Илмхона Комрон.инфо
TABIAT VA HELHOI NIZO DAR TASHKILOT
Nizo va sarchashmakhoi paydoishi on
Tarikhi barrasii nizo, kushishhoi tahlil va sharhi on hazorsolahoro dar bar megirad. Nizo (konflikt) hamsafari doimii inson, dar asl yake az shaklhoi hayot, yake az mekhanizmhoi intikhobi tabiy meboshad, ki moro purra kushidan dar muboriza bo harif vodor mekunad.
Baroi misol, nizoi muqarrarii oilaviro megirem. CHunin ba nazar mera- sad, ki dar yak marhilai muayyan mo sababi onro faromush mekunem va hohishi golib omadan dar bahs bar mo paydo meshavad. Hdngomi ba chushu hurush oma- dan allakay muhim nest, ki sababi bahs dar chist, muhim, albatta, galaba kardan ast. Ammo bahs shakli madanii nizo ast. Lekin zanozany, mocharoi miyoni guruhho, barhurdhoi musallahona allakay beshtar shakli nishoyami chancholro peshi nazar meorand. Va har kadar ba davrai kadim durtar nazar afkanem, hamon kadar in hosiyati hayvonii inson, in mehanizmi ichtimoy va dar voke biology ayontar malum megardad. Binobar hamin, durust in ast, ki mo nizoro radifi doimii na fakat inson, balki tamomi mavchudoti rui zamin guem. Bo vuchudi in, avvalin barrasihoi masoili nizoshinosy dar yak marhilai muayyani peshrafti insoniyat imkonnopazir gardidaand.
Az mavodi to imruz ba dastomada tahqiqoti sadimtarini masalai mazkur ba asri VII – VI pesh az milod taallus dorad. Hamai mo medonem, ki nizo asosi sokhti sistemai falsafai Hitoyro tashkil medihad, ki dar on musovimati doimy jihati musby (yan) va manfii (in) materiya elon gardida, on dar navbati khud ba nizo dorandagoni in du ovarda merasonad. Tashkiloti benizo vusud nadorad. YAne, ki har sadar tashkilot faol va serharakat boshad, khamon sadar sababkhoi ba vusud omadani nizohoi khurd va buzurg ziyod megardad. Baroi khamin fahmidani sarchashmai nizo va tavonistani idora kardani pahnshavy va halli on yake az khususiyatkhoi sudonashavandai kasbii rohbar meboshad.
Du nuktai nazari asosy baroi fark kardani nizo sabul gardidaast. Dar nuktai nazari avval nizo khamchun ziddiyati manfiatho, barkhurd, muboriza va amalkhoi ba ham zid muayyan karda shudaast. Manbai in nuktai nazar mak- tabi samiyatii T. Parsons meboshad. Az nuktai nazari duyum (G. Zimmel, L. Koder), nizo khamchun sarayoni rushdi mutaqobila, ki imkoniyati balandi rush- di tashkilotro ba khud inikos mekunad, ba khisob meravvad.
Baroi beshtar dark namudani mafhumi nizo yakchand koidahoi onro sharh dodan ba maksad muvofik ast.
Nizo in barkhurdi tarafhoi ba ham mukholif ba massad, manfiat, mavse, asida yo nigohi du yo ziyoda odamon meboshad.
Nizo manoi mukholifat, norizoy va ziddiyatro nisbati yagon masalai istisody, istimoy, siyosy, idorakuny va khhrguna faoliyati inson dorad. Az in
ru, idorakunii holathoi nizoi yake az funksiyahoi muhimi rohbar va menejer mahsub meyobad.
Nizo in ziddiyati du raviya dar shuuri shakhsi alohida, munosibatkhoi oda- mon, jamiyathoi rasmi va gayrirasmii onho fahmida meshavad, ki bo farqiyati nigoh, mavqe va manfiatho vobastagi dorad.
Nuktai nazari muosir ba nizo dar tashkilot, na faqat mumkin, ammo metavonad az rui khohish boshad. Nizo baroi zohir kardani nuktai nazari gunogun kumak namuda, ittilooti ilovagi doda, imkoniyat medihad, ki shumo- rai ziyodi alternativa va mushkilot ravshan gardand. In metavonad jarayoni qabuli qarorro dar tashkilot beshtar samaranok gardonad.
