PESHNIHODHOI RATSIONALIZATORY

Dar barobari digar obekthoi molikiyati zehni, naqshi muhimro dar tatbiqi dastovardhoi navi tekhnika va tekhno- logiya, peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatori ishgol menamoyand, ki obekti umumi istifodashavandai ejodiyoti tekhniki mebo- shand. Asoshoi huquqi, tashkili va iqtisodii faoliyati ratsionalizatoriro Qonuni JT “Dar borai faoliyati ratsionalizatori» az 26. 07. s. 2014, № 1123 muayyan namud, ki az 5 bob va 27 modda iborat buda, munosibathoi jamiyatii vobasta ba onro tanzim mekunad. Hamchun peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatori etirof karda meshavand: taklifi doroi halli tekhnikie, ki mukammalgardonii konstruksiyai molu mahsulot, tekhnikai istifodashavanda, tekhnologiyai istehsolot yo tarkibi molu mahsulotro peshbiny menamoyad va baroi korkhonae, ki ba on peshnihod shudaast, nav va foidaovar ast; taklifi doroi halli tashkilii baroi korkhona nav, ki ba sarfai zakhirahoi mehnaty, moddy, mo- liyavi, suzishvoriyu energetiky, ashyoi khom va digar zakhiraho, inchunin behsozii sharoiti mehnat va ekologiya musoidat me- namoyad.

Peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatori metavonand infirodi yo guruhi boshad. Peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatorii infirodi peshnihodhoe meboshand, ki az tarafi yak shakhsi voqei va peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatorii guruhi peshnihodhoe meboshand, ki az tarafi du yo ziyoda shakhsoni voqei tahiya shudaand. Ba shakhsi voqei yo guruhi shakhson metavonad shumorai nomahdudi peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatori mansub boshand.

Huquqi peshnihodi ratsionalizatori dar asosi qonuni mazkur va digar sanadhoi qonunguzorii JT etirof va hifz gardida, dar hududi korkhonae, ki onro hamchun peshnihodi ratsionalizatori etirof namudaast, amal mekunad va bo guvohnomai ratsionalizatorii bemuhlat tasdiq karda me- shavad.

Peshnihodi ratsionalizatori qobili hifz etirof karda meshavad, agar on baroi korkhona taklifi doroi halli tekhniki yo tashkilii navu foidaovar boshad. Peshnihodho qo- bili hifz etirof karda nameshavand, agar: etimodiyati istifoda va mustahkamii konstruksiyaho, amniyati aholi va hududro dar holathoi favquloda past namoyand va ba ta- mini behdoshti holati sanitarii kormandon, hifzi muhiti zist, bekhatarii ziddisukhtori, bekhatarii mehnat, inchunin nishondihandahoi digari standarthoi milli va baynal- milali mutobiqat nakunand; az alomathoi sharti, qoidaho, mavodi meyoriyu metodi iborat boshand; tanho vazifa guzo- rand yo samarai ehtimolii tatbiqi peshnihodhoro be nishon dodani taklifi mushakhkhas muayyan namoyand; ba talaboti tartiboti jamiyati va akhloq mukholifat kunand; az jonibi kormandoni muhandisivu tekhniki yo ilmii muassisahoi il- mi-tahqiqoti, loihakashi, konstruktori, tekhnologi yo zer- sokhtorhoi digar korkhonaho dar hamin soha dar ravandi ij- roi vazifahoi khizmati yo korhoi shartnomavii bo onho vobastabuda tahiya shuda boshand.Tartibi mansub donistani peshnihodho ba peshnihodhoi dar ravandi ijroi vazifahoi khizmati tahiyashudaro korkhona muqarrar menamoyad.

