SUBEKTHO VA BARASMIYATDARORII HUQUQI PATENTI

Dar jarayoni ofaridan, ba qayd giriftan va istifoda namudani obekthoi huquqi patenti, subektoni gunogun, alalkhusus muallifon, dorandagoni patent, merosgironi on- ho, namoyandai patenti, Idorai patentii JT va digaron, ki sohibi huququ uhdadorihoi muayyan meboshand, ishtirok me- namoyand.

Dar bayni subektoni nombarshuda, naqshi asosi ba mu- allifi ikhtiro, modeli mufid va namunai sanoati taalluq dorad. Ba sifati muallifi ikhtiro shakhsi voqeie, ki bo mehnati ejodkoronai vay ikhtiro ofarida shudaast, eti- rof meshavad. (m.7 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Aynan bo hamin mazmun, m. 7 qonuni JT dar borai namunahoi sanoati muallifi namunai sanoatiro muayyan menamoyad. Bo shakhsi voqei mahdud namudani muallifi ikhtiro va namunai sano- ati idomai mantiqii muqarraroti umumi dar borai khosi inson budani faoliyati zehni, ejodi meboshad.

Baroi ba sifati muallifi obekthoi huquqi patenti etirof namudani shakhsi voqei, sinnu sol va holati qobili- yati amalkuni ahamiyat nadorand. Noboligoni sinni az 14 to 18-sola huquqhoi patentiro mustaqilona sohib gardida va ba amal mebarorand. Huquqhoi patentii noboligoni to 14- sola, inchunin shahrvandoni gayri qobili amalro namoyanda- gomi qonunii onho ba amal mebarorand.

SHahrvandoni khoriji va shakhsoni beshahrvandi niz dar qalamravi JT bo rioyai qoidahoi qonunguzorii patenti az huquqhoi patenti barobari shahrvandoni istifoda meba- rand. Huquqhoi patentii shahrvandoni khoriji va shakhsoni beshahrvandi, ki berun az qalamravi JT ba rasmiyat daro- varda shudaast, dar asosi shartnomahoi baynalmillali yo asosi mutaqobila hifz karda meshavand. Nisbati shahrvan- doni davlathoe, ki ishtirokchii Konvensiyai Parij oid ba hifzi molikiyati sanoati meboshand, inchunin shahrvandone, ki dar marzi davlathoi mazkur istiqomat mekunand, prin- sipi rejai milli tatbiq karda meshavad.Agar ikhtiro mah- suli faoliyati ejodin yakchand shakhsoni vokei boshad, pas hamai onkho hammuallif etirof karda meshavand. Tartibi istifodai huquqhoe, ki ba hammuallifon taalluq dorand, bo sozishnomai bayni onho muayyan karda meshavad.

CHi tavre, ki tajribai mamlakathoi gunogun shahodat medihad, miqdori dastovardhoi tekhnikie, ki dar natijai faoliyati ejodii du va yo ziyoda nafar ofarida shudaast, me- afzoyad. Zero imruz obekthoi ziyodi molikiyati sanoati vo- basta ba ijroi vazifai khizmati az jonibi mutakhassisoni baroi halli vazifahoi mushakhkhasi ilmi, konstruktori yo tekhnologi muttahidshuda ofarida meshavand.

Hammuallifi ba obekthoi huquqi patenti dar naza- riyai huquqi molikiyati zehni tahlil shuda, alomathoi on muayyan karda shudaand. Pesh az hama, hammuallifi natijai mehnati yakjoyai ejodi buda, khudi omili chunin ishtirok muhim ast. Muhim nest, ki hamai hammuallifon ba kori yakjoya sahmi barobari ejodi guzorand, az lahzai masalagu- zori to halli on yakjoya faoliyat namoyand, yo in ki dar yak makon kor kunand. Korro metavonad yak nafar ogoz namoyad, nafari digar idoma dihad va shakhsi seyum ba okhir rasonad. Kifoya ast, ki muallifon bo ittilooti muhim tamin boshand. Hamin tariq, khammualifi dar davomi tamomi rohi ejodi ba vujud omada va dar shaklhoi gunogun ifoda yofta metavonad. Zarur on ast, ki har yak hammuallif ba kori mushtarak sahmi ejodi guzorad. YOrii tekhniki, tashkili va yo moddi, kumak baroi ba rasmiyat darovardani huquq ba ikhti- ro va istifodai on sahmi ejodi nameboshad. Az in lihoz shakhsoni chunin sahmi gayriejodi, yane musoidatkunanda guzoshta hammuallif etirof nameshavand.