Hamin tavr, nizo metavonad funksionali boshad, yane, ki ba balandbar- dorii samaranokii tashkilot ovarda rasonad va metavonad disfunksionali boshad, yane, ki ba pastravii samaranokii tashkilot, qonegardii shakhsi va hamkorii guruhi ovarda rasonad.
Funksiyahoi musbi va manfii nizo
Funksiyahoi musbii nizo
- Pastshavii shiddatnoki dar bayni tarafho.
- Muttahidkunii kollektiv dar nazdi raqiboni beruna. Beshtar mashhur ast, ki dusti kardan osontar nisbat ba ziddiyat nisbati kase.
- Beshubha, raqiboni beruna metavonand baroi muttahid kardani azo- yoni guruh taqviyat bakhshand.
- Ba dast darovardani ittiloot doir ba harif va muhiti ijtimoii beruni.
- Moili beshtar ba hamkori dar oyanda.
- Az bayn burdani alomathoi gapdaroi az tobeon.
Nizo yake az asosguzoroni tashkilothoi navi ravonakardashuda ba fa- oliyat meboshad. Beshtari tashkilotho dar jarayon va natijai judoshavii guruhi kormandon az tashkiloti mabdai (materinskiy) ba vujud omadaand. Hususan, nizo farqiyati muttahidshavi va darknamoii manfiati khud az manfiati digar kormandon va rohbaronro darak medihad.
Funksiyahoi manfii nizo
- Muassirii ziyod va kharojoti moddi baroi ishtirok dar nizo.
- Inkishofi qonenagardidan va holati badi manavi.
- Past raftani mahsulnokii mehnat va inkishofi azkorravii kadrho.
- Malumot paydo namudan doir ba tarafi duyum hamchun raqio.
- Kosta gardidani hamkori bad az ba anjom rasidani nizo.
- Murakkab gardidani barqaror namudani munosibathoi kori.
- Taqviyat yoftani tamoil ba rohbarii avtoritari.
- Taqviyatyobii shiddatnokiii munosibati bayni harifon, inkishofi khu- sumat va badshavii ehsosoti ijtimoi.
- Mahdudiyati tasiri mutaqobila va musohiba bayni tarafhoi ni- zokarda.
- Kamshavii nizohoi kori bar khilofi zarurati funksionali, bahududdarorii musokhibai rasmi, inkishofi khudparastii gurukhi va shakhsi.
- Past raftani motivatsiya ba me.hnat, dar natisa asabnokii manfi va bovari nadoshtan ba khalli musbii muammokhoi bavujudomada.
- Pastshavii ma.hsulnokii mekhnat va inkishofi azkorravii kadrkho.
- Dissati khudro ba tarafi digar salb kardan az kor, gairisamaranok istifodabarii vast va vositakho baroi guzaronidani nizo va barkham dodani natisakhoi manfii on.
- Bemani istifodabarii suvva va doroi ba taqobul.
- Bo in yo on tarisha, nizokhoi mekhnati funksiyakhoi zerinro isro meku- nand, ki kharakteri manfi dorand:
- Kollektivi mekhnati ba tavozuni nafi, fardi, guruhi, kollektivi va guzoshtani sakhm ba khamgiroii istimoii muassisa tasir meraso- nad. Nizoi kormandon bo mamuriyat, az yak taraf tasobuli onkhoro ziyod namuda, az tarafi digar, muttahidii kormandonro ziyod mekunad;
- Nizokhoi mekhnati funksiyai avvalini pinhonnamoii beshtar ziddiyathoi tezu tundro dar khayoti kollektiv isro mekunand;
- Funksiyai innovatsioni va esodkorii nizoi mekhnati vusud dorad. Bo yorii on moneakhoro dar rokhi rushdi ishtisodi, istimoi yo rukhii kollek- tiv bartaraf menamoyand;
- Funksiyai istimoi-psikhologii nizoi mekhnati, ba tagiiryobii ishlimi istimoi-psikhologi, muttakhidi, obru va khurmati dusoniba ovarda me- rasonad.
Helkhoi nizo
Naqshi nizo dar tashkilot az on vobasta ast, ki to kadom daracha sa- maranok idora megardad. Baroi on ki samaranok idora gardad, donistani kismatho, navho, sababho, charayon va usulhoi halli nizo zarur ast.
