SIRRI TIJORATI

Dar asosi Qonuni JT «Dar borai sirri tijorati» az 18 iyuni s. 2008, № 403 sirri tijorati – makhfiyati ittiloote, ki imkoniyat medihad ba dorandai on dar holati mavjuda yo imkonpazir daromadashro ziyod gardonad, ba kharojoti behuda roh nadihad, mavqeashro dar bozori mol, kor va khizmatrasoni nigoh dorad yo khud foidai digari tijorati ba dast orad.

Az in mafhum obekti molikiyati zehni budani sirri tijorati barmeoyad. Sukhan dar borai ittilooti ilmi-tekh- niki, tekhnologi, istehsoli, moliyaviyu iqtisodi yo khud digar ittilooti doroi arzishi voqei yo imkonpaziri tijorati me- ravad, ki binobar sababi onro nadonistani shakhsoni seyum, ki nametavonand in ittilootro dar asosn qonun ozodona dastras namoyand va nisbati on dorandai chunin ittiloot nnzomn sirri tijoratiro jori kardaast. Itiloote, ki shak- li obektivii tanzimi grajdani – huquqiro giriftaast dar muomiloti moli, inchunin bo istifodai digar vijagiho, ba monandi «nou – khau», «sirri kasbi», «sirri shakhsii sohib- kor» va gayra istifoda meshavand, dar asl manoi sirri ti- joratiro dorad. CHunin holat ba sohibkor va digar doran- dai on huquqi subektivi oid ba tadbirhoi huquqi, tash- kily, tekhniki va digar tadbirhoe. ki dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati baroi hifzi makhfiyati on meandeshad. Ba sifati «digar dorandai on» khizmatchiyoni davlati, ham- koron, kormandon va digaron dokhil meshavand, ki uhdador meboshand, ki makhfiyati onro nigoh dorand.

Agar dar rafti ijroi uhdadorihoi khizmati ittilooti kharakteri sirri tijoratidoshta dastrasii qonuni va gay- riqonunii shakhsi mansabdori davlati va yo digar shakhs gar- dad, in ittilooti dastrasii mahdud ba sirri khizmati va yo sirri shakhsi tabdil nameyobad. CHunin ittiloot hamchun do- nish, malakai kasbii tojir va digar fahmishi ittilootii hunar, sirri tijorati boqi memonad. Binobar in, rejai umumii muqarrarnamudai m. 153 va 1126 KG dar nisbati sirri tijorati va sirri khizmati galat ast. Sirri khizmati irtibot dorad ba huquqi mamuri. Vale sirri tijorati mahsuli munosibathoi grajdani – huquqii ittilooti me- boshad. Dar chunin munosibatho donishe ifoda meyobad, ki onro sohibkor va yo hunarmand namekhohad intishor kunad, hamchun donishi tekhniki obekti hifzi patenti namoyad. Bo in vazi vay mavqei khudro dar bozor, dar ijroi kor va hunar nigoh medorad^[1].

Huquq ba mansub donistani ittiloot ba ittilooti do- roi sirri tijorati va huquqi muayyan kardani nomgui va tarkibi in guna ittilootro bo nazardoshti muqarraroti qonuni mazkur dorandai chunin ittiloot dorad. Ittiloote, ki az on shakhs mustaqiman voqif yoftaast, qati nazar az on, ki mazmuni in ittiloot metavonad bo mazmuni ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratii ba shakhsi digar mansubbuda muvofiq boshad, ittilooti ba tavri qonuni az on voqifgardida hi- sob meyobad. Ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratie, ki shakhs az dorandai on dar asosi shartnoma va yo bo digar asosi qonuni giriftaast, ba tarzi qonuni giriftashuda hisob meshavad. Ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratie, ki shakhsi digar doran- dai on ast, dar on holat gayriqonuni az u giriftashuda hisobida meshavad, agar on bar khilofi chorahoi andeshidai dorandai on vobasta ba hifzi makhfiyati in ittiloot girif- ta shuda boshad va hamchunin agar shakhse, ki ittilooti maz- kurro giriftaast, medonist, ki in ittilooti shakhsi digar doroi sirri tijorati meboshad va shakhse, ki digaronro az in ittiloot voqif megardonad, baroi vokifgardonii on asosi qonuni nadorad.

