PRINSIPHO VA USULHOI TAYM MENEJMENT

PRINSIPHO VA USULHOI TAYM MENEJMENT

Prinsiphoi taym menechment

Bendjamin Franklin prinsiphoi asosii nizomi idorakunii vaktro tahiya namudaast. In prinsipho ba tavri zerin inikos shudaand: hamai vazifahoi buzurge, ki dar nazdi inson karor dorand, hamchun koida ba baze zervazifaho chudo meshavand va dar navbati hud onho niz ba baze zervazifahoi hurdtarin taksim meshavand. Inro nazarras dar shakli ahromi bisyorzina tasvir kardan mumkin ast, ki dar nakshai 13.1. ovarda shudaast.

Nakshai 13.1. Nrinsiphoi asoeii nizomi idorakunii vaqgp

 

Prinsipi vakolatdihii salohiyat dar nakshai 13.2. tasvir karda shudaast.

Inchunin said kardan zarur ast, ki sabuli nizom ba khud sarayoni sokh- tani ahromro tasvir menamoyad. Avval poyai vaznintarini akhromi mo asos

 

megirad, ki khamchun zamina baroi digar iabatsho khizmat mekunad. Baroi yak shakhe – in bovari ba fardo va farovonii moddy. Baroi shakhsi digar – eishatu salomatii oila va farzandoni khushbakht. Baroi seyumin – huquqi balandi ijtimoi va shuhrat. Baroi shakhsi chorum – fasat khokimiyat. Baroi panuum – marifati doimi. Baroi shakhsi shashum – khizmat ba mardum…

Ruikhat metavonad beokhir boshad, chunki har yak inson arzishhoi ziyodi khayotiro doroet. Marhilai asosii sokhtani ahrom, muhim meboshad: dar in marhila kai ba khatoi roh doda meshavad (masalan, agar «khizmat ba mardum» va «marifat» intikhob karda shavad, chunki shumo intikhob kar- dani «khuquqshoi balandi istimoi» va «shukhrat»-ro tarjeh medoned), ki dar natisa inson dar kholati nohinchor duchor meshavad. Dar navbati av- val ruikhati arzishhoi khayotii khudro tahiya namoed, ammo baroi sarfai vastaton natarsed – ruikhatro khub fikr kuned. Inchunin bovari khosil kardan zarur ast, ki arzishhoi intikhob kardai shumo, yakdigarro inkor na- mekunand.

Nakshai 13.2. Nakshai tatbiki prinsipi vakolatdihii salohiyat

 

Doir ba vakolatdihii huquq sukhan ronda, nisbati masalahoi avtomati- kunii biznes beparvo shudan lozim nest, zero onho mafhumi beshtar nazdiq, qabilavI va aloqamandii mutaqobila dorand. Manoi avtomatikunonI dar chist? Vaqte ki shumo paI dar paI yagon korro ichro mekuned, silsilai amali-
yoti doimy paydo meshavad, ki qobiliyati ejodiro talab namekunad. Mantiqi budani junin raftoru amalro bodiqqat omukhta, jadval yo algoritmro ba osony takhiya namudan mumkin ast, ki kharakati muntazamro baroi ijroishi in yo on vazifa ifoda kunad.

Masalan, vakte ki inson tirezakhoi plastikiro bori avval mebinad, ba vay vakt lozim, ki ozod kushodayu pushidanro yod girad. Agar khar yak lakhzai korash az rui jadval boshad? Vay onro dar yak didan khamon zamon ijro me- kunad! Hususan, junin jadvalkho khamai jarayonkhoro soda megardonand va imkoniyat medikhand, ki ba joi mutakhassisoni kasbii arzishashon baland, mekhnaty past takmilyoftaro bo narkhi nojiz istifoda barand. Ba sharofati junin jadvalkho, ijrokunanda dar kholatkhoi mushakhkhas jy tavr raftor kar- danro fikr namekunad, baraks ba tavri avtomaty, kharakathoi muvofikro ijro mekunad.

