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Sokhtori Quron

Sokhtori Quron az kitobhoi odi va hatto kitobhoi muqaddasi digari mazhabi farqi ziyod dorad va ba qavoidu usuli mamuli muvofiqat namekunad. In tafovut ham dar uslub va ham dar sokhtori bobhoi on ast. Quron az 114 sura (bob) iborat Buda, har sura az miqdori muayyani oyat (nishonaho, misraho yo jumlaho) tashakkul yoftaand. SHumorai oyatho az 3-to 286 merasand. Tamomi surahoi Quron bo yodi nomi   Hudo-«Bismillohir-rahmonir-rahim» shuru meshavand. Tanho surai «Baroat» dar ibtido «Bismilloh» nadorad. Muhaqqiqon sababi onro iborat az yak sura budani surai Infol va Baroat meshumorand. Bo tavajjuh bo in metavon guft, ki surahoi Quron asosan 113-to budaand.

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Surai az hama darozi Quron, surai duyum al-Baqar 286 oyat dorad va az hama kutoh (iborat az 3 oyat) surai 108 al- Kavsar ast. Baze az suraho du yo beshtar nom dorand. Masalan,surai fotiharo «Fotihatulkitob», «Ummulkitob» va «Sabulmasoni» nomidaand va guftaand, ki ba sababi sharafe, ki dorad ziyoda az bist nom doshtaast. Hamchunin surai Muhammad (47)-ro surai «Qitol» va surai «Gofir»-ro surai «Mumin» va surai «Baroat» (9)-ro «Tavba», «Foziha», «Hofira» va «Azob» ham nomidaand.

Dar Quron masalai muvofiqat kardan yo nakardani nomi suraho ba mazmuni on chandon muhim nest. Gohe nomi suraho tanho yak kalimaest yo matlabi judogonaest, ki mazmunu mundarijai onhoro purra ifoda namekunad. Gohe ba etibori ogozi sura, yane bo on kalimae, ki oyati nakhustin ogoz shudaast, noguzork shudaast.

Masalan, dar surai «at-Tur: 1-3»: « At-turi (1) va kitobin masturin(2) fy raqqin manshurin(3)» «Qasam, ba Turi Sino, qasam ba kitobi mastur (pushida-Quron) dar sahifai kushodai Furqon». Nomguzorihoe, ki mundarijai asosii suraro inikos mekunand, niz joy dorand.

Masalan dar surai «Niso» (4), chun sukhan az ahkomi marbut ba zanon sukhan raftaast in sura chunin nomro dorad, hamchunin «Taloq», «Nur» «Meroj» va g. Hamchunin nomi baze suraho az qissahoe, ki dar borai in yo on nabypaygambar ast girifta shudaand. CHun surahoi «YUnus», «Hud», «YUsuf», « Ibrohim» va modari Esoi Maseh «Maryam», «Luqmon», «Muhammad». Inchunin surahoe hastand, ki ba nomi harfhoe, ki on sura bo onho ogoz meshavad, nomguzory shudaand, chun: «Sod», «Qof», «Toho» va «YOsin».

Malum nest, ki in nomhoro suraho az avval doshtaand yo khud badan onro baroi tashkhis guzoshtaand. A.Halabi aqida dorad, ki «beshtari muhaqqiqoni Quroni majid onhoro ijtihodk medonand, to tavqify». YAne nomguzorii surat girifta.

YAke az masalahoi marbut ba sokhtori Quron, masalai muayyan namudani khronologiyatarikhi nuzul yo silsilai zamoniyu makonii furu omadani oyot meboshad. In amal baroi muayyan kardani sharoitu vaziyat, shani nuzuli oyot khele ahamiyati kalon dorad. Harchand to imruz Quronro bo surahoi mushakhkhasshudai makkk va madany dar dast dorem, tahqiqothoi ziyode dar atrofi in mavzu az tarafi muhaqqiqoni islomy va chy islomshinosoni garby, ki ba masalai khronologiyai Quron dast zadaand chun:G.Veyl, U.Myuir, T.Nyoldeke, H.Grimme, R.Blashet, R.Bell, K.S.Kashtaleva, A.SHprenger, I.Rodvel va F.SHvalli shudaand.[1] Az mufassironi islomi chunin iqdomro hanuz Jaloluddin Suyutk (1445-1505) karda bud. In mard yake az buzurgtarin donishmandoni islom ast, ki kitobi bisyor mufide bo nomi «al-Itqonu fk ulum-al-Quron» dorad va on chi ba Quron va tarikhi on marbut ast az tafsir va kitobatu lugati on tahqiq jamovark namudaast.