Nizomi sirri tijorati nametavonad az tarafi shakhs nisbati malumoti zerin muqarrar karda shavad: malumoti hujjathoi shakhsi huquqi va malumoti hujjathoe, ki dar fehristi dakhldori davlati ba qayd girifta shudani shakhso- ni huquqi va sohibkoroni infirodiro tasdiq menamoyand; malumoti hujjathoe, ki ba shakhs huquqi ba faoliyati so- hibkori mashgul shudanro medihad; malumot dar borai tar- kibi molu mulki korkhonai davlati, muassisai davlati, in- chunin mavridi istifoda qaror dodani mablagi bujetii dakhldor; malumot dar borai oludashavii muhiti atrof, holati bekhatari az sukhtor, vazi sanitariyu epidemiologi va radiatsioni, bekhatarii ozuqavori va digar omilhoe, ki ba faoliyati bekhavfi obekthoi istehsoli, bekhatarii har yak shahrvand va tamomi aholi tasiri manfi merasonand; malumot dar borai hayati kormandon, nizomi pardokhti muzdi mehnat, dar borai nishondihandahoi mayubshavi dar istehsolot, kasalihoi kasbi va dar borai mavjudiyati joy- hoi kholii kori; malumot dar borai qarzdorii korfarmoyon oid ba pardokhti muzdi mehnat va digar pardokhthoi ijti- moi; malumot dar borai rioya nashudani talaboti qonungu- zorii, JT va dalelho oid ba javobgari baroi sodir kardani in qonunshikaniho; malumot dar borai shartu sharoithoi ozmunho va savdo dar muzoyada oid ba khususigardonii ob- ekthoi davlati, kharidi davlatii mol va koru khizmatrasoni; malumot dar borai andozai foida va sokhtori tashkilothoi gayritijorati, hajm va tarkibi molu mulki onho, kharojot, shumorai kormandon va muzdi onho, istifodai mehnati bepodoshi shahrvandon dar faoliyati tashkiloti gayriti- jorati; malumot dar borai ruykhati shakhsone, ki huquq do- rand be vakolatnoma az nomi shakhsi huquqi amal kunand; malumote, ki tibqi tartibi muqarrarnamudai qonunhoi digari JT boyad hatman oshkor shavad yo dastrasii on mahdud nagardad.

Dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati bo talabi asosnoki maqomoti hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti mahallii hokimiyati davlati ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratiro ba onho biduni podosh medihad. Talabnomai asosnok boyad az tarafi shakhsi masuli mansabdor imzo shuda, dar on maqsad va asosi huquqii talab kardani ittilooti doroi sirri ti- jorati, muhlati peshnihodi in ittiloot sabt shuda boshad, ba istisnoi holathoe, ki qonunguzori peshbini namudaast. Agar dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati in ittilo- otro ba maqomoti hokimiyati davlati dodan nakhohad, maqo- moti mazkur huquq dorand in ittilootro ba tariqi sudi ta- lab karda girand. Dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijora- ti va hamchunin maqomoti hokimiyati davlati, ki in guna it- tilootro giriftaand, vazifadorand onro bo darkhosti sud, maqomoti prokuratura, maqomoti taftishoti peshaki, maqo- moti tahqiq az rui parvandahoe, ki dar istehsolotashon qa- ror dorand, bo tartibi muqarrarnamudai qonunguzorii JT ba onho dihand.