Bo peshnihodi ratsionalizatori ba halli tekhnikii mavjuda mukamalnamoi vorid karda meshavad. Navovari ba tajhizot va qismhoi on vobasta ba sharoiti istehsolot tagyirot vorid megardad. Kambudihoi alohidai kanstruk- torho va loihakashon bartaraf meshavand va gayra. Dar na- tijai peshnihodi ratsionalizatori halli tekhnikii nav va foidanok dar korkhona, tashkilot va yo muassisa peshnihod

megardad, ki on boisi tagyiri sokhti olot, tekhnologiyai is- tehsolot va tekhnikai istifodashavanda va yo tagyiri tarki- bi material ba amal barovarda meshavad. Ba nishonahoi peshnihodi ratsionalizatori dokhil meshavand: hali tekhniki; navovari; foidanoki.

Halli tekhniki naqshi halkunandaro bozida, manoi onro dorad, ki peshnihod boyad takmilyobii mushakhasro hal kunad va ratsionalizator boyad dar peshnihodi khud kori muayyanro baroi giriftani natijai dilkhoh darj namoyad. Halli masala peshnihodhoe etirof nameshavand, ki in yo on talabotro bayon mekunand, ba nombarii chorabinii maq- sadnokii in yo on chorabini mahdud meshavand va yo natijai manfiatnoki amalinamoii onro bayon mekunand va gayra. Az tarafi digar mahaki barasishavanda talab menamoyad ki hal- li masala doroi khislati tekhniki boshad. YAne peshnihodi ratsionalizatori one etirof meshavad, ki halli amalii vazifaro ba yorii vositahoi tekhniki amali namoyad.

Obekti peshnihodi ratsionalizatori inho meboshand: tagyiri sokhtori olot va yo tekhnikai istifodashavanda; tagyiri sokhtori material. In obektho obekthoi odatii peshnihodi ratsionalizatori meboshand, ki baroi mukamal- namoi va inkishofdihii tekhnika va tekhnologiyai istifoda- shavanda ravona gardidaand. Ammo in halli masalahoero, ki ba vorid namudani tekhnika va yo tekhnologiyai nav vobasta me- boshad, istisno namekunad. Dar ayni hol mahdud namudani peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatori tanho bo halli tekhniki joy nadorad, yane na tanho peshnihodhoi doroi khislati tekhniki, balki baroi digar peshnihodho (tashkilotchigi, idorakuni va gayra) ki baroi korkhona nav ast va ba on foida va yo digar bartariyati voqei meorad, boisi havasmandgardonii mual- lif megardad. Hamin tariq, dar ayni hol metavon guft, ki obekti hifzi huquqi peshnihodi ratsionalizatori halli vazifae meboshad, ki baroi korkhona, muassisa va tashkilot nav va foidanok ast.

Dar farqiyat az ikhtiroot va modeli mufid, ki doroi na- vovarii sathi baynalmillali meboshand, peshnihodi rat- sionalizatori navovariash dar mahal va yo hududi korkhonae peshnihod megardad, basanda ast. Agar peshnihodi mushakhas doroi sathi baynalmilaly boshad, tasnifi on hamchun rat- sionalizatory monea nameshavad, agar bo sababhoi digar ba sifati ikhtiroot va yo modeli mufid ba rasmiyat darovarda nashavad. Tahqiqi navovari peshnihodi ratsionalizatory peshnihodgardida tanho dar hududi korkhona surat megirad. Navovarii peshnihodi ratsionalizatory dar muhlati mua- yyan muqarar megardal va nisbati onho mafhumi avvaliyat istifoda meshavad. Avvaliyat bo muhlati peshnihodi ariza dar borai peshnihodi ratsionalizatory muayyai megardad. Peshnihod navovar hisobida nameshavad, agar to peshnihodi ariza tibqi sharti muqararshuda ba amal barovarda shavad va yo chunin hal allakay dar in korkhona istifoda gardidaast; bo farmoish va yo amri mamuriyat peshbini shudaast; az jonibi khadamoti tekhnikii in korkhona korkard gardidaast; az joni- bi digar shakhs, ki ba u avvaliyat ba in peshnihod taaalluq dorad; az jonibi tashkiloti boloy tavsiya shudaast va yo dar nashriyot chunin itiloot dar in soha nashr gardidaast; bo meyorhoi hatmy baroi korkhona muqarar gardidaast.