Dar mavridi shinokhti surahoi makki va madani ikhtilof vujud dorad. YAk guruh on surahoero makki menomand, ki dar shahri Makka pesh az hijrati Muhammad ba shahri Madina(YAsrib) nozil shudaand. Va madinai surahoe hastand, ki pas az hijrat, dar shahri Madina nozil shudaand, harchand on suraho dar soli fathi Makka dar Makka yo dar safarhoi berun az Madina nozil shuda boshand.

Guruhi duyumi on surahoro makki menomand, ki dar Makka nozil shudaand, harchand pas az hijrat boshad va surahoi madinai va oyote ast, ki dar Madina nozil shuda ast. Tibqi in taqsimot oyathoe, ki dar safarho nozil shudaand na makki va na madinai meboshand.

Guruhi seyum, on suravu oyathoero makki meguyand, ki khitobu murojiat ba mardumi Makka boshad va baraks on oyathoe, ki khitobu murojiat ba mardumi Madinaand-madani nomidaand.

Dar muayyan namudani khronologiyai Quron va taalluqi oyot ba makki va madani du sheva istifoda shudaand: 1. SHevai istiqroi, ki etiqod ba guftahoi guzashtagon va ba rivoyathovu ruydodho dorad, onro shevai samoi niz guftaand.

  1. SHevai istinboti (kashfi), ki etimom ba aql dorad va onro «qiyosi» ham menomand.[2]

Dar amal baroi muayyan kardani tarikhi nuzuli oyot va suraho ba har du sheva takya boyad kard. Umuman tibqi ananai islomi 90 surai makki va 24 surai madani meboshand.

Inchunin muhaqqiqoni avrupoi oyoti Quronro az rui mazmunu mundarija, lahnu shevai bayon davrbandi kardaand. Az jumla Krachkovskiy I.YU. surahoro ba chor davra: – se davrai makki va yak davrai madani taqsim namuda, khususiyathoi davrahoro nishon dodaast.

Dar mavridi miqdori oyathoi Quroni va shumorai hurufi on niz ikhtilofho mavjudand. In ikhtilofho asosan na az kamii yo ziddii mundarijavu muhtavoi Quron, balki ba usuli taqsimi jumlaho ba oyot vobasta ast. Oyat (jami on oyot) dar lugat ba manoi nishona va alomat ast, ki dar mavridhoi zer dar Quron istemol meshavad: nishonai rushan va guyo; moyai pandu andarzu ibrat, sokhtmoni balandu murtafe. Vale dar sokhtori Quron in istiloh yak juzi sura va yo hatto yak juzi jumlaro ifoda mekunad. Oyat dar Quron metavonad az yak kalima iborat boshad yo az yak chand jumla. Suraho chunon ki gufta shud dar miqdori oyot az se to 286 (al-Baqar-2) tafovut mekunand.

Tibqi muhosibae, ki bar asosi shumoraguzorii Quronhoi chopi donishgohi al-Azhari Misr anjom shuda, Quron doroi 6231 oyat ba gayr az bismillohhoi avvali suraho meboshad. Bazeho miqdori oyathoi Quronro 6,666 oyat, guruhi digar dar asosi taqsimoti Ali ibni Abutolib ba 6236 oyat va beshtaru kamtar az in muqarrar kardaand. Hulosa, dar tahriru nashrhoi gunogun shumori oyathoi Quron az 6666 va 6239 to 6204 meboshad. Miqdori kalimot 77439 yo 77934 va harfho 323 621 muhosiba shudaast.

Hele barvaqt Quroni majidro baroi oson khondan va yo baroi barobar taqsim kardani on ba ruzhoi moh ba 30 juz taqsim kardaand. Har juzro niz ba chahor khizb rui ham rafta Quroni majid doroi 120 hizb ast. Taqsimbandihoi digar niz hastand, masalan:

— rukun (jam-rukuot) hududi dah yo kamtar oyot ast.

— rub-choryaki juz, yane hamon hizb

— nisf-nisfi juz, yane du rub

— suls-se chahorumi juz

— juz (jam ajzo) ba forsk sipar ham menomand, taqsimi Quron ba 30 qismat ba manzuri to okhiri mohi Ramazon ba itmom rasonidani qiroati on niz metavonad boshad va manzur az taqsimi Quron ba haft qismat jihati qiroati on dar yak hafta ast.

[1] Nig. Koshtaleva K.S. K voprosu o khronologii 8-y, 24-y,47-y sur Korana.-Dokladi AN SSSR, Seriya VL.1978,s.102

[2] Nig. Ba Aliasgari. Halabk. Oshnok bo ulumi quronk.                     

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Molikiya ki payravoni Imom Molik ibni Anas al-Asbahi (732-795) buda, dar nimjazirai Arabiston ba vujud …