Dar nizo metavon kismathoi zerinro az ham chudo namud:
- ishtirokchiyon !.harifon), mut^s^yo^g^i naomadani massad.hoi oisho;
- miyonaravon (metavonad vusud nadoshta boshad);
- obekt (predmeti nizo);
- kholati peshaznizoi;
- vosea;
- amalkhoi nizoii kharifon;
- davrakhoi nizo;
- sarorkho doir ba khalli nizo;
- baansomrasii nizo.
Ayni zamon tasnifi yagonai nizo vuchud nadorad. Zero meyori besh- tar pahngardidai tasnifi nizohoi tashkiloty in andozai on meboshad. Az rui in meyorho nizokhoi dokhilishakhsi, bainishakhei, baini shakhe va gurukh, dokhiligurukhi va bainigurukhiro az ham chudo mekunand.
Nizoi dokhilishakhsy dar botini shakhe ba amal meoyad va tabiatan ifodai maqsadho va yo aqidaho meboshad. Vay hamon holat paydo meshavad, ki dar bo- tini inson maqsadhoi hamdigarro istisnokunanda mavchud boshand. Halli in guna nizoho bo ziyod shudani maqsadhoi gunogun dushvor megardad va shakhe tarafhoi musbat va manfii onro az hamdigar chudo karda nametavonad. Ni- zoi dohilishahsy hamon vaqt hususiyati nizoi aqidahoro megirad, ki shahe beasos budani maqsadhoi hesh, mavqei hud va yo raftori hudro darq namoyad. Misol, ba qormand qori shavqovari tajily suporish dodand, ammo u ho- naashro tamiri umumy qarda istodaast va hatman az qor raftanash lozim.
Sababi junin nizo metavonad:
- nomuvofisatii talaboti khizmaty bo talaboti shakhsi, maqsad, arzishho;
- ba kormand farokham ovardani talaboti mukholif;
- vayron kardani prinsipi yakkarohbari;
- az khad ziyod suporishhoi gairinasshi dodan ba kormand, ki dar natija norozigi zohir megardad;
- dark kardani noustuvorii khudi.
Nizoi bainishakhei. In namudi nizo yaqe az pahnshudatarin ba hisob me- ravad. Nizoi baynishahsy odatan bayni shahsone ba amal meoyad, qi baroi halli masalai mushahhas aqidaho va mavqei gunogunro dorand. Misol, mu- borizai du rohbar baroi zahirahoi tashqilot yo muborizai bayni du nom- zad ba vazifai balandtar. Sababhoi nizo metavonad farqiyat dar maqsad, nuqtai nazar, arzishho, alomathoi hislat, raftor, usuli qorii du shahe va gayra boshad.
Nizoi baini shakhe va guruh. In navi nizo dar on holat ruh medihad, qi shahe mavqeero ishgol mequnad, qi on hilofi mavqei guruh ast. Masalan, hangomi muhoqimai masalai dar oyanda ziyod namudani hajmi furush, besh- tar junin meshumorand, qi on bo rohi past namudani narh ba dast ovarda shavad. Vale, tanho yaq nafar ba in fiqr rozy nameshavad, zero ba aqidai u in roh boisi qam shudani foida megardad. YAne, sababhoi bavujudoii ni- zo junin shuda metavonad:
- nomuvofisatii meyori raftori sabulshuda dar guruh va meyori raf- tore, ki kormand dastgiri mekunad;
- nodurust taseimnamoii uhdadoriho;
- mavsei gunoguni gurukh va shakhe dar halli yagon mushkilot;
- ivazshavii rohbariyat;
- bavujudoii peshvoyoni gairirasmi.
Nizokhoi dokhiliguruhi tanho jami nizohoi baynishahey nestand. In munoqishai bayni yaq guruh yo hamai azoi guruh ast, qi ba natijai fa- oliyati on tasir merasonad. Sababi paydoishi nizoho bo jarayonhoi istehsoly, ijtimoy va hissy dar dohili guruh vobastaand. Odatan, nizohoi dohiliguruhy dar natijai tagyiryobii muvozinati quvvaho dar guruh ba
amal meoyad: ba vazifa tayin shudani rohbari nav, paydo shudani peshvoyo- ni gayrirasmi, inkishofi guruhbozi va gayra.
