SOHIBKORI DAR IQTISODI OILA

Sohibkori-faoliyati tashabbuskorona, mustaqilona, khilo- fi qonun nabudani simohoi voqei va huquqi meboshad, ki tahti masuliyati amvolii khudi onho amali gardonida meshavad va ba giriftani daromad, foida, baland bardoshtani maqom, ba vujud ovardani obruyu etibor nigaronida shudaast.

Ba on nukta diqqat dodan lozim ast, ki odamoni gunogun neru va qobiliyatashonro ba faoliyati sohibkory ravona mekunand. Fikr kardan lozim nest, ki maqsadi yagonai hamai sohibkoron ba dast ovardani foida ast. Giriftani foida maqsadi asosii sohibkor meboshad, vale u maqsadhoi digar niz dorad:

• kheshtangaroy, isbot kardani qobiliyatu istedodi khud;
• jiddu jahd ba mustaqiliyat, kushishi baromadan az zeri farmonu tobeiyati digar odamon (volidon, sardoron, atrofiyon va gayra).
• shiorhoi barobarhuquqiyu emansikatsiya zanonro baroi mashgul shudan ba faoliyati mustaqilonai sohibkory vodor mesozad;
• imkoni idoma dodani ananahoi korgary dar oila;
• ehyoi hunarhoi khalqy va imkoni istifodai ashyoi khomi mahally;

Lozim ba takid ast, ki intikhobi sohai faoliyati sohibkorii oilaviro az savolhoe, ki baroi hamai namudi sohibkory ananavi meboshad, ogoz kardan zarur ast. CHunonchi; CHiro istehsol karDan Darkor ast? CHi tavr istehsol karDan lozim ast?Dar kujo isteqsolotro ba roq monDan mumkin ast? CHi qaDar isteqsol karDan lozim ast? Ki molro istemol mekunaD?

Dar marhalai avvali tashakkul albatta hajmi korkhonai oilavi on qadar kalon nameshavad. Binobar in, hal kardani masalahoi zerin pesh meoyad. Kadom namudi mol yo khizmat baroi atrofiyoni shumo beshtar zarur ast? SHumo ba atrofiyonaton kadom mol yo khizmatrasoniro peshnihod karda metavoned? SHumo kadom mol yo khizmatro az hamsoyagoni nazdikaton bo mamnuni mekhared?

Sohibkor metavonad mustaqilona faoliyati khudro pesh barad yo bo sohibkoroni digar muttahid shavad. Sohibkori shaklhoi gunogun doshta metavonad.

SHakli oditarini sohibkori in sohibkori dar alohidagi, biduni ba rasmiyat darovardani shirkat yo korkhona meboshad. Masalan, har yak shahrvand haq dorad dar bustonsaroyash gul va yo bodiring parvarish karda, ba khohishmandon furushad. In faoliyati mehnatii infirodi mahsub meshavad. Bartarii asosii in shakli sohibkori imkoniyati be maslihatu nishondodi kasi digar intikhob karda tavonistani sohai faoliyat meboshad. Sohibkori yakkadast haq dorad amvolashro tibqi salohdidi khud istifoda barad. Masalan, shahrvande, ki khonaashro ba ijora medihad, ba sifati sohibkori infirody faoliyat mekunad.

Foidai az furushi mol yo khizmat badastomada badi pardokhti andozho dar ikhtiyori komili sohibkor memonad va u haq dorad onro bo salohdidi khud istifoda barad. In imkon medihad, ki vositahoi bujai oilaviro nisbatan oqilona istifoda barad va faoliyati sohibkoriashro vusat dihad.

Kambudihoi zerini faoliyati infirodii mehnatiro nombar kardan mumkin ast:

• foidai barobar giriftan va imkoni zarar kashidan niz vujud dorad;
• agar mablag kam boshad, faoliyatro vusat dodan mushkil ast, zero qarzro dar muhlati muayyan va bo foiz bargardonidan lozim ast.

Dar baze holatho dar qonun zarurati giriftani ijozatnomai davlati peshbini karda meshavad, ki baroi mashgul shudan ba namudhoi alohidai sohibkorii infirodi huquq medihad. Ba chunin ijozatnomaho masalan, mohigiron va shikorchiyon hangomi saydi mohiho va parandayu hayvonoti nodir ehtiyoj dorand. Hamchunin baroi mashgul shudan ba baze namudhoi khizmatho dar sohai maorif va faoliyati pizishki niz ijozatnoma (litsenziya) zarur ast.

Agar yak namudi faoliyati infirodi kharakteri doimi doshta boshad, sohibkor boyad baroi peshburdi in namudi faoliyat patent girad. Patent ba muhlati muayyan va hajmi muayyani faoliyat doda meshavad va muzdash boyad pardokht gardad.

Sohibkori yakkadast kharojotashro khudash ruypush mekunad va masuliyati natijahoi faoliyatash ba dushi khudash ast. U dar vaqti dilkhoh muvofiqi khohishi khud istehsolotro ogoz va yo qat karda metavonad.

Sohibkorii oilavi ba sohibkorii khususi nazdik ast, harchand agar az ruyi khususiyat girem, onro bo shaklhoi sohibkorii dastajami nisbat dodan lozim ast. Agar dar oila munosibathoi mutadil hukmfarmo boshad, sohibkorii oilavi yak namudi sohibkorii shakhsi meboshad. Sohibkorii khususi baroi on diqqatjalbkunanda ast, ki sohibkor bo yagon qaydu sharti sharikon poband nest. Hamchunin, dar in namudi sohibkory haddi aqalli hujattnigori mavjud ast.

Namudhoi faoliyati sohibkorii oilavi khele gunogun buda, ba omilhoi bisyor vobasta ast. Omilhoi zerini sohibkorii oilaviro nombar kardan mumkin ast: mahdudiyati vositahoi puli, donishu malakai har uzvi oila, mavjudiyati oloti muayyani istehsolot dar oila, imkoniyati kharidani oloti istehsolot, mavjudiyati vaqti kholi va gayra. Namudhoi az hama rangini faoliyati sohibkori in faoliyati tijorati, miyonaravi, khizmatrasoni va istehsolu furushi mole meboshad, ki bo jiddu jahdi azoi oila tayyor shudaast. Ba in namudi faoliyat dukhtanu boftani mahsulot, sokhtani masnuoti oroishi va gayra, parvarishu furushi mahsulot dar zamini nazdi havli mansub meboshad. Vobasta ba maylu zavqi infirodi va mavjudiyati imkoniyat rohhoi sershumori sohibkorii infirodi va oilavi vujud dorad.

Savolho baroi sanjish:

1. Sohibkori chist?
2. Baroi khojagii oilavi kadom shaklhoi faoliyati sohibkori mavjudand?
3. Baroi kadom namudhoi sohibkori ijozatnoma giriftan lozim ast?
4. Dar kadom mavridho patent doda meshavad?
5. Ba fikraton, har uzvi oilai shumo ba kaDom namuDhoi faoliyati sokhsbkori mashgul shuDa metavonaD?
6. Hisobu kuneD, ki agar shumo Dar vaqti forig az kor ba yagon namuDi faoliyat mashgul shaveD, chi ksDar foiDa megireD?