Илмхона Комрон.инфо
Tamomi sayyorai imruzaro mo dar namudi nohiya (region)- hoi kaloni tarikhiyu geografi tasavvur karda metavonem. Inho qismathoi qalamrave meboshand, ki mo onhoro dar alohidagi omukhta, donishu tasavvuroti khudro dar borai olami yagona vaseyu purra menamoem.
Dar borai nohiyahoi tarikhiyu geografii Afrika, Amrikoi Lotini, Avrupoi Garbi va SHarqi Nazdik shumo az geografiyai materikho va uqyonusho bokhabared. In nohiyakho az jihati mavqei geografi, sharoiti tarikhi, joygirshavii aholi va tashakkul yoftani sohahoi khojagii khalq farq mekunand.
MAMLAKATHOI AVRUPO
DAR HARITAI JAHON
Mavqei davlathoi Avrupo dar khojagii jahoni chi guna ast? Kadom sohahoi sanoat sahmi asosi dorand? Kadom davlathoi Avrupo dar mintaqa mavqei mustahkami iqtisodi dorand?
Avrupo yake az markazhoi inkishofyoftai jahoni ba hisob meravad. Holo dar qalamravi on ziyoda az 40 mamlakati khurdu kalon voqe gardidaand, ki onho az hamdigar bo khususiyathoi khosi tarikhi, tabii, etniki, iqtisodiyu ijtimoi va madaniashon tavofut dorand.
Dar nimai avvali asri XX Avrupo davrai vaznini tarikhiro az sar guzarond. Dar qalamravi on janghoi yakumu duyumi jahon guzashtand, ki ba talafoti ziyodi odamon va kharobshavii iqtisodiyot ovarda rasondand. Dar natija, mavqei peshsafii khudro dar inkishofi khochagii jahoni az dast dod. Peshsafi nasibi IMA gardid. Qati nazar az in, imruz ham qitai Avrupo yake az markazhoi tavonoi iqtisodii jahon meboshad. Ba in mavqei geografiyu iqtisodii on musoidat menamoyad. Ba on khotir, ki rohhoi tijoratii bahri va havoii baynalmilali onro ba tamomi gushayu kanori dunyo payvast mekunad. CHunin mavqei geografi boisi peshrafti hama sohahoi iqtisodiyoti Avrupo gardid.
Mamlakathoi Avrupo bo sharoit va sarvathoi tabiii khud az yakdigar fark mekunand. In dar gunogunii relef, ikdim inikos yoftaast. Az kandanikhoi foidanok boshad, nisbatan kambagal ast.
Ba in nigokh nakarda, dar mamlakatkhoi alokhida zakhirakhoi na chandon kaloni naftu gaz, angisht, madani okhan, madankhoi metallkhoi ranga, namak va gayra vomekhurand, ki dar natichai ba tavri tulony istifoda burdan zakhirai onkho khele kam shuda- and. Dar baze mamlakatkhoi Avrupo manbakhoi suzishvory- energetiky kifoya nest. Masalan, istifodai umumii man- bakhoi suzishvory-energetiky az istekhsoli onkho dar Daniya, SHveytsariya va Finlyandiya 10 barobar, Italiya va SHvetsiya – 5, Faronsa – 2 barobar ziyod ast. Manbakhoi obi nushoky dar qalamravi Avrupo ba tavri kofy mavchudand, vale nobarobar choygir shudaand. Az obi nushoky bekhtar kismatkhoi shimolu garb va sharki on tamin meboshand. Daryokhoi kaloni Avrupo – Dunay, Reyn, Luara, Takho, Elba va gayra meboshand, ki ba maksadkhoi gunogun istifoda burda meshavand. Daryokhoi kukhii Skandinaviya, Alp va Pireney garchande khurd boshand kham, doroy zakhirai ziyodi barki meboshand. Masalan, Norvegiya kismi ziyodi nerui barkro az istgokhkhoi barkii oby istekhsol mekunad. Hoki in cho khele gunogun ast, dar kholati istifodai nurikhoi mineraly khosili baland medikhad. Qalamravi Avrupo purra az khud karda shudaast. Binobar in, dar on landshaftkhoi tabiy kam duchor meshavand. Onkhoro landshaftkhoi antropogeny ivaz kardaand. Maydoni changalkho fakat 30 darsadi kalamravi onro ishgol namudaast. Beshazori onro darakhtoni pakhnbarg va suzanbarg tashkil menamoyad.
Az sarvatkhoi rekreatsiony davlatkhoi Ispaniya, Faronsa, YUnon, SHveytsariya boy meboshand.
Az sababi muddati ziyod va vase istifodabarii sarvatkhoi tabiy vaziyati ekologii Avrupo nisbatan noustuvor gar- didaast. In az nobudshavii changalzor, iflosshavii obi daryokho, kabati khosilkhezi khok, ba okhirrasii zakhirakhoi baze navi kandanikhoi foidanok guvokhy medikhad.
Ayni zamon vobasta ba in baroi khifzi tabiat dikkati chidsy doda meshavad. Dar baze mamlakatkho ba in maksad khizbu kharakatkhoi gunogun tasis yoftaand. Masalan, «Hizbi sabz» dar Olmon bo barnomai khifzi tabiat baromad mekunad.