Faoliyati ejodii mushtarak, ki zamina va asosi ham- muallifi meboshad, tibqi sozishnomai peshaki dar borai muttahid shudan baroi halli masalai mushakhkhas ba amal barovarda meshavad. Dar tafovut az huquqi muallifi, dar huquqi patenti chunin sozishi peshaki dar borai faoliyati yakjoya hatmi nameboshad. Zero baroi ba vujud omadani ham- muallifi fakti mahsuli natijai faoliyati ejodii yakchand shakhs budani obekthoi huquqi patenti kifoya ast. Sozish- nomai hammuallifi ba obekti huquqi patenti munosibati molumulkii hammuallifon, alalkhusus tartibi baamalbaro- ri va istifodai huquqhoro muqarrar menamoyad.

Muallifi obekti huquqi patenti ba sifati arizadi- handa va dorandai patent baromad karda metavonad. Dar su- rati az jonibi korfarmo, vorisoni muallif yo korfarmo peshnihod gardidani ariza baroi giriftani patent, mual- lifiyat nigoh doshta meshavad.

Subekti digari huquqi patenti dorandai patent me- boshad. Dorandai patent shakhse meboshad, ki sohibi patent buda, huquqi istisnoii istifodai obekthoi patentshudaro dorad. Ba haysi dorandagoni patent inho baromad karda me- tavonand: muallifi ikhtiro; shakhse, ki uro muallifi ikhti- ro dar arznoma dar borai dodani hujjati muhofizati mua- yyan namudaast; vorisoni huquqi shakhsoni zikrgardida.

Hamchun qoidai umumi, ba nomi khud giriftani patent huquqi muallif meboshad. Zero huquqi mazkur ba khudi omili ofaridani obekt asos meyobad. Ammo muallif na hama vaqt dar simoi dorandai patent baromad menamoyad. Muallif huquqi khudro baroi giriftani patent ba shakhsi digar inti- qol doda metavonad. CHunin intiqoldihi az jonibi muallif bo rohi oddii nishon dodani nomi dorandai patent dar ari- za baroi giriftani patent amaly karda meshavad. Odatan chunin guzashtkunii huquq baroi giriftani patent dar asosi shartnomai makhsus, ki bayni muallif va dorandai patent basta meshavad, ba amal barovarda meshavad. SHartnomaho dar huquqi patenti bo rioyai qoidahoi muqarrarnamudai sa- nadhoi makhsusi qonunguzorii grajdani, alalkhusus qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro, inchunin muqarraroti umumii qonun- guzorii grajdani ba rasmiyat darovarda meshavand. CHunin ahdhoro shartnomahoi patenti guftan mumkin ast.

Holati dorandagoni patent ba obekthoi dar doirai munosibathoi khizmati ofaridashuda, mavridi diqqati makh- susi qonunguzor qaror giriftaast. (m. 9-10 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro). Masalan, qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro, hu- quqi giriftani hujjati muhofizati baroi ikhtiroi dar alo- qamandi bo ijroi vazifahoi khizmati va yo suporishi mushakh- khasi korfarmo ofaridashudaro makhsus tanzim menamoyad. Muvofiqi qonuni nomburda, chunin huquq ba korfarmo ta- alluq dorad, agar shartnoma holati digarero peshbini nakarda boshad. Agar korfarmo dar davomi 4 mohi badi sanai az jonibi muallif dar borai ofaridani ikhtiro kha- bardor karda shudan, ba Idorai patentii JT ariza nadihad, huquqi peshnihodi arizaro ba shakhsi digar voguzor nakunad va yo muallifro dar borai makhfi nigoh doshtani ikhtiro ogoh nakunad, pas huquqi peshnihodi ariza va giriftani hujjati muhofizati ba muallif meguzarad. Dar in holat, korfarmo huquq dorad ba dorandai hujjati muhofizati jubroni dar asosi shartnoma muayyanshudaro pardokhta, ikhtiroro dar istehsoloti khud istifoda barad. Huquqi gi- riftani hujjati muhofizati ba ikhtiroe, ki kormand dar zaminai istifodai tajriba, vositahoi istehsoli, tekhniki va digar vositahoi korfarmo, lekin na dar aloqamandi bo ijroi vazifahoi khizmatii kormand va yo suporishi muayyani korfarmo ofaridaast, ba kormand taalluq dorad, agar shartnomai bayni onho holati digarero peshbini nakarda boshad. Dar in holat, korfarmo huquq dorad ba dorandai hujjati muhofizati jubroni dar asosi shartnoma muayyan Kormand hukuk dorad dar holathoi zerin az korfarmo mutanosiban ba foidai badastovardai korfarmo va yo foi- dae, ki korfarmo metavonist az ikhtiro ba tavri lozimi istifoda burda, ba dast orad, podosh girad. Alalkhusus, az jonibi korfarmo giriftani hujjati muhofizati, huquqi giriftani hujjati muhofizatiro ba shakhsi digar voguzor kardani korfarmo, az jonibi korfarmo qabul namudani qaror dar borai makhfi nigoh doshtani ikhtiro, bo sababhoi vobasta ba korfarmo nagiriftani hujjati muhofizati az rui arizai az jonibi korfarmo peshnihodshuda.