Peshnihod dar holate baroi korkhona ki ba on peshkash shudaast, foidanok hisobida meshavad, ki agar istifodab- arii on dar in korkhona dar sharoiti mavjuda va yo bavujud- oyanda mutobiqi naqshahoi tasdiqgardida imkoniyat medi- had, ki foida yo digar bartariyat ba dastoyad. Foidanokii peshnihod dar asosi muqoisai natijai foidai badastoyanda va voqean joydoshtai korkhona sanjida meshavand. Peshniho- de, ki talaboti foidanokiro qone karda nametavonad, si- fati mahsulot ustuvorii on muhlatnokii onro past meku- nad, sharoiti mehnatro bad mesozad, bekhatarii tekhnikiro azbayn mebarad, natijai peshtararo bo tarzhoi murakkab ba dast meorad, peshnihodi ratsnonalizatory hisobida name- shavad. Dar baze mavridho vorid namudani peshnihoi rat- sionalizatory boisi behtar shudani yak guruh nishondihan- daho va bad- gardidani digar nishondihandaho meshavad. Dar in mavrid hangomi muayyan kardani foidanokii peshni- hod az on boyad baroyand, ki afzaliyati ratsionalizatory nis- bat ba kambudihoi on chi guna ast.

Subektoni peshnihodhoi ratsionalizatory muallif, muallifon va merosgironi onho meboshand. Muallif shakhse ast, ki bo mehnati ejodii u peshnihod ba vujud omadaast. Ba- roi etirofi shahrvand hamchun muallifi peshnihodi ratsi- onalizatory sinu sol va holati qobiliyati amalkuni tasir namerasonad, ammo dar in soha nafare mustaqilona amal karda metavonand, ki ba sinni 14 rasida boshad. Dar mavri- di digar muallife, ki sinash az cho 14 sola poyon ast, huquq- hoyashro volidaynash va yo vasiyash ba amal mebarorad. SHahr- vandoni khoriji va yo shakhsoni beshahrvandi dar in samt do- roi on huquqhoyand, ki shahrvandoni Tojikiston mushara- fand. Dar aksariyati mavridho mualifoni peshnihodi rat- sionalizatori kormandoni korkhona va muassisaho mebo- shand, ammo ariza dar borai peshnihodi ratsionalizatori ba korkhona metavonad az jonibi shakhsoni beruna niz kor- mandoni korkhonai digar nafaqagir, donishjuyon va gayra peshnihod gardidaast. Dar miyoni kormandoni asosi va gu- ruhi alohida hayati injineriyu tekhniki judo karda mesha- vad. Hamchun qoida kormandoni injineriyu tekhnikni kor- khona muallifi peshnihod buda nametavonad, in muqararot ba on asosnok karda meshavad, ki faoliyati in kormandon boyad ba on ravona karda shavad javobgui talaboti sathi ikhtiroot va modeli sudmand ast. Dar barobari bo qo- nunguzori hududhoi khurdi doirai amali in mahdudiyat mu- qarar gardidaast, avvalan in muqararot nisbati na hama kormandoni ijineriyu tekhniki taalluq dorad, ba korman- doni tashkilothoi makhsusi ilmi-tahqiqoti, loihavi, kons- truktori, tekhnologi va sokhtorhoi ba on monandi korkhona ba on taalluq dorad. Badan peshnihod boyad ba loiha va kon- struksiya va ravandhoi tekhnologi korkardshavandai in kor- khona dokhil shavad. Mahdudiyat va peshnihodhoe pahn megar- dad, ki ba to itmomi kor oid ba korkard va ba kor darovar- dani on peshkash shudaand, Bad az margi muallifi pesh- nihodi ratsionalizatori huquqhoi u dar munosibathoi huquqguzari ijozat doda shudaast ba merosgironi u tibqi qonun va yo vasiyatnoma meguzarad. Dar asosi meros huquq ba khavasmandgardoni va tamini amalinamoki on huquq ba gi- riftani peshnnhodi ratsionalizatori meguzarad. Muhlati amali huquqhoi merosgiron ba davrahoi muayyan mahdud namegardad. Ishtirokchii munosibathoi ba peshnihodi rat- sionalizatory vobasta, inchunin korkhona, muassisa va tash- kilot meboshand. Qonun huquqhoi muallifiro ba shakhsi huquqi mutaliq nadonista, onro uhdador menamoyad, ki ariza oid ba peshnihodi ratsionalizatori qabul namoyad, barrasi kunad va hujjati hifzkunandaero ba muallif dihad. Ba gayra az in, ba shakhsoni huquqi huquq doda shudaast, ki dar mavridi vorid namudani peshnihod ba istehsolot ba mual- lif mablagi havasmandgardoniro pardokht namoyad.