Huquqi dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati mu- tobiqi m. 10 qonuni dar bolo qaydshuda, az ruzi ba chunin itgiloot nizomi sirri tijoratiro muqarrar namudani u ba miyon meoyad. Dorandai on huquq dorad: nizomi sirri tijora- tiro mutobiqi Qonuni mazkur va shartnomai huquqi graj- dani ba tarzi khatti muqarrar namoyad, tagyir dihad va bekor kunad; ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratiro baroi ehtiyojoti khud, bo tartibe, ki khilofi qonunguzorii JT naboshad, isti- foda barad; ba dastrasii ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati ijozat dihad yo onro khud man kunad, tartibu sharthoi dast- rasii onro muayyan kunad, agar dar qonunguzorii JT tarti- bi digar peshbini nashuda boshad; ittilootero, ki doroi sirri tijorati meboshad, dar asosi shartnomahoe, ki ba onho dokhil kardani sharthoi hifzi makhfiyati chunin itgi- loot peshbini shudaast,ba muomiloti grajdani barorad; az shakhsoni voqei va huquqie, ki ittilooti doroi sirri tijo- ratiro ba dast ovardaand, az maqomoti hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti mahallii hokimiyati davlati, ki ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati dastrasi onho gardidaast, rioyai uhdadorii hifzi makhfiyati onro talab namoyad; az shakhsone, ki ba itti- looti doroi sirri tijorati Dar natijai amalhoi taso- dufan yo sahvan sodirshuda dast yoftaand, hifzi makhfiyati in ittilootro talab namoyad; huquqi khudro bo tartibi muqar- rarnamudai qonun hangomi az jonibi shakhsoni seyum fosh sokhtan gayriqonuni dastras yo istifoda kardani ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati hifz namoyad, az jumla tovoni ziyon- ero, ki bo sababi rioya nashudani huquqhoyash talabkunad.

Dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati, ki in itti- loot dar doirai munosibathoi mehnati ba u dastras shuda- ast, korfarmo meboshad. Agar natija dar asari uhdadorihoi mehnatii khud va yo suporishi mushakhkhasi korfarmoro ba jo ovardani kormand hosil shuda boshad, ki on hamchun ikhtiro- ot, modeli mufid, namunai sanoati, topologiyai mikroskhe- mai integrali, barnomai MEH yo manbai malumot ba hi- moyai huquq niyoz paydo kunad, munosibathoi kormand va kor- farmo mutobiqi qonunguzorii JT dar borai molikiyati zehni tanzim megardand.

Bo qarordodi davlati oid ba ijroi korhoi ilmiyu tad- qiqoti, tajribaviyu konstruktori, tekhnologi yo digar kor- hoi ehtiyojoti davlati boyad hajmi malumote, ki makhfi do- nista shudaast, muayyan karda shuda, hamchunin masalahoi muqarrar namudani ittilooti dastrasshuda nisbati nizomi sirri tijorati tanzim karda shavand.

CHorahoi hifzi makhfiyati ittiloot, ki dorandai on meandeshad, az inho iborat meboshand: muayyan namudani nomgui ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati; istifodai sirri tijorati dar vositahoi sertifikatsiyashudai hifzi ittilo- ot; mahdud kardani dastrasii ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati bo rohi muqarrar namudani tartibi istifodai in ittiloot va nazorati rioyai chunin tartibot; ba hisob gi- riftani shakhsoni ba ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati da- styofta va yo shakhsone, ki in guna ittiloot ba onho rasonida shudaast; ba tanzim darovardani munosibatho oid ba isti- fodai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati az tarafi korman- don dar asosi shartnomahoi mehnati va az tarafi kontr- agentho dar asosi shartnomahoi huquqi grajdani; guzoshta- ni muhri «Sirri tijorati» dar rui homiloni (hujjathoi) moddii doroi sirri tijorati va zikri dorandai in ittilo- ot (baroi shakhsoni huquqi nomi purra va mahalli budubosh, baroi shakhsoni voqei – familiya, nom va nomi nadari shahrvande, ki sohibkori infirodist va joy istiqomat).

Nizomi sirri tijorati badi tadbirhoi andeshidai dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati, ki dar bandhoi a) va v) q. 1 moddai mazkur zikr gardidaast, muqarrarshuda hisob meyobad. Sohibkori iifirodie, ki dorandai ittiloo- ti doroi sirri tijorati buda, kormande nadorad, ki bo u shartnomai mehnati bandad, baroi hifzi makhfiyati ittilo- oti dar q. 1 moddai mazkur zikrshuda, ba istisnoi b. a) va v), hamchunin muqarraroti bandi d) oid ba tanzimi munosibat- hoi mehnati chora meandeshad. Dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati dar barobari chorahoe, ki dar q. 1 hamin modda zikr yoftaand, huquq, dorad hangomi zarurat usulu vo- sitahoi hifzi tekhnikii makhfiyati in ittiloot, digar cho- rahoero, ki ba qonunguzorii JT mukholif nestand, tatbiq namoyad.

