khojagii khalqi mintaqa kishovarzi ast. Dar on mavqei asosiro ziroatkori ishgol mekunad. Dar tamomi mintaqa in soha ba obyori ehtiyoj dorad. Asosi ziroatkoriro rustanihoi gizoi – gandum, jav va juvorimakka tashkil medihad. Dar kishvarhoi nazdi bahri Miyonazamin mevayu sabzavotkori, tokparvari va parvarishi darakhti zaytun ba roh monda shudaast. Qismi ziyodi mahsuloti in sohaho ba khorij barovarda meshavad.

Dar sohai chorvodori gusfandparvari (chun sohai gushtu pashm- dihanda) bartari dorad.

Dar hududi mintaqa naqliyoti avtomobili, dar nohiyahoi istikh- roji naftu gaz naqliyoti quburi (khatti intiqoli naftu gaz) naqshi asosiro mebozad. Tavassuti mintaqa rohhoi muhimtarini bahri bayni uqyonushoi Atlantik va Hind meguzarand. Kanali Suets, gulugohhoi Hurmuz, Bosfor va Dardanel ahamiyati buzurgi iqtisodi dorand. Buzurgtarin bandarhoi bahrii mintaqa – Istambul, Izmir, Beyrut, Hayfa, Adan meboshand.

Dar taqsimoti baynalmilalii geografii kor simoi mintaqaro pesh az hama naft, gaz va sodiroti mahsuloti kishovarzi tajassum mekunad.

Tafovuthoi dokhili. Mintaqai buzurgi Osiyoi Janubu Garbi khele gunoguntarkib ast. Mamlakathoe, ki ba hayati on dokhil meshavand, az jihati masohat, shumorai aholi, shakli idorakuni, rushdi iqtisodiyu ijtimoi az hamdigar farq mekunand.

Dar qismi sharqii mintaqa du kishvar – Eron va Afgoniston voqe shudaand, ki kishvarhoi forsizabonand. Aholii Eron va mardumi tahjoii Afgoniston chun mardumi eronitabor sohibi tamadduni buzurgi qadim hastand. Dar Eron digar millatu khalqiyathoe hastand, ki onho bo zaboni forsi harf mezanand (kurdho, luriho, balujho, bakhtiyoriho va gayra). Dar kishvari Afgoniston, ki solhoi tuloni ba maydoni muhoriba tabdil shudaast, dar janub beshtar pushtunho (afgonho), dar shimol tojikho, uzbekho, turkmanho va hazoraho maskun shudaand.

Dar mintaqa davlati Turkiya mavqei makhsus dorad. SHumorai aholiash ziyoda az 70 mln nafar buda, kishvari gunogunmillati dunyavi meboshad va baroi dokhil shudan ba Ittihodi Avrupo nomzad ast. In mamlakat darajai balandi rushdi iqtisodi doshta, dar qatori Eron va Afgoniston bo Tojikiston munosibathoi iqtisodiyu farhangi dorad.

Naqshi asosiro dar iqtisodiyoti jahon kishvarhoi sodirkunandai naft mebozand, ki buzurgtarini onho Arabistoni Saudi meboshad. Kashf kardani zakhirahoi naft dar asri HH boisi bosurat rushd yoftani iqtisodiyoti in mamlakat shud. Dar hamin davra amali kardani naqshai azimi bozsozi vazi iqtisodii mamlakatro bolo burd. Dar tarkibi sanoat naqshi asosiro sohai naftu khimiya mebozad. Peshravi dar sohai kishovarzi niz surat giriftaast.

Naft manbai daromad va shukufoii bosurati kishvarhoi uzvi Tashkiloti Mamlakathoi Sodirkunandai Naft (OPEK) – Eron, Bahrayn, Qatar, Kuvayt, AMA shud.

Baroi davlathoi in mintaqa darajai balandi tafovuthoi rushdi iqtisodi khos ast.

Inro boyad dar khotir dosht!

Osiyoi Janubu Garbi mintaqai benazir bo tamadduni islomi, aholii gunogunmillat, buzurgtarin zakhirai naft dar jahon ast.

Savol va suporish.

  1. Bo yorii atlasu kharitaho doir ba mavqei iqtisodi-geografii mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi malumot bidihed.

Inro man medonam.

  1. Oyo in aqida durust ast, ki davlathoi mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi tarkibi yagonai madaniyu tarikhi dorand? Inro sharh dihed.
  2. Naqshi mavqei geografi, sharoit va sarvathoi tabiiro dar peshrafti khojagii davlathoi mintaqa muayyan kuned.
  3. Tarkibi etnikii aholii mintaqa chi guna ast?

Inro man metavonam.

  1. Davlathoro bo poytakhthoyashon nishon bidihed:

1) Turkiya; 2) Arabistoni Saudi; 3) Isroil; 4) Eron;

a) Ar-Riyoz; b) Istambul; v) Tehron; g) Ierusalim:

  1. Hususiyati khosi khojagii mintaqa dar chist?
  2. Tojikiston bo kadom davlathoi mintaqa robitahoi iqtisodi va farhangi dorad?
  3. Dar kharitai konturi davlathoi mintaqaro bo poytakhthoyashon tasvir kuned.
  4. YAke az davlathoi mintaqaro tavsifi iqtisodi-geografi bidihed.

Oyo medoned?

  1. Az 30 koni buzurgi nafti jahon 15-toi on ba havzai khaliji Fors rost meoyad. Koni nafti Gavar dar Arabistoni Saudi 12 mlrd tonna zakhira doshta, buzurgtarin koni nafti jahon meboshad.
  2. Dar Amorathoi Muttahidai Arab har yak sokini mahalli huquq dorad, ki chor nafar korgari khorijiro baroi kori kiroya bigirad.
  3. Poytakhti Arabistoni Saudi shahri Ar-Riyoz dar dunyo yake az shahrhoi bo surati baland rushdkunanda ba shumor meravad. Binoi vazoratho, bonkho, mehmonkhonaho az 8 to 9 oshyona baland sokhta shudaand. Korkhonahoi sanoati az shahr berun joygir buda, dar sharoiti biyobon kuchaho hamesha sarsabzu shukufonand.
  4. Kishvari Falastin imruz az ruyi baze nishondihandahoi demografi dar jahon dar joyi avval meistad. Dar sektori Gazzah nishondihandai tavallud 52%o (promile) buda, darajai miyonai afzoishi aholi 4,6% ast.

Hulosa. Mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi mavqei vasli iqtisodi va siyosi-geografii se qitai dunyo: Afriqo, Avrupo va Osiyoro ishgol karDaast. Dar in jo Du Dini jahoni – nasroniya, islom va dini millii yahudiya paydo shudaand. SHaroiti tabiii mintaqa khele nomusoid ast: dar in jo biyobonho masohati kalon dorand. Az zakhirahoi madani naft mavqei asosiro ishgol mekunad. Dar zeri zamini mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi 2/3 hissai zakhirai nafti jahon joygir ast. Aksari davlathoi mintaqa uzvi Tashkiloti Mamlakathoi Sodirkunandai Naft meboshand.

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