Podosh ba andoza va sharthoi dar asosi sozishnomai bayni muallif va korfarmo muayyanshuda, pardokhta mesha- vad. Dar holati bayni tarafho ba dast naomadani sozish nisbati andoza va tartibi pardokhti podosh va yo jubron, bahs bo tartibi sudi hal karda meshavad.

Hangomi margi muallifi obekti molikiyati sanoati yo dorandai patent, ba sifati subekti huquqi patenti vori- soni onho baromad mekunand. Merosgirii huquqhoi patenti bo tartibi umumi, chi tibqi qonun va chi tibqi vasiyat ba amal barovarda meshavad. Hangomi vorisiyat, ba vorison na hamai huquqho, balki tanho huquqhoi molumulki meguza- rand. Ba huquqhoi molumulki, huquqi peshnihodi ariza ba- roi giriftani patent, huquq ba podosh, huquq ba jubronpu- li, huquqi istinoii istifodabari dokhil meshavand. Huquq- hoi shakhsii gayrimolumulkii muallifoni obekthoi huqu- qi patenti, az qabili huquqi muallifiyat va huquq ba nom, ba meros nameguzarand, vale bo margi muallif qat nagar- dida, hamchun arzishi huquqi bemuhlat hifz meshavand. Han- gomi ba sifati vorison baromad namudani du va ziyoda shakh- son, istifodai huquqi patentii merosi bo rozigii mushta- raki hamai onho amali gardida, dar holati gayriimkon bu- dani chunin rozigi, har yake az vorison obekti huquqi pa- tentiro bo salohdidi khud istifoda namuda, vale huquqi ba shakhsi digar peshnihod namudani ijozati istifoda yo guza- shti patentro nadorad. Az in lihoz, baroi ijozati istifoda yo guzashti patent ba shakhsoni digar rozigii hamai vorison

Subekti digari huquqi patenti namoyandai (vakili) patenti meboshad. Padidai namoyandai patenti, ki baroi qonunguzorii davlathoi peshkadam malum meboshad. Baroi JT padidai nav ba shumor meravad. Mavjudiyati padidai mazkurro zaruriyati donishhoi makhsus dar sohai tekhnika va huquqi patenti hangomi peshburdi faoliyat baroi sohib gardidan ba patent va halli digar masalahoi huquqii vo- basta ba giriftani on, taqozo namudand. Harchand, ki ba ta- vri umumy chunin imkoniyat dar huquqi grajdani hamchun pa- didai namoyandagi mavjud bud, qonunguzorii amalkunanda ba ikhtirokor dar barasmiyatdarorii huquqi patenti imkoni- yati istifodai khizmati shakhsoni bosalohiyatro makhsus tamin namud. Muvofiqi m. 1 qonuni JT dar borai ikhtiro, namo- yandai patenti shahrvandi JT meboshad, ki tibqi qonunguzori huquq dorad shakhsoni vokei va huquqiro dar nazdi Idorai patentii JT namoyandagi (vakili) namoyad. M. 4-umi qonuni JT dar borai namunahoi sanoati boshad, muqarrar menamoyad, ki ba sifati namoyandai patenti shahrvandi JT, ki ba tariqi doimi dar qalamravi on istiqomat mekunad va darajai ta- khassusiash javobgui talaboti muayyan ast, khizmat karda meta- vonad.

