Sermanoi
Kalimaho yakmano va sermano meshavand. Zabon ba har du ham ehtiyoj dorad. Kalimahoi yakmano qobiliyati daqiq ifoda kardani mafhum dorand. Onho dar tadqiqi masalahoi nozuki ilmi ba kor meoyand.
Dar jumlai avvali matni fasli 15 kalimahoi kasali, dil, tabib va iborahoi raghoi khunguzar va kasalihoi ishemi ba yak manoi istilohi dalolat mekunand.
Istiloh (termin) hamin guna unsuri lugavii zabon ast. Kalimahoi reshagii seristemoli zabon ba sermanoi mayl dorand. Sar, dast, dil, jon, didan, past, baland, giriftan, khondan, zadan barin vojahoi zaboni tojiki az hamin qabil vohidhoi lugaviand:
Sari savdoi tu andar sari mo megardad,
Bin, ki andar sari shurida chiho megardad (Hofiz).
Dilash tangu dahan tangu miyon tang,
Zi diltangi shuda bar vay jahon tang
(Fakhriddini Gurgoni).
Rayosat ba dasti kasone khatost,
Ki az dastashon dastho bar Hudost (Sadi).
Kalimahoi sar, tang va khondan dar farhang ba chandin mano tafsir shudaand. Dar bayti avval «Sari savdoi tu andar sari mo megardad» ba manoi «fikru khayoli mo hamesha pobandi mojaroi ishqi tust» va «sari shurida» ba manoi «sari az dardi ishq ba shur omada», dar bayti duyum Dahoni tangdahoni khurd, Dili tang, Diltangi – oshuftagi, miyoni tang – miyoni borik, ba kase tangi kardani jahon ba manoi ba azobi ruhi giriftor shudan omadaast. Sifati tang dar dahoni tang ba manoi asli, dar dili tang ba manoi majozi omadaast. Dar matni okhirin kalimai dast dar misrai avval ba manoi inon, ikhtiyor, tasarruf, dar misrai duyum ba manohoi tariqi hukmroni, jabru zulm va ba dod omadani mardumi jabrdida dalolat mekunad.
Sermanoii vojaho yak navi sanati manavi – tajnis buda, tasvir va bayoni fikrro dar asari badei, bakhusus dar nazm, khushoburang va jozibanok megardonad.
- Az farhangho istifoda burda khatti sharh dihed, ki kalimai sar dar iborahoi zerin ba kadom mano omadaast?
Sari kuh, sari roh, sari zamin, sari juy, sari shamsher, sari suzan, sari khok, sari khirman, sari mu, sari khum, sar zadan, sar kham kardan (nakardan), sar toftan, sar furud ovardan, sari yori doshtan (nadoshtan) bo kase, sar khurdan, sar bar osmon sudan, ba sar davidan.
- Felho kalimahoi asili qadima va sermanoi forsi-tojikiand? SHumo chand manoi feli «khondan»-ro medoned? In voja dar matnhoi zerin ba kadom manoho omadaast?
Oshiqon dardi turo davlati afzun khonand, Mehnati ishqi turo bakhti humoyun khonand(4).
Halq khonand mah az sodagi(6) in ruy ajab, Varaqero, ki bar u khat nabuvad, chun khonand? (Kamol).
Navisandai(3) nomaro pesh khond,
Bifarmud, to noma bar vay bikhond(4) (Firdavsi).
1) Kalimahoi varaq, khat, noma va navisanda bo kadom manoi feli khondan aloqai nazdiki manoi dorand?
2) Kalimai mehnat ba kadom mano omadaast?
3) Bakhti humoyun chi guna bakht ast?
- Feli yozidan dar matni zerin bo kadom mano omadaast va muallif onro bo chi maqsad kor farmudaast?
Harchand zani kalon in nigohi palonji khudro va manii onro fahmida boshad ham, khudro ba nodoni zada, nabotchoyro(2) gardon-gardon karda, dar du piyola kashid, yake az on piyolahoro ba peshi Soro va digarashro ba peshi palonjash guzosht(4).
- Man nabotchoy namekhuram, – guft zani khurdi otashinona(2). – Ba kelin dodan gired(4)! Nabotro amakashon baroi on kas firistodaand(4)!
- Hub, shumo namekhurda boshed, man mekhuram… Amakash az baroi kelin firistoda boshand ham, «az davlati sholi kurmak ob mekhurad» guftagi gapho hast(4).
- Lekin man shumo barin kurmak nestam, man birinju(1) birinji miyonkoli barin yozida rafta istodaam(3), – guft zani khurdi.
- Bokhabar boshed, ki yozida-yozida lanj shuda naraved, – guft zani kalon bo ohange, ki guyo az otashinii(2) palonjash zavq megirifta boshad (S.A.).
1) Dar jumlai «Nabotro amakashon baroi on kas firistodaand!» fikr bo kadom tobishi mani ifoda yoftaast?
2)Feli «lanj shudan» chi mano dorad va on tarkib khosi zaboni guftugu ast yo zaboni adabii kitobi?
3)CHaro dar jumlahoi bolo jonishinhoi shakhsii man va shumoro ikhtisor kardan mumkin nest?
- Matnhoi zerinro ba daftar navishta, mulohiza kuned, ki kalimahoi sar, hamsar, hamsari ba kadom mano omadaand? Mazmuni baythoro gued.
- Sar ba bolinam(3) zi dardi hajr nazdik omadast(1), K-az sari bolini man sharmanda barkhezad tabib
(Hiloli).
- Doram on sar, ki sar andar sari kori tu kunam, Bo mani dilshuda harchand sare nest turo(4).
- Ba sari zulfi darozash na dili shaydo raft,
Jonu sar niz hama dar sari in savdo raft(4) (Kamol).
- Domoni tu, ey buti sitamgar(2,7), Sar medihamu namediham sar.
- Hamsare(2) yoftam, ki hamsari u
Nest kas dar diyoru kishvari u(4) (Nizomi).
Ammo Hamrohgavboz(2) hanuz ham namejunbid va sari khamshudaashro(3) az sari sinaash namebardosht(4); CHorsad nafar… ba dasti gumoshtagoni Rahimkhon aftoda, kushta shudand va saroni onho ham ba sari kallamanora baromad(4); …bo Arbobkamol(6) dar davlat, sarvat va etibor hamsari(2) dosht (S.A.).
1) Dar bayti avval kadom kalimaho bo hamdigar tanosubi ma noi dorand?
2) Dar hamon bayt charo kalimai «bolin»-ro bo «bolisht» ivaz kardan
mumkin nest?
3)Dar bayti chorum sar dodan ba kadom manoho omadaast?
4)Kalimai hamsar dar bayti panjum-chi?