Илмхона Комрон.инфо
RELEF VA SOHTI GEOLOGII TOJIKISTON
Ba khotir ovared, ki relef dar kharitahoi miqyosashop khurd chy guna tasvir meyobad? Erahoi geology va davrahoi onhoro nombar kuned.
Relef. Tojikiston sarzamini kuhsor ast. Balandii mutlaqi on az 300 to 7495 m meboshad. 93 darsadi hududi Tojikistonro kuhho va 7 darsadi onro hamvoriho ishgol kardaand. Taqriban 50 darsadi sathi qalamravi jumhuri az 3000 metr balandtar voqe gardida ast. Dar qismi shimolii Tojikiston qator- kuhi Qurama va kuhi vayronshudai Mugul, ki shokhai shimoli garbii silsilakuhi Tiyonshon meboshad, joygir shudaand. In kuhho nazar ba digar kuhhoi Tojikiston qadim va past mebo- shand (qullai Boboi ob – 3769 m, qullai Ahromshakl – 5621 m).
Dar bayni qatorkuhhoi Qurama va kuhi Mugul az shimoli garb va qatorkuhi Turkiston az janub khamii Fargona – ganji- nai Osiyoi Miyona joy giriftaast. Qismi garbii vodi ba Tojikiston mansub ast. Garbtar az vodii Fargona Mirzochuli tojik doman pahn kardaast, ki pasttarin mavzei jumhuri ba shumor meravad (250-300 m).
Dar qismi markazii Tojikiston silsila kuhhoi Hisoru Oloy joygir shudaand, ki qatorkuhhoi Zarafshon, Hisor, Qa- rotegin va Oloyro (qismi garbi) dar bar megirand (balandii onho az 5500 m ziyod ast).
Silsilakuhhoi Hisoru Oloy ba qatorkuhhoi Tojikiston qarib barobar joygir meboshand. Dar bayni in qatorkuhho vodihoi Zarafshon va YAgnob voqe gardidaand. Vodii Za- rafshon, ki ba masofai ziyoda az 200 km tul kashidaast, baroi inkishofi kishovarzi sharoiti musoid dorad. Dar in vodi daryohovu sufaho bisyorand. Dar sargahi rudi Zarafshon pi- ryakhi Zarafshon voqe ast, ki az jumlai piryakhhoi nachandon kaloni Tojikiston meboshad. Darozii on 250 km, barash to 2 km va masohati qismi asosiash 4160 km2 ast. Dar sohili chapi rudi Zarafshon kuhi Fon qad kashidaast (qullai balandash CHimtarga – 5495 m).
Dar janubi garbi jumhuri depressiyai tojik-mavzei past, ki az pushtakuhhoi nachandon baland va khamiho iborat ast, joygir meboshad. Qatorkuhhoi janubi garbi Tojikiston jihathoi khosi khudro dorand. Onho dar shimoli sharq zich buda, ba samti janubi garb bodbezakshakl pahn meshavand va tadrijan past shuda, ba hamvorihoi rudhoi Panju Omu tabdil meyoband. Az qatorkuhhoi khurd – qatorkuhhoi Vakhsh, CHilontog, Qarotog, Oqtog, Bobotog va gayra malumand. Dar bayni qatorkuhho vodiyu hamvorihoi Hisor, Vakhsh, Kofarnihoni Poyon, Farkhor, Kulob, YOvon, Dangara doman pahn kardaand. Onho dar balan- dihoi az 300-400 to 1200 m voqe gardida, qati nazar az khurd budanashon (daroziashon 25-110 km, barashon 2-4 km) mahali asosii sukunati mardum va dehqoni meboshand.
Dar qismi sharqii Tojikiston silsilakuhhoi Pomir do- man pahn kardaand. Qatorkuhi Akademiyai Ilmhoro markazi in silsilakuhho hisobidan mumkin ast. Balandii miyonai in qatorkuh ziyoda az 5000 m ast. Qullai balandtarini on – Ismo- ili Somoni (7495 m) na faqat nuqtai balandtarini Tojiki- ston, balki nuqtai balantarini qalamravi Ittihodi Dav- lathoi Mustaqil niz meboshad. Qullai Ismoili Somoniro soli 1933 quhnavardi shuravi E.Abalakov fath namudaast. Dar samti garbii on qatorkuhhoi Pyotri YAkum, Darvoz, Vanj va YAzgulom joygir shudaand.
Silsilakuhhoi Pomirro metavon ba du qism judo kard: Po- miri Garbi va Pomiri SHarqi.