Nizoi bayniguruhi in mukholifati du va yo ziyoda guruh dar korkhona mebo- shad. CHunin mukholifatho asoskhoi kasbi-istehsoli, ijtimoi va khissi dorand. Masalan, shubai tijoratii korkhona talab menamoyad, ki sifati mahsulot bo rohi ziyod namudani kharojoti istehsoli baland bardoshta shavad. Vale shubai moliyavi ziyod namudani kharojotro imkonnopazir mehisobad, zero on ba samaranokii istehsolot tasiri manfi merasonad.
Dar tashkili nizo ahamiyati muhimro yak qator nizohoe dorand, ki dar navbati khud onhoro ba tavri zerin tasnif namudan mumkin ast:
- Az rui munosibat ba statusi ishtirokchiyon nizo metavonad amudi va ufuqi boshad. Nizoi amudi. In nizo dar bayni zinahoi idorakunii korkhona paydo meshavad. Paydoish va rohhoi halli on ba tarafhoi gunoguni hayoti kor- khona, ki ba aloqahoi amudii sokhtori tashkilii korkhona tasir merasonand, vobastagi dorad. Masalan, bo maqsadho, hokimiyat, irtibot, farhang va gayra.
Nizoi ufuqi. In navi nizo dar bayni qismhoi bo ham barobari korkhona ba amal meoyad va nizoi maqsadho hisob meyobad. Inkishofi robitahoi ufuqi dar sokhtori tashkilii korkhona baroi halli nizohoi mavjuda kumak merasonad.
- Az rui sathi bavuchudoi nizo metavonad kushoda va pushida boshad. Ni- zoi kushoda az tarafi kormandon rushod ast va pushida boshad, dar zeri par- dai munosibati khayrkhohona khobidaast. Nizohoi pushida faqat metavo- nand gayrimustaqim paydo gardand. Rohbari kollektivi mehnati boyad oidi alomathoi holathoi nizoi dar istehsolot tasavvurot doshta boshad.
- Az rui darajai shiddatnoki nizo metavonad rushan va khira ifoda gardad.
- Az rui muddati davomnoky nizo metavonad darozmuddat va kutohmuddat boshad.
- TABIAT VA HELHOI NIZO DAR TASHKILOT
Nizo va sarchashmakhoi paydoishi on
Tarikhi barrasii nizo, kushishhoi tahlil va sharhi on hazorsolahoro dar bar megirad. Nizo (konflikt) hamsafari doimii inson, dar asl yake az shaklhoi hayot, yake az mekhanizmhoi intikhobi tabiy meboshad, ki moro purra kushidan dar muboriza bo harif vodor mekunad.
Baroi misol, nizoi muqarrarii oilaviro megirem. CHunin ba nazar mera- sad, ki dar yak marhilai muayyan mo sababi onro faromush mekunem va hohishi golib omadan dar bahs bar mo paydo meshavad. Hdngomi ba chushu hurush oma- dan allakay muhim nest, ki sababi bahs dar chist, muhim, albatta, galaba kardan ast. Ammo bahs shakli madanii nizo ast. Lekin zanozany, mocharoi miyoni guruhho, barhurdhoi musallahona allakay beshtar shakli nishoyami chancholro peshi nazar meorand. Va har kadar ba davrai kadim durtar nazar afkanem, hamon kadar in hosiyati hayvonii inson, in mehanizmi ichtimoy va dar voke biology ayontar malum megardad. Binobar hamin, durust in ast, ki mo nizoro radifi doimii na fakat inson, balki tamomi mavchudoti rui zamin guem. Bo vuchudi in, avvalin barrasihoi masoili nizoshinosy dar yak marhilai muayyani peshrafti insoniyat imkonnopazir gardidaand.
Az mavodi to imruz ba dastomada tahqiqoti sadimtarini masalai mazkur ba asri VII – VI pesh az milod taallus dorad. Hamai mo medonem, ki nizo asosi sokhti sistemai falsafai Hitoyro tashkil medihad, ki dar on musovimati doimy jihati musby (yan) va manfii (in) materiya elon gardida, on dar navbati khud ba nizo dorandagoni in du ovarda merasonad. Tashkiloti benizo vusud nadorad. YAne, ki har sadar tashkilot faol va serharakat boshad, khamon sadar sababkhoi ba vusud omadani nizohoi khurd va buzurg ziyod megardad. Baroi khamin fahmidani sarchashmai nizo va tavonistani idora kardani pahnshavy va halli on yake az khususiyatkhoi sudonashavandai kasbii rohbar meboshad.