Qonuni Pareto

Konuni Pareto (prinsipi Pareto), yo qoidai 80/20 – yake az rokhkhoi besh- tar pakhngashtatarini bakhoguzorii samaranokii in yo on faoliyat meboshad. Mafkhumi in konun az on iborat ast, ki 20%-i takviyat 80% natija medikhad va bokimonda 80% takviyat khamagy 20% natijaro tamin menamoyad. Hamin tavr, fakhmidan mumkin ast, ki on zakhirakhoi bekhtarinro intikhob namud, ki samarai ziyod dorad va metavonad natijai balandro bo kharojoti kamtarin ba dast orad. Dar on khol takviyati minbada nolozim va gayrisamaranok megardad.

Paidoishi Konuni Pareto

Tanosubi foizii 80/20 dar okhiri asrkhoi XIX az tarafi iqtisodchi Vilf- red Pareto dar vakti tadsishoti konuniyati tassimnamoii boiigarii baini tabashikhoi gunoguni akholii Britaniyai Kabir asos guzoshta shudaast. Mukhasish ba ikhtirooti taassubangez aftoda, disbalansi zerinro daryoft namud: ba 20% akholii Britaniyai Kabir khamagi 80% boiigarii kishvar talus dosht.

Hamin tavr, sonuni 80/20, ki afsus az tarafi olim mukammal isbot nagardid, yak taraf nishoda shuda bud. Baroi khamin vai to solkhoi 1949 to vakrkhe, ki professori Donishgokhi Garvard CHorj K Zipf ba sonunguzorii zer- ni tavassukh zohir namud, sarfi nazar gardidaast. Vai ba on asidae omad, ki takriban 20-30% tasviyat maksimum 70-80% natijanokiro meorad, ki az on intizor shudan mumkin. Hamin tavr, Zipf az nav prinsipi Paretor kushod, ki asosi khudtashkilnamoii khamai zakhirakhoro nishon medod.

Prinsipi Pareto ba tashakkulyobii odamoni beshtar shukhratmand: biznesmenkho, ikhtirojiyon, internet-investorkho va khokazo tasiri arzan- da rasonidaast. Dar bisyor kholatkho, khususan, ba tufayli vokeiyati odii ju- nin shakhson dunyo ba kully tagyir yofta, junin tasvirro, ki ayni zamon do- rad, girift.

 

Prinsipi Pareto

Nakshai 13.3. Muhimmiyati sonuni Pareto

 

Prinsipi 80/20-ro bo zahmathoi ilmii Arkhimed yo konuni Nyuton muqoiea kardan nomumkin, ammo istifodabarii on dar zamoni khud ba faoliya- ti biznes-shirkatkho va bisyor sokhibkoroni peshqadam yak qator tagyiroti iqilobiro darovard.

Bo mafkhumi in koida shinos gardida, rokhbar banogokh dark namud, ki fakat yak kismi sayu kushishi onkho ba fonda rafta istodaast va beshtari ichroish fakat baroi on ki chy tavr boyad kard. Masalan, istekhsolkunandagoni buzurg daromadnokii tichoratii khudro takhkik namuda fakhmidand, ki nisbat ba bokimondagon, fakat 5-um kismi mizochoni onkho ba onkho foidai ziyod- tarin meorand. Hdmin tavr, onkho bakhoguzorii samaranokii mekhnati khudro omukhta va ahamiyati vokeii kholatkhoro dar biznes zohir namudand.

CHahonbinii ananavy sakhvan farz mekunad, ki khamai omilkho dar khayoti mo ba tagyiryobii umumii kholat takriban yakkhela tasir merasonad. Odamo- ne, ki koidai Paretoro afzaliyat namekhisoband, dar kabuli karor khisob me- kunand, ki khamai mizochon takriban yakkhela fonda meorand va khamai korman- done, ki kiro karda shudaand, khangomi ichroi ukhdadorikhoi khud yakkhela sama- ranokii kory dorand. Onkho fikr mekunand, ki khamai rafikon va oshnokhoe, ki dorand, ba satkhi barobar mukhimand va khamai ruzkhoi khafta samarai ba- robar dorand. Donishgokhro intikhob namuda, chunin odamon ekhtimol dorand, ki donishkho va malakay azkhudmenamuda dar khamai onkho yakkhela ast.

Dar khakikat, konuni Pareto 80/20 doyr ba on kayd mekunad, ki khangomi purra takhlil kardani sabab natichanokii ruydodkhoi gunoguni alokamand ba khulosae omadan mumkin ast, ki kismi kami kharakat tasiri beshtarro ba natichai nikhoy rasonida, faolnokii bokimonda amalan befoida meboshad.