Pomiri Garby relefi ravshan dorad. Ba in mavze qator- kuhhoi tegahoyash tezi barfpush, darahoi chuqur va daryochahoi purtugyon khos meboshand. Qatorkuhho dar balandii 3800-4000 m az sathi bahr doman pahn kardaand (balandii qullaashon ba ziyoda az 6000 m merasad). Vodiho dar balandii 1700-2500 metr voqe gardidaand.
Pomiri SHarqi hamchun sufakuh dar balandihoi 3500-4500 metr voqe gardidaast. Balandii nisbii qatorkuhho 1-2 ki- lometrro tashkil menamoyand. In mavze az vodihoi takht, daryohoi sustjarayon va kulhoi shur iborat ast. Dar in nohiyai kuhsor yakhbandii bisyorsola hukmfarmost.
Dar qismi shimoli Pomiri SHarqi qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy tul kashidaast. In qatorkuh osmonbus buda, balandiash dar qismi mobayn ba 6000 m merasad. Qullai az hama balandi qa- torkuh – Sino 7134 m ast. Tavassuti agbai Qizilart (4280 m), ki dar qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy joy giriftaast, rohi az hama ba- landtarini moshtngardi Pomir meguzarad, ki on shahri Ushro bo markazi Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon – Horug mepayvandad. Dar janubi qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy qatorkuhhoi Muzkul, Alichuri SHimoli va Alichuri Janubi joygir shuda- and.
Relefi Tojikiston «khususiyati zinavi» dorad. Dar Tojikis- ton mintaqahoi zerinro judo kardan mumkin ast: hamvori, kuhdoman, pastkuh, miyonakuh va balandkuh.
Mintaqai hamvori dar balandii az 300 to 900 metr az sathi bahr voqe gardidaast. Hamvoriho asosan joyhoi vaslshudai vodii daryoho yo pastihoi serbari baynikuhi (depressiyaho) buda, hamagi 7 darsadi masohati jumhuriro tashkil medihand. Ba mintaqai kuhdoman adir va teppaho mansuband, ki 900-1600 metr balandi dorand. Bisyor adirho ba zamini kisht tabdil doda shudaand.
Mintaqai pastkuh dar balandihoi az 1600 to 2000-2300 m voqe gardida, dar on nishebihoi rostfuromada (besh az 35°) zinahoi luchi kharsangi va dar baze joyho qitahoi khurdi za- minhoi lalmi duchor meshavand.
Ba mintaqai miyonakuh (balandiash 2300-3500 m) yonahoi ser- shokha bo vodihoi tagorashaklu bakhshgohhoi serbar, ki piryakhho ba vujud ovardaand, khos meboshad.
Mintaqai balandkuh khosi mintaqahoi qatorkuhhoi Hisor, Oloy va Pomir buda, dar balandihoi ziyoda az 3500 m joy gi- riftaast. In mintaqa nishebihoi rostfuromada va qullahoi tez doshta, makoni tarma va piryakhho meboshad. Rohhoe, ki az agbai balandkuhho meguzarand, faqat dar mavsimi tobiston kushoda meshavand.
Ba tarzi «zinavi» ivaz shudani relefi Tojikiston na faqat boisi gunogunii tabiat (iqlim, khok, nabotot, hayvonot) me- gardad, balki ba khojagi (bakhusus, kishovarzi) niz tasir mera- sonad. Alhol dar barobari hamvoriho, kuhdoman va pastkuhho niz azkhud karda shudaand. Dar in jo qismi beshtari aholi so- kin shudaand. Korkhonahoi asosii sanoatiyu kishovarzi niz dar hamin jo joy giriftaand.
SOHTI GEOLOGI
Relef va landshafti hozirai Tojikiston bo sokhti geologii on zich aloqamand ast. Sarzamini Tojikiston, qabl az hama shakl giriftani on chandin davrahoi tulonii geologiro si- pari kardaast.
Dar ravandi davrahoi poleozoy va nimai avvali kayno- zoy (to ibtidoi davrai neogen) hududi hozirai Tojikiston borho zeri ob monda, tanho dar ibtidoi davrai neogen az ob ozod shud. Jinshoi poleozoyi qadim va mezozoy tadrijan ba bardoshtashavi sar kardand. Dar natijai baland shudani sil- silakuhhoi asosi – Tiyonshon, Hisoru Oloy dar bayni onho vodihoi Fargona, Hisor, Vakhsh va gayraho ba vujud omada, minbad bo tahnishasthoi jarayonhoi obi muvaqqatii az kuhho furomada pur shudaand.