Du nuktai nazari asosy baroi fark kardani nizo sabul gardidaast. Dar nuktai nazari avval nizo khamchun ziddiyati manfiatho, barkhurd, muboriza va amalkhoi ba ham zid muayyan karda shudaast. Manbai in nuktai nazar mak- tabi samiyatii T. Parsons meboshad. Az nuktai nazari duyum (G. Zimmel, L. Koder), nizo khamchun sarayoni rushdi mutaqobila, ki imkoniyati balandi rush- di tashkilotro ba khud inikos mekunad, ba khisob meravvad.
Baroi beshtar dark namudani mafhumi nizo yakchand koidahoi onro sharh dodan ba maksad muvofik ast.
Nizo in barkhurdi tarafhoi ba ham mukholif ba massad, manfiat, mavse, asida yo nigohi du yo ziyoda odamon meboshad.
Nizo manoi mukholifat, norizoy va ziddiyatro nisbati yagon masalai istisody, istimoy, siyosy, idorakuny va khhrguna faoliyati inson dorad. Az in
ru, idorakunii holathoi nizoi yake az funksiyahoi muhimi rohbar va menejer mahsub meyobad.
Nizo in ziddiyati du raviya dar shuuri shakhsi alohida, munosibatkhoi oda- mon, jamiyathoi rasmi va gayrirasmii onho fahmida meshavad, ki bo farqiyati nigoh, mavqe va manfiatho vobastagi dorad.
Nuktai nazari muosir ba nizo dar tashkilot, na faqat mumkin, ammo metavonad az rui khohish boshad. Nizo baroi zohir kardani nuktai nazari gunogun kumak namuda, ittilooti ilovagi doda, imkoniyat medihad, ki shumo- rai ziyodi alternativa va mushkilot ravshan gardand. In metavonad jarayoni qabuli qarorro dar tashkilot beshtar samaranok gardonad.
Hamin tavr, nizo metavonad funksionali boshad, yane, ki ba balandbar- dorii samaranokii tashkilot ovarda rasonad va metavonad disfunksionali boshad, yane, ki ba pastravii samaranokii tashkilot, qonegardii shakhsi va hamkorii guruhi ovarda rasonad.
Funksiyahoi musbi va manfii nizo
Funksiyahoi musbii nizo
- Pastshavii shiddatnoki dar bayni tarafho.
- Muttahidkunii kollektiv dar nazdi raqiboni beruna. Beshtar mashhur ast, ki dusti kardan osontar nisbat ba ziddiyat nisbati kase.
- Beshubha, raqiboni beruna metavonand baroi muttahid kardani azo- yoni guruh taqviyat bakhshand.
- Ba dast darovardani ittiloot doir ba harif va muhiti ijtimoii beruni.
- Moili beshtar ba hamkori dar oyanda.
- Az bayn burdani alomathoi gapdaroi az tobeon.
Nizo yake az asosguzoroni tashkilothoi navi ravonakardashuda ba fa- oliyat meboshad. Beshtari tashkilotho dar jarayon va natijai judoshavii guruhi kormandon az tashkiloti mabdai (materinskiy) ba vujud omadaand. Hususan, nizo farqiyati muttahidshavi va darknamoii manfiati khud az manfiati digar kormandon va rohbaronro darak medihad.
Funksiyahoi manfii nizo
- Muassirii ziyod va kharojoti moddi baroi ishtirok dar nizo.
- Inkishofi qonenagardidan va holati badi manavi.
- Past raftani mahsulnokii mehnat va inkishofi azkorravii kadrho.
- Malumot paydo namudan doir ba tarafi duyum hamchun raqio.
- Kosta gardidani hamkori bad az ba anjom rasidani nizo.
- Murakkab gardidani barqaror namudani munosibathoi kori.
- Taqviyat yoftani tamoil ba rohbarii avtoritari.
- Taqviyatyobii shiddatnokiii munosibati bayni harifon, inkishofi khu- sumat va badshavii ehsosoti ijtimoi.