Alosamandii konuni Pareto bo tisorat va marketing

SHirkati mashuuri 1VM avvalin shuda sonuni Paretoro dar sohai mar- keting faolona istifoda burdaast. Soli 1963 mutakhassisoni 1VM dark namudand, ki takriban 80%-i vasti kompyutehoi onho baroi ba amal baro- vardani 20% amaliyot kharj shuda istodaast. Binobar in, zud saror sabul gardida bud, ki 20%-i vazifakhoi besh az khama istifodashudaistoda daryoft karda shavand va baroi istifodabaranda onro sulai va funksionali namoyand. Dar natijai guzaronidani tagiirot ba mutakhassison istehsoli moshine mu- yassar gardid, ki nisbat ba dastgohi hamsoli rasibon teztar kor mekard.

Prinsipi Pareto dar tijorat manoi onro dorad, ki zakhirahoi beshtar buzurgi biznes baroi dastgiri namudani molhoi eamaranokiash kam az nuk- tai nazari foidanoki va muzdi maoshi kormandoni nolozima kharj karda me- shavad. Ba kharidorone, ki foizi kamtarini daromadro meorand, az khad ziyod diskat jalb karda meshavad. Binobar in, khulosai mantishi bar meoyad, ki agar ba sohahoi beshtar samaranok tamarkuznamoi mumkin ast, ki foidai shir- kat yak barobar ziyod gardad.

Baroi on ki biznesi khudro behtar gardoni, onro ba korhoi samaranok va kormandoni purmahsul tagiir dodan kofi ast, zero onuo metavonand bo furushi mo.lho yo khizmatrasonii az khama daromadnok mashgul gardand.

Agar sukhan dar borai mizos ravad, pas hatto yak nafari oihoro gum kar- dan namekhohi. Koidai Pareto izhor menamoyad, ki fasat 20%-i kharidoron 80%-i foidaro tamin mekunand, bosimonda fasat vasti .hayati korii shu- moro sarf namuda, daromadi na onsadar muhim meorand. Baroi on ki khamaash durust ba roh monda shavad, tasviyatro ba khaddi aksar baroi kor bo mizojoni istidorashon buzurg ravona karda, alosaro bo bosimonda 80% soda gardonida, vastro khorij va baroi shirkat kamkharj gardonidan zarur ast. Hamin tavr, shumo faoliyati biznesi khudro behtar gardonida metavoned. Hususan, ba ana hamin nasshi rohbar dar idorakunii shirkat asos meyobad.

Umuman, khulosa barovardan mumkin ast, ki na khama vast manoi kor kushishi ba 100% natija ba dast darovardan meboshad. Kuvva va zakhirahoe, ki baroi badastdarorii on kharojot megardad, metavonad ba sadri imkon da- romadro rupush namoyad. Dar bisyor kholatho ba sadri kofi 80% mahdud megar- dad, ki dar in hol vositai kamahamiyat baroi ba dast darovardani natija sarf karda meshavad.

In qoidaro odamoni muvaffaq na faqat dar biznes yo karerai khud, bal- ki ba bokimonda sokhakhoi khayotashon istifoda mebarand. Hususan, baroi khamin onkho kushish mekunand, ki khamai korkhoi dastie, ki metavonand diga- ron ichro kunand, ichroishashro ba onkho suporish doda, khud bo korkhoi mukhim va makhsulnok mashgul shavand.

Hamai korkhoi dastii kammakhsule, ki odatan beshtari vakt va kuvvaro meruyonad, ba digaron voguzor kardan lozim ast! SHumo boyad fakat korkhoi az khama mukhim va natichanokro ichro namoed.

 

Usulkhoi asosii taym menejment

Baroi halli muammohoi aloqamand bo oqilona istifodabarii vaqti kory amalan bisyor usulho vujud dorand, qi nomi umumii «taym menejment»- ro giriftaand. Taym-menejment – in majmui usulhoi umumy va tavsiyaho ba- roi har yak inson va tashkilot buda, zarur ast, ki onro alohida, fardy in- tikhob namud.