Dar davrai paleozoy dar hududi hozirai Tojikiston chan- din marotiba vulqonho otashfishoni karda, massivhoi jins- hoi kuhii subvulqoni (kristalli) tashakkul yoftaand. Bisyor konhoi madan, ki dar qabati jinshoi paleozoy khobidaand, az jishoi vulqoni iborat meboshand. Dar tahnishastahoi dav- rai mezozoy va davrai seyum koni madanho nihoyat kam duchor omada, dar on asosan sarvathoi zerizaminii gayrimadani va
suzanda bartari dorand. Az in ru, tarikhi inkishofi geolo- gii hududi Tojikiston yakkhela nest va az in jihat onro ba 5 mintaqa taqsim kardan mumkin ast.
SHimoli Tojikiston nishebihoi qatorkuhi Qurama va kuhi Mugulro dar bar megirad. Avvalin jinshosilshaviho dar qismi hamvori rukh dodaand. Qatorkuhi Qurama va kuhi Mugul – shokhai Tiyonshoni Mobayni dar natijai harakathoi tekto- nikii kaledoni paydo shudaand. In kuhho az varaqsanghoi poleozoyi poyon va jinshoi vulqoni iboratand. Dar in nohiya tahshinhoi davrahoi mezozoy va kaynozoy khele kam dida mesha- vand.
Hamii Fargona (depressiya), ki qismi garbii on ba Tojikis- ton taalluq dorad, dar shimoli sharqii jumhuri voqe mebo- shad. Sathi onro jinshoi allyuviali va lyosii davrai chorum pushonidaand. Paydoishi khamii Fargona ba davri mezozoy mansub ast.
Tojikistoni Markazy silsilakuhhoi Hisoru Oloy, yane qa- torkuhhoi Turkiston, Zarafshon va Qaroteginro dar bar megi- rad. Az jihati sokhti geologi har yaki in qatorkuhho bo majmui jinshoi ba khud khosi poleozoy az yakdigar farq mekunand. Dar davrahoi mezozoy dar hududi in mintaqa harakathoi tekto- niki avj girifta, jinshosilshavii alpi boisi paydoishi re- lefi hozirai on gardidaast.
Tojikistoni CHdnubi Garby – pastii (depressiyai) Tojikro dar bar megirad. In pastii baynikuhi dar bayni silsila- kuhhoi Hisoru Oloy, Hindukush voqe gardidaast. Depressiyai tojik asosan az jinshoi kristallii sinni tokembriy, vulqo- niyu tahshini, inchunin intruzivii poleozoy tarkib yoftaast.
Pomir az jihati sokhti geologi ba geosinklinali alpi taal- luq doshta, az 4 mintaqai tektonikii ba tavri arzi kasholyofta iborat ast: mintaqahoi SHimoli, Markazi, Janubi SHarqi va Janubi Garbi. Mintaqahoi nombarshuda az yakdigar bo sokhti geologii khud farq mekunand. Masalan, Pomiri Janubi Garbi az varaqsanghoi kristalli, marmarhoi tokembriy tarkib yof- taast. Hududi Pomiri Garbi boshad, serzilzila buda, dar on bazan zilzilahoi 8-9-balli ba amal meoyand.
Dar Tojikiston amaliyoti kuhpaydoshavi va tashakkuli vo- diho holo ham idoma dorad. Hamin amal dar qishri Zamin harakathoi tektonikiro ba vujud ovarda, boisi zaminlarza megardad. Tojikiston az jumlai mavzehoi serzilzilai jahon ast. Dar in jo zaminlarzahoi kharobiovar pas az dahsolaho rukh medihand. YAke az mintaqahoi nisbatan faoli zaminlarza az garb ba sharq ba samti Qarotog-Fayzobod – Obigarm – Rasht- Tojikobod tul kashidaast. Dar hamin samt garmchashmahoi beshtar radioktivii Hojaobigarm, SHambari, Obigarm voqe gardidaand. Zaminlarzai sakht boisi aftodani kuhho, furoma- dani tarma va digar hodisahoi nokhush shuda, ba khojagii khalq zarari kalon merasonad. Zaminlarzahoi sakhtu kharobiovar dar Qarotog (1907), Sarez (1911), Hoit (1949), Isfara (1977), Qay- roqqum (1986), SHarora (1989) ruy dodaand. Az hamin sabab dar jumhuri imorathoi seroshyonaro kam bino mekunand. Hangomi sokhtmoni obekthoi sanoati va mardumi dar mahali serzilzi- la az usulhoi navtarini ziddizilzila (tahkursii chuqur, isti- fodai sutunho, chubkori) istifoda mebarand.