Davlat dar majmu subekti huquq ba peshnihodi ratsi- onalizatori namegardad. Muallifi (hammuallifoni) peshnihodi ratsionalizatori huquqi giriftani podoshro dorad. Podosh az tarafi korkhonae, ki peshnihodi ratsionalizatoriro etirof namudaast, ba muallif (hammuallifon) dar holathoi zerin pardokht karda meshavad: peshnihodi ratsionalizatori az tarafi korkhona istifoda (tatbiq) shudaast; hamchun peshpardokht dar mavride, ki peshnihod, hamchun peshnihodi ratsionalizatori etirof karda shudaast; peshnihodi ratsionalizatori ba hujjathoi tekhnikii dar asosi shartnoma ba korkhonai digar dodashuda vorid karda shudaast. Andozai podosh baroi peshnihodi ratsionalizatori az tarafi korkhona dar muvofiqa bo muallif (hammuallifon) muayyan karda shuda, dar shartnomai bayni onho bastashuda darj megardad. Agar peshnihodi muallif (hammuallifon) dar yakchand korkhona hamchun peshnihodi ratsionalizatori etirof shuda boshad, har yake az in korkhonaho novobasta ba digarho, ba muallif (hammuallifon) podosh medihad. Bo tartibi muqarrarna- mudai qonunguzorii JT mumkin ast muallifi (hammualli- foni) peshnihodi ratsionalizatori ba giriftani mukofoti davlati, unvoni fakhri va digar mukofotho peshnihod karda shavand.

Hali masala dar mavride peshnihodi ratsionalizato- ri hisobida meshavad, ki ba tavri rasmi etirof karda sha- vad. Korkhona, muassisa va tashkilot mustaqilona tartibi barrasii ariza oid ba peshnihodi ratsionalizatoriro mua- yyan mekunand. Hamin tariq, muqarrarot oid ba rasmiyat- darorii munosibatho dar in samt mutaliqi tanzimi huquqi mehnati ast. Ba rasmiyatdarori huquq ba peshnihodi ratsio- nalizatory az lahzai ba tartibdarori ba peshnihodi ariza vorid gardida, bo dodani guvohnomai ratsionalizatori bo imzoi rohbari korkhona va muhri on ba itmom merasad. Baroi barrasii shikoyat oid ba raddi etirofi peshnihod hamchun peshnihodi ratsionalizatory yo bekor kardani qaror dar borai etirofi peshnihodi ratsionalizatory dar korkhona Komissiyai halli bahsho dar hayati namoyandagoni mamu- riyat va shuroi tashkiloti ibtidoii Jamiyati ratsionali- zatoron yo namoyandagoni ittifoqi kasabai korkhona tasis doda meshavad. Muallifi peshnihod huquq dorad oid ba rad- di etirofi peshnihod hamchun peshnihodi ratsionalizato- ry va yo bekor kardani qaror dar borai etirofi peshnihodi ratsionalizatory dar muhlati du moh az ruzi qabuli qarori mazkur ba Komissiyai halli bahsho shikoyat namoyad. Mual- lifi peshnihod huquq dorad dar barrasii shikoyati khud ish- tirok namoyad. Bahsho vobasta ba faoliyati ratsionaliza- tory dar Komissiyai halli bahsho yo bo tartibi sudy barrasy karda meshavand.