- Mahdudiyati tasiri mutaqobila va musohiba bayni tarafhoi ni- zokarda.
- Kamshavii nizohoi kori bar khilofi zarurati funksionali, bahududdarorii musokhibai rasmi, inkishofi khudparastii gurukhi va shakhsi.
- Past raftani motivatsiya ba me.hnat, dar natisa asabnokii manfi va bovari nadoshtan ba khalli musbii muammokhoi bavujudomada.
- Pastshavii ma.hsulnokii mekhnat va inkishofi azkorravii kadrkho.
- Dissati khudro ba tarafi digar salb kardan az kor, gairisamaranok istifodabarii vast va vositakho baroi guzaronidani nizo va barkham dodani natisakhoi manfii on.
- Bemani istifodabarii suvva va doroi ba taqobul.
- Bo in yo on tarisha, nizokhoi mekhnati funksiyakhoi zerinro isro meku- nand, ki kharakteri manfi dorand:
- Kollektivi mekhnati ba tavozuni nafi, fardi, guruhi, kollektivi va guzoshtani sakhm ba khamgiroii istimoii muassisa tasir meraso- nad. Nizoi kormandon bo mamuriyat, az yak taraf tasobuli onkhoro ziyod namuda, az tarafi digar, muttahidii kormandonro ziyod mekunad;
- Nizokhoi mekhnati funksiyai avvalini pinhonnamoii beshtar ziddiyathoi tezu tundro dar khayoti kollektiv isro mekunand;
- Funksiyai innovatsioni va esodkorii nizoi mekhnati vusud dorad. Bo yorii on moneakhoro dar rokhi rushdi ishtisodi, istimoi yo rukhii kollek- tiv bartaraf menamoyand;
- Funksiyai istimoi-psikhologii nizoi mekhnati, ba tagiiryobii ishlimi istimoi-psikhologi, muttakhidi, obru va khurmati dusoniba ovarda me- rasonad.
Helkhoi nizo
Naqshi nizo dar tashkilot az on vobasta ast, ki to kadom daracha sa- maranok idora megardad. Baroi on ki samaranok idora gardad, donistani kismatho, navho, sababho, charayon va usulhoi halli nizo zarur ast.
Dar nizo metavon kismathoi zerinro az ham chudo namud:
- ishtirokchiyon !.harifon), mut^s^yo^g^i naomadani massad.hoi oisho;
- miyonaravon (metavonad vusud nadoshta boshad);
- obekt (predmeti nizo);
- kholati peshaznizoi;
- vosea;
- amalkhoi nizoii kharifon;
- davrakhoi nizo;
- sarorkho doir ba khalli nizo;
- baansomrasii nizo.
Ayni zamon tasnifi yagonai nizo vuchud nadorad. Zero meyori besh- tar pahngardidai tasnifi nizohoi tashkiloty in andozai on meboshad. Az rui in meyorho nizokhoi dokhilishakhsi, bainishakhei, baini shakhe va gurukh, dokhiligurukhi va bainigurukhiro az ham chudo mekunand.
Nizoi dokhilishakhsy dar botini shakhe ba amal meoyad va tabiatan ifodai maqsadho va yo aqidaho meboshad. Vay hamon holat paydo meshavad, ki dar bo- tini inson maqsadhoi hamdigarro istisnokunanda mavchud boshand. Halli in guna nizoho bo ziyod shudani maqsadhoi gunogun dushvor megardad va shakhe tarafhoi musbat va manfii onro az hamdigar chudo karda nametavonad. Ni- zoi dohilishahsy hamon vaqt hususiyati nizoi aqidahoro megirad, ki shahe beasos budani maqsadhoi hesh, mavqei hud va yo raftori hudro darq namoyad. Misol, ba qormand qori shavqovari tajily suporish dodand, ammo u ho- naashro tamiri umumy qarda istodaast va hatman az qor raftanash lozim.Sababi junin nizo metavonad:
- nomuvofisatii talaboti khizmaty bo talaboti shakhsi, maqsad, arzishho;
- ba kormand farokham ovardani talaboti mukholif;
- vayron kardani prinsipi yakkarohbari;
- az khad ziyod suporishhoi gairinasshi dodan ba kormand, ki dar natija norozigi zohir megardad;
- dark kardani noustuvorii khudi.