Muvofiqi Qoidahoi guzaronidani attestatsiya va ba- qaydgirii namoyandagoni patentii JT,^[1] namoyandai patentii JT shahrvandi on buda metavonad, ki dar hududi on doimi zindagi mekunad va dar Fehristi davlatii namoyandagoni patentii JT ba qayd girifta shudaast. Baroi on, ki namo- yandagoni patenti vazifahoi khudro durust ba amal barovar- da tavonand, boyad doroi takhassus va tajribai korii muayyan boshand. Bo maqsadi tamini chunin talabot, qonunguzorii on davlathoe, ki padidai mazkurro peshbini mekunand, san- jishi shakhsoni mazkur va baqaydgirii onhoro muqarrar namudaasg. Dar tajribai JT niz chunin qoidaho peshbnni shudaand. Alalkhusus, dar JT ba sifati namoyandai patenti shakhse metavonad faoliyat namoyad, ki doroi tahsiloti olii kasbi dar sohahoi tekhnika, huquq va yo fanhoi daqiq boshad. Namoyandai patenti huquqi grajdani, huquqi grajdanii mu- rofiavi, huquqi sudii iqtisodi va qonunguzorii JT-ro oid ba hifzi obekthoi molikiyati sanoati, sozishnoma va shart- nomahoi baynalmilaliro oid ba molikiyati sanoati dar sathi zaruri, jihati tamini ijroi dakhldori vazifahoyash oid ba hifzi manfiathoi vakolatdihanda, boyad donad.

Muvofiqi m. 11 qonuni «Dar borai ikhtiro» arizaro baroi dodani hujjati muhofizati arizadihanda ba vositai namoyandai patenti, ki Idorai patentii JT uro ba qayd gi- riftaast, peshnihod karda metavonad. Istifodai khizmati namoyandai patenti ba istifodai holathoi zerin, huquqi arizadihanda meboshad: 1) shakhsoni voqeie, ki doimi berun az qalamravi JT istiqomat mekunand yo shakhsoni huquqii kho- riji yo namoyandagoni onho korhoi marbut ba giriftani hujjati muhofizati va nigoh doshtani etibori onro ba vo- sitai namoyandagoni patentii dar Idorai patentii JT baqaydgiriftashuda pesh mebarand; 2) shahrvandoni JT, ki muvaqqatan berun az qalamravi on meboshand, korhoi mar- but ba giriftani hujjathoi muhofizati va nigoh doshtani etibori onhoro ba vositai namoyandai patenti va yo dar su- rati nishon dodani nishonii mukotiba dar qalamravi JT bevosita khudashon pesh mebarand.

Vazifahoi asosii namoyandai patenti iboratand az: pa- tentonidani obekthoi molikiyati sanoati dar digar dav- latho, tanho bad az manzuri arznoma ba Idorai patentii JT dodani maslihat va tartibdihii arznoma, jihati dast- ras namudani hujjati muhofizati ba obekthoi molikiyati sanoati; rasonidani kumak va dodani maslihat ba arznoma- deh dar jarayoni barrasii arznomahoi u dar Idorai paten- tii JT; kumak rasonidan dar tatbiqi huquqi istisnoii obekthoi hifzshavandai molikiyati sanoati, az jumla, dar mavridi bastani shartnomahoi ijozatnomavi; burdani kor- ho marbut ba masalahoi bahsi huquqi va hujjathoi muho- fizati, ki ba shakhsoni seyum doda shudaand; amaligardonii digar namudhoi faoliyati maslihatdikhi va namoyandagii ba qonunguzorii jori mukholif nabuda. Doirai amali namo- yandai patenti bo vakolatnomae, ki arizadihanda ba u doda- ast, tasdiq karda meshavad. Talabotro ba namoyandai pa- tenti, tartibi attestatsiya va baqaydgirii uro Idorai pa- tentii JT hamchun maqomi vakolatdori davlati muayyan me- kunad.

