Suratgirak

Rasmgiry dar solhoi siyumi asri XIX ikhtiro karda shudaast. Rasmgiry dar tamomi sohahoi hayot tatbiki vasei amaly dorad va on imkoniyat medihad, ki obekthoi gunogun, afkanishoti noayon va gayraho ba kayd girifta shavand. Avvalin bor soli 1840 surati Moh va soli 1842 surati Oftob girifta shuda bud. Sol az sol dastgohho va usulhoi suratgiry takmil yofta istodaand, holo az suratgirii ranga ba tavri vase beshtar istifoda mebarand va surati chismhoi bahru ukyonusho, sayyoravu sitoraho girifta meshavand.

4 oktyabri soli 1959 bo yorii dastgohi avtomatii bayni- sayyoravii sardodashuda rasmi tarafi nonamoyoni Moh girifta shud. Surati Zaminro dastgohi avtomatii «Zond-5», ki dar Ittihodi SHuravy soli 1968 sar doda shuda bud, az kayhon girift. Az suratgiry dar korhoi   ba tavri vase istifoda mebarand.

Dar dastgohi rasmgiry baroi sabti tasvir az tasiri kimiyoii rushnoy istifoda burda meshavad.

Nakshai dastgohi suratgiry dar rasmi 3.30.5 nishon doda shudaast.

On az kamerai noshaffof K va sistemai linzaho yo linzai , ki obektiv nom dorad, iborat ast. Obektiv dar kismi peshi kamerai rushnoinoguzar va dar devori kafoi on, dar joye, ki tasvir paydo meshavad, lavhai rasmgiry yo navori rushnoihassos N guzoshta shuda- ast. Obektiv dar navori rushnoihassos tasviri hakdqni chappai chismro ba vuchud meorad. Jismi A V dar aksari mavridho az masofai duchandai konunii linza durtar choygir meshavad va dar in holat tasviri hurdu chappai on A,V, hosil meshavad. Bo maksadi dar navor hosil kardani tasviri vozehi chism obektivro kad-kadi mehvari optiky peshu akib burda, az navor duru nazdik kardan

Dastgohi suratgiry dar rasmi

• nishon doda shudaast. Hangomi suratgiry doirachai obektiv bo yorii zatvori makhsus kushoda meshavad va tasvir ba navori rushnoikhassos meaftad.

Dar takhti tasiri rushnoii aftanda tarkibi andudai navor tagyir meyobad va tasvir dar on naqsh mebandad. Baroi namoyon kardani tasvir navorro ba makhduli padiddoru megutonand.

Bo tasiri padiddoru choykhoi rushnoirasidai navor tira megardad. Tasviri dar navor khosilgardida negativ (az lotiny pedaNgiz – manfi) nomida meshavad.

Dar negativ choykhoi safedi chism siyokh va choykhoi siyokhash safed (shaffof) mebaroyand. Baroi az tasiri rushnoy digar tagyir nayoftani negativ onro ba makhluli makhsusi digar – fiksaj megutonand va dar on kabati rushnoikhassos dar choykhoi rushnoy narasidai navor khal gardida, shusta meshavad. Bad negativro shusta, khushk mekunand.

Az negativ pozitiv (az lotiny rozSHuiz – musbat) hosil megardad. Dar pozitiv siyokhivu safedikho ba monandi chismi ba surataftanda meboshad. Baroi khosil kardani surati chism negativro ba kogazi ruyash bo kabati rushnoihassos andudashuda (kogazi rasmgiry) nazdik guzoshta, ravshan mekunand. Bad kogazi rasmgiriro avval ba padiddoru, sipas ba fiksaj megutonand, sony shusta khushk menamoyand.

SAVOLHO BAROI TAKROR——————————————– ———–

1. Dar linzai chamkunanda chy guna tasvirkho khosil meshavand? Kadome az onkho dar suratgirak khosil megardad?
2. Suratgirak chy guna sokht dorad va obektivi on az chy iborat ast?
3. Hangomi suratgiry kadom amaliyot ichro karda meshavad?
4. Dar suratgirak tasviri chism dar kucho khosil meshavad?
5. Baroi dar suratgirak khosil kardani tasviri vozekhi chism ka- dom amaliyotro ichro kardan lozim ast?
6. Baroi dar lavkhai rasmgiry yo navori rushnoikhassos namoyon na- mudani tasvir kadom amaliyotro ichro kardan lozim ast?
7. Negativ gufta, chiro menomand?
8. Pozitiv chist va onro chy tavr khosil mekunand?
9. Baroi khosil kardani surati chismkho kadom amaliyot ichro karda meshavad?
10. Doyr ba istifodai suratgiry misolkho biyored.