1. Takhlili istifodabarii zakhirai vast

Tahlili istifodabarii vakt kumak merasonad, ki talafi vakt zohir kar- da shuda, dar amaliyai uslubi kory tarafhoi sust va kavy nishon doda sha- vand. CHunin tahlil behad muhim ast, agar nomalum boshad, ki chand kadar vakt harj shuda istodaast, baroi ijroi in yo on kor jand kadar vakt lozim, kadom omilhoi havasmandkunanda yo mahdudkunandai kobiliyati kory vujud dorand. Baroi on ki muammo tadkik gardad, bahisobgirii boetimodi vakt lozim ast.

Az hama rohi samaranoki bahisobgirii vakt in dar ruznomai mahsus kayd kardani on meboshad.

Bakhisobgirii vast dar jarayoni kor yake az padidai beshtar sozgor buda, khangomi bahisobgirii vast mumkin ast, ki baze sismatkhoi nozaruri kor ikhtisor karda shavand. Dar jarayoni takhlil tarafkhoi savy va susti isti- fodabarii zakhirai vast zokhir karda meshavad.

Inchunin dar ravandi takhlil «vastraboyon», khatokhoi gunoguni istifo- dabarii vasti kory, zarurati muayyankunii sababkhoi on, korkardi usulkhoi muboriza bo onkho baroi kormandi mushakhkhas beshtar muvofisro zokhir kar- da meshavand.

2. Banasshagirii vast

Banakshagiry in basohtordarorii vakt baroi beshtar sarfakorona is- tifodabarii on hangomi badastdarorii in yo on maksad va vazifahoi dar nazdi rohbar yo tashkilot istoda meboshad. Banakshagiry metavonad daroz- muddat, miyonamuhlat va kutohmuhdat boshad.

Banakshagiry hama vakt vobasta ba maksad amaly karda meshavad. Asos baroi hamai namudi banakshagiry maksad yo maksadhoi darozmuddat hiz- mat mekunad. Dar asosi maksadhoi darozmuddat maksadhoi miyonamuhlat va kutohmuddat mukarrar karda meshavad.

Hudi jarayoni banakshagiry dar on asos meyobad, ki natija va muhlat tas- viya karda shuda faoliyati kormandon baroi ba dast darovardani on ravo- na karda meshavad.

Koidai banasshagiry

YAkchand soidakhoi banasshagirii vastro lozim ast, ki rioya namoem:

1. YAkum, banasshagiriro dar shakli khatty ba amal barorem.
2. Duvum, natijakhoi peshomadi tahlili istifodabarii vasti kori- ro omuzem.
3. Sevum, ruzi korii khudro purra ba nassha giriftan zarur nest.

Zarur ast, ki baroi isronamoii kor va khalli muammohoe, ki ba korhoi tookhir narasonidashuda va to okhir khalnagardida dar vasti banasshanagiriftashuda meyorhoi muayyani vastro korkard namud.

Baroi halli masalauoi aznavsuporishdihii kor, az rui darasai tasili va muhim onhoro chudo namudan lozim ast. Dar in hol vazifakhoi beshtar tasili va muhimro rohbar boyad zudtar khsshlu fasl namoyad.

3. CHorabinikhoi kumakkunanda dar osilona istifodabarii vast

YAke az muammoi buzurge, ki ba talafi ahamiyatnoki vaqti korii rohbar ovarda merasonaa, on ast, ki rohbar beshtari vakt bo korhoe mashgul megar- dad, ki onro metavonand tobeoni on bo komyobii baland ijro kunand. Ak- sar vakt in az run on ba vujud meoyad, ki rohbar bovary nadorad, ki tobeo- nash az uhdai ijroi junin uhdadorii jiddy mebaroyand, yo az voguzor namu- dani junin javobgarii buzurg ba onho metarsad. Vagarna, ba kavle, ki mu- ammo az rui vakolatdihii hukuk amal mekunad.

Dar zeri mafhumi vakolatdihy dodani hukuk ba tobei hud az sohai fa- oliyati shahsii rohbary fahmida meshavad. Dodani vazifa yo faoliyat me- tavonad ba muhlati daroz yo mahdudi suporishi yakmarotibaina amali gar- donida shavad. Vakolatdihi ba rohbar kumak mekunad, ki baroi vazifahoi muhim vakti ozod paido namuda va kame sabuk gardad.