Dar tanzim va hamohangsozii munosibathoi huquqii patenti, maqomi patenti – Idorai patentii JT naqshi mu- himro dorad. Idorai mazkur ishtirokchii markazii munosi- bathoi patenti ba shumor rafta, amaligardonii siyosati yagonai davlatiro dar sohai hifzi huquqii obekthoi moli- kiyati sanoati tamin menamoyad, arizahoro baroi obekt- hoi molikiyati sanoati qabul mekunad, az rui onho sanjish meguzaronad, baqaydgirii davlati va nashri rasmii malu- motro dar borai obekthoi molikiyati sanoati ba somon me- rasonad, hujjathoi muhofizati medihad va inchunin vazifa- hoi digarro, ki muvofiqi qonunguzorii milli va hujjathoi tasisii Idorai patentii JT peshbini shudaand, ijro me- kunad. Dar JT vazifai Idorai patentiro muassisai davla- tii «Markazi millii patentu ittillot» i Vazorati rushdi iqtisod va savdoi JT ijro menamoyad, ki dar asosi qarori SHuroi Vazironi JT az 28.05. s.1993, № 242 «Dar borai ta- sisi Markazi millii patentu akhbori Jumhurii Tojikis- ton» tasis gardida, faoliyat menamoyad. Samti afzaliyat- noki faoliyati markazi mazkur, hifzi manfiatho dar so- hai molikiyati sanoati, inchunin hamohang sokhtani faoli- yati ikhtirokori dar mamlakat meboshad. Tibqi qaror az 28.05. s.1993, № 242 muassisai davlatii “Markazi millii patentu ittiloot” vazifahoi asosii zerinro ijro menamo- yad: hifzi manfiathoi davlati dar sohai ikhtiroot, namuna- hoi sanoati, tamgahoi moli va khizmatrasoni dar dokhil va khorija, hamohangsozii kori ikhtiroot; guzaronidani korhoi ilmiyu tadqiqoti oid ba avtomatikunonii ravandahoi it- tilootiyu justujui; omoda sokhtani mavodhoi tahlili oid ba muhimtarin dastovardhoi ilmu tekhnikai jahoni; hamohang- sozi va guzaronidani tadbirho oid ba tabligi dastovardhoi ilmu tekhnika va tajribai peshqadam; mukammalgardonii fondi yagonai malumotiyu ittilooti va patentii JT bo an- jom dodani amalhoi alohida va gayra meboshad. Amalhoi zikrgardida, odatan az tartib dodani arizai makhsus baroi giriftani patent va peshnihodi on, barrasii arizai mazkur az jonibi Idorai patentii JT va qabuli qaror dar borai peshnihodi patent iborat meboshand. Tartibi mazkurro qonunguzorii patentii JT niz peshbini menamoyad. Zaruri- yati ba rasmiyat darovardani huquqhoi patenti ba ikhtiro, namunai sanoati va tartibi on bo qonunhoi «Dar borai ikhtiro», «Dar borai namunahoi sanoati» peshbini shuda- asg. Tanzimi mufassali barasmiyatdarorii huquqoi patenti ifodai khudro dar sanadhoi zerqonunii makhsusi az jonibi Idorai patentii JT qabul va tasdiqgardida yoftaast.

Faoliyati Idorai patentii JT, ki ba qabul namudan va barrasi namudani arizaho nisbati obekthoi molikiyati sanoati, inchunin peshnihodi patent aloqamand ast, kharo- joti muayyani puliro talab mekunad. Bo maqsadi qisman ruypush namudani onho, qonun pardokhthoi makhsusro baroi patentkunonii ikhtiro, modeli mufid va namunai sanoati muqarrar namudaast. Nomgui amalho, ki baroi ba amal ba- rovardani onho pardokht ruyonida meshavad, hajm va muhlati pardokhti onho, inchunin asoshoi ozod namudan az pardokht, kam namudani hajmi on az jonibi Hukumati JT muqarrar karda meshavad.

Bo maqsadi darki mohiyati barasmiyatdarorii huquqhoi patenti, onro dar misoli barasmiyatdarorii ikhtiro, ki dar se zina amali gardida, khususiyathoi asosii barasmiyatda- rorii digar huquqhoi patenti ba on monand ast, tahdil me- namoem.

^[1] Qoidahoi guzaronidani attestatsiya va baqaydgirii namoyandagoni pa- tentii JT dar Vazorati adliyai JT az 23.11. s.2009, № 551 ba qayd girif- ta shudaast.