Nizoi bainishakhei. In namudi nizo yaqe az pahnshudatarin ba hisob me- ravad. Nizoi baynishahsy odatan bayni shahsone ba amal meoyad, qi baroi halli masalai mushahhas aqidaho va mavqei gunogunro dorand. Misol, mu- borizai du rohbar baroi zahirahoi tashqilot yo muborizai bayni du nom- zad ba vazifai balandtar. Sababhoi nizo metavonad farqiyat dar maqsad, nuqtai nazar, arzishho, alomathoi hislat, raftor, usuli qorii du shahe va gayra boshad.
Nizoi baini shakhe va guruh. In navi nizo dar on holat ruh medihad, qi shahe mavqeero ishgol mequnad, qi on hilofi mavqei guruh ast. Masalan, hangomi muhoqimai masalai dar oyanda ziyod namudani hajmi furush, besh- tar junin meshumorand, qi on bo rohi past namudani narh ba dast ovarda shavad. Vale, tanho yaq nafar ba in fiqr rozy nameshavad, zero ba aqidai u in roh boisi qam shudani foida megardad. YAne, sababhoi bavujudoii ni- zo junin shuda metavonad:
- nomuvofisatii meyori raftori sabulshuda dar guruh va meyori raf- tore, ki kormand dastgiri mekunad;
- nodurust taseimnamoii uhdadoriho;
- mavsei gunoguni gurukh va shakhe dar halli yagon mushkilot;
- ivazshavii rohbariyat;
- bavujudoii peshvoyoni gairirasmi.
Nizokhoi dokhiliguruhi tanho jami nizohoi baynishahey nestand. In munoqishai bayni yaq guruh yo hamai azoi guruh ast, qi ba natijai fa- oliyati on tasir merasonad. Sababi paydoishi nizoho bo jarayonhoi istehsoly, ijtimoy va hissy dar dohili guruh vobastaand. Odatan, nizohoi dohiliguruhy dar natijai tagyiryobii muvozinati quvvaho dar guruh ba
amal meoyad: ba vazifa tayin shudani rohbari nav, paydo shudani peshvoyo- ni gayrirasmi, inkishofi guruhbozi va gayra.Nizoi bayniguruhi in mukholifati du va yo ziyoda guruh dar korkhona mebo- shad. CHunin mukholifatho asoskhoi kasbi-istehsoli, ijtimoi va khissi dorand. Masalan, shubai tijoratii korkhona talab menamoyad, ki sifati mahsulot bo rohi ziyod namudani kharojoti istehsoli baland bardoshta shavad. Vale shubai moliyavi ziyod namudani kharojotro imkonnopazir mehisobad, zero on ba samaranokii istehsolot tasiri manfi merasonad.
Dar tashkili nizo ahamiyati muhimro yak qator nizohoe dorand, ki dar navbati khud onhoro ba tavri zerin tasnif namudan mumkin ast:
- Az rui munosibat ba statusi ishtirokchiyon nizo metavonad amudi va ufuqi boshad. Nizoi amudi. In nizo dar bayni zinahoi idorakunii korkhona paydo meshavad. Paydoish va rohhoi halli on ba tarafhoi gunoguni hayoti kor- khona, ki ba aloqahoi amudii sokhtori tashkilii korkhona tasir merasonand, vobastagi dorad. Masalan, bo maqsadho, hokimiyat, irtibot, farhang va gayra.
Nizoi ufuqi. In navi nizo dar bayni qismhoi bo ham barobari korkhona ba amal meoyad va nizoi maqsadho hisob meyobad. Inkishofi robitahoi ufuqi dar sokhtori tashkilii korkhona baroi halli nizohoi mavjuda kumak merasonad.
- Az rui sathi bavuchudoi nizo metavonad kushoda va pushida boshad. Ni- zoi kushoda az tarafi kormandon rushod ast va pushida boshad, dar zeri par- dai munosibati khayrkhohona khobidaast. Nizohoi pushida faqat metavo- nand gayrimustaqim paydo gardand. Rohbari kollektivi mehnati boyad oidi alomathoi holathoi nizoi dar istehsolot tasavvurot doshta boshad.
- Az rui darajai shiddatnoki nizo metavonad rushan va khira ifoda gardad.
- Az rui muddati davomnoky nizo metavonad darozmuddat va kutohmuddat boshad.