Dar holathoi umumi korhoi dasti, faoliyati mahsusgardonidashuda, savolhoi shahsi va korhoi taiyorkuniro vakolat dodan az ahamiyat holi nest. Ammo yagon vakt junin korhoro ba monandi muaiyankunii maksad, idoraku- nii kormandon, vazifahoe, ki darajai balandi tavakkal dorand va ba inho monandro vakolat dodan lozim nest. Injunin vazifahoi suporish gardida- ero, ki ijro shudaand, hatman muttahid namudan zarur ast.

Vakti ziyodro, injunin baroi nizomi ittilootii nomukammal va gairistandarti, ki ehtimoli ivaznamoii ahborotro az rui ierarhiyai amudi dar tashkilot bo tarz va navi az tarafi rohbar intihobgardida va az run ufuki, ji tavre ki az tarafi kormandon kulai muvofika karda shudaast, ba roh mondan ba maksad muvofik ast.

Korkardi standarthoi ittihodiyavii rasonidani akhborot metavonad vastro amalan ikhtisor namoyad, ki dar sarayoni korkardi ittilooti bada- stomada, «kushishi darki akhborot»-i giriftashuda, inchunin baroi islohi on kambudie, ki dar natijai nodurust burda                                        malumot ba vuchud

omadaast, zarur ast. In standartno boyad mafhumi durusti istilohhoe, ki dar sarayoni faoliyati tashkilot sabul gardidaast, dar bar girifta, nomgui buzurgiuoe, ki boyad khangomi rasonidani ittiloot doir ba yagon ruidod, zunurot, dalelho yo predmethoe, ki purragii ittilootro talab mekunad, dasis boshad. Inchunin ittilooti khizmatii dar chorchubai tash-

kilot rasonidashuda boyad durust boshad, ki uhdadorihoi shakhsiro baroi dodani ittilooti sifatnok tamin karda tavonad.

Qayd kardan zarur ast, ki ba tasviri mushakhkhasi muammoe, ki doimo dar hayoti khar yak inson sar mezanad, nigoh nakarda, mushkiloti bavusudomada dar uayoti shakhe, ba «raboyandagoni vasti» khud, takmili sifathoi shakhsy va kharosoti vasti khud, ki baroi faoliyati samaranok khalal merasonand, inson shavsmand nabuda, binobar in usul va tavsiyahoi universalie, ki ba- roi khamai kholathoi khayotii insony khos ast, dodan noimkonpazir mebo- shad. Dar khar yak kholati mushakhkhas bo vositai takhlil rohhoi muboriza bo gayriosilona kharosot kardani zakhirakhoi vastro justuju namudan zarur ast, zero in rohho dar khar yak kholat baroi khar yak inson khususiyatkhoi khos- ro doro meboshand.

4. Taym-menesment dar doirai tashkilot

Taym-menejment dar doirai tashkilot in harakat az sathi poyonii ierar- khiya meboshad. Baroi hamin odamonro shavkmand kardan zarur ast. Korman- don vakti korii khudro hamjun vakti furukhtashuda ba korfarmo dida meba- royand, bo vujudi in, ba onho talkin kardan zarur ast, ki in agar vakti ba korfarmo furukhtashuda ham boshad, ammo zakhirai purnashavandai hayoti in- son meboshad. Bad az in ba kormandi shirkat zud fakhmishe bedor megardad, ki zakhirai kimatbakho va purnashavandai bebozgasht az rui betartibii mukhit vujud nadoshtani dasturi vazifavy, banakshagirii muqarrarii ittikhodiyavy va g. befoida kharj shuda istodaast.

Ba khud fakhmidan va khis kardani tashkil va banaqshagiry, beshtar oro- mona va kobili kabul budani navovarikhoro dar in sokha az shakhe talab meku- nad. Injunin baroi on jorikunii loikhakhoi idorakuny yo nizomi menejmenti sifat, na «ogozi junun», balki kadami vokey va purra fakhmoii rushd me- boshad. Hol on ki, agar junin odamon dar tashkilot kam az 5-10% boshand, onkho purra kobiliyati mubtalo kardani fakhmishi khud ba muammoi mavjuda va jiddu jakhdi kismi ziyodi khayati tashkilotro dorand.