CHorahoi hifzi makhfiyati ittiloot hamatarafa okilona etirof karda meshavand, ba sharte, ki: dastrasii ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati az jonibi har shakhs be rozigii doran- dai on istisno gardida boshad; imkoniyati ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratiro istifoda namudani kormandon va raso- nidani on ba kontragent biduni vayron kardani nizomi sirri tijorati tamin gardad. Nizomi sirri tijoratiro baroi maqsadhoe, ki alayhi talaboti hifzi asoshoi sokhti konstitutsioni, akhloq, sihati, andozbandi, huququ man- fiathoi qonunii shakhsoni digar, tamini mudofiai ki- shvar va amniyati davlat ravona gardidaand, istifoda kar- dan mumkin nest.

Bo maqsadi hifzi makhfiyati ittiloot korfarmo uhda- dor ast: az kormande, ki voqifgardii u az ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati baroi ijroi ukhdadorihoi mehnatiash zarur ast, zabonkhat girifta, uro bo ittilooti doroi sirri tijo- rati, ki dorandai on korfarmo va kontragenthoi u mebo- shand, shinos namoyad; uro bo nizomi sirri tijoratii muqar- rarnamudai korfarmo va chorahoi javobgari baroi rioya nakardani ii nizom shinos namoyad; ba kormand baroi rioyai nizomi sirri tijoratin muqarrarnamudai korfarmo sharo- iti zaruri muhayyo sozad.

Kormand bo ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratie, ki ba ij- roi uhdadorihoi khizmatii u vobastagi nadorad, tanho bo rozigii korfarmo shinos karda meshavad. Baroi hifzi makhfiyati ittiloot kormand uhdador ast: nizomi sirri tijoratiro, ki korfarmo muqarrar namudaast, rioya kunad; ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratiro, ki dorandai on kor- farmo va kontragenthoi u meboshand, fosh nakunad va be ro- zigii onho ba maqsadi khud istifoda nabarad; ittilooti do- roi sirri tijoratiro, ki dorandai on korfarmo va kontr- agenthoyash meboshand, pas az qat gardidani shartnomai mehnati dar muhlati peshbininamudai sozishnomai bayni kormand va korfarmo, ki dar davrai muhlati etibori shartnomai mehnati basta shudaast yo khud dar tuli 3 soli badi qat gardidani shartnomai mehnati, ba sharte, ki so- zishnomai mazkur basta nashuda boshad, fosh nakunad; agar kormand dar fosh shudani ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratie, ki ba u binobar ijroi uhdadorihoi mehnatiash malum gashtaasg, gunahkor boshad, ba korfarmo ziyoni onro jubron namoyad; dar surati qat yo bekor shudani shartnomai mehnati homiloni moddii iborat az ittilooti doroi sirri tijora- tiro, ki dar ikhtiyori kormand bud, ba korfarmo bargardo- nad.

Korfarmo metavonad az shakhse, ki munosibathoi mehna- tiashro bo u qat namudaast, tovoni ziyonro talab namoyad, dar holate, ki in shakhs dar fosh kardani ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati, ki u binobar ijroi uhdadorihoi mehnati- ash ba on dast yoftaast, gunahkor boshad va ba sharte, ki in guna ittiloot dar davomi muhlati dar bandi v)-i q. 3 hamin modda muqarrargardida fosh shuda boshad. Agar ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati bar asari quvvai rafnopazir, az rui zarurat yo khud az jonibi korfarmo ijro nagardidani ukhdado- rii tamini tartiboti sirri tijorati fosh shuda boshad, tovoni ziyon yo osebi rasidaro kormand yo khud shakhsi munosi- bathoi mehnatiro qatkarda jubron namekunad. Dar shart- nomai mehnati boyad uhdadorii rohbari tashkilot oid ba tamini hifzi makhfiyati ittiloote, ki dorandai on tashki- lot va kontragenthoyash meboshand va masuliyati tamini hifzi makhfiyati on peshbini karda shavad. Rohbari tashki- lot ziyonero, ki tavassuti amali nomatlubi u bo sababi rioya nakardaii qonunguzorii JT dar borai sirri tijorati ba tashkilot rasidaast, jubron mekunad. Dar in surat ziyon bo davoi molik muvofiqi qonunguzorii grajdani muayyan karda meshavad. Kormand hak dorad az gayriqonuni muqar- rar shudani nizomi sirri tijorati nisbati ittiloote. ki bnnobar ijroi uhdadorihoi mehnati ba u dastras gardida- ast, ba sud shikoyat namoyad.

Munosibati bayni dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri ti- jorati va kontragenti oid ba hifzi makhfiyati ittiloot bo qonun va shartnoma ba tanzim darovarda meshavad. Dar shartnoma boyad sharthoi hifzi makhfiyati ittilloot, az jum- la dar mavridi az nav tashkil kardan va barham khurdani yake az tarafhoi shartnoma tibqi qonunguzorii grajdani va uhdadorii kontragent oid ba jubroni ziyon dar surati itti- lootro bar khilofi shartnoma fosh kardani u muayyan karda shavand Agar dar shartnoma bayni dorandai ittilooti do- roi sirri tijorati va kontragent sharti digar muqarrar nashuda boshad, kontragent mutobiqi qonunguzori tarzu usulhoi hifzi ittilooti doroi sirri tijoratiro, ki tibqi shartnoma ba u doda shudaast, mustaqilona muayyan menamo- yad. Kontragent vazifador ast favran ba dorandai ittiloo- ti doroi sirri tijorati oid ba fosh kardani sir yo khud ogoh gardidani u az fosh shudani on yo tahdidi khatari fosh gar- didani ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati, az tarafi shakhsoni seyum gayriqonuni dastras yo ki gayriqonuni istifoda kar- dani in ittiloot khabar dihad. Dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati, ki in ittilootro ba kontragent dodaast, naboyad to guzashtann muhlati etibori shartnoma ittiloo- ti doroi sirri tijoratiro fosh kunad, inchunin hifzi makhfiyati onro az jonibi khud qat; gardonad, ba sharte, ki dar shartnoma tartibi digar muqarrar nashuda boshad. Agar dar shartnoma tartibi digar peshbini nashuda boshad, tara- fe, ki hifzi makhfiyati ittilooti mutobiqi shartnoma rasi- daro az rui sharthoi shartnoma tamin nakardaast, boyad ba tarafi digar tovoni ziyonro dihad.

Maqomoti hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti mahallii hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti khudidorakunii mahalli mu- tobiqi qonuni mazkur va digar qonunhoi JT uhdadorand baroi hifzi makhfiyati ittiloote, ki shakhsoni huquqi yo sohibkoroni infirodi baroyashon rasonidaand, sharoit muhayyo namoyand. SHakhsoni mansabdori maqomoti hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti mahallii hokimiyati davlati, maqomoti khudidorakunii mahalli, khizmatchiyonidavlatii maqomothoi mazkur hak nadorand be rozigii dorandai ittilooti doroi sirri tijorati ittilooti sirri tijoratiro, ki az on dar natijai ijroi uhdadorihoi mansabi voqif shudaand, ba is- tisnoi holathoi peshbininamudai qonuni mazkur fosh ku- nand yo khud ba shakhsoni digar rasonand, inchunin huquq nado- rand. In ittilootro ba maqsadhoi garaznok yo maqsadhoi di- gari khud istifoda barand.

Masalahoi obekthoi gayriananavii molikiyati zeh- ni ru ba inkishof meboshad. Ba nizomi chunin obektho holo reklama, domen, 1R – adres, somona, blog va gayra vorid shudaast, ki tahlil va tajdidi nazar mekhohand.

^[1]Makhmadkhonov T. Problemi pravovogo obespecheniya kommercheskoy tayni v zakonodatelstve Respubliki Tadjikistan: diss. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. yurid. nauk. – Dushanbe, 2008. S. 67. Gayurov SH. K. Lichnoe informa- sionnoe pravo grajdan: problemi grajdansko – pravovogo regulirova- niya v Respublike Tadjikistan: monografiya. – M.; Izd. – vo «Sputnik +», 2010. – S. 304-306.