Dar borai paydoishi hayot va mavqei odam dar bay- ni organizmhoi zinda farziyahoi ziyod vujud dorand. Doir ba in masala hanuz az davrahoi qadim du aqidai ba ham mukholif mavjud ast. Muvofiqi yake az onho or- ganizmi zinda az gayrizinda bo rohi abiogeni paydo shudaast. Aqidai mazkur dar ilm bo nomi abiogenez malum ast. Aqidai digar biogenez nom doshta, isbot mekunad, ki hayot khud az khud paydo nameshavad. Binobar in aqida, hayot hamon qadar qadima ast, ki materiyai gayrizinda hast. Atrofi in du aqida dar tamomi ta- rikhi insoniyat bahsu munoziraho idoma dorand.
Aqidahoi hozira imkon medihand, ki in bahsu munoziraho dar zaminai ilmi surat girand va bo rohi abiogeni paydo shudani hayot asosnok karda shavad. Bo chunin roh omilhoi ba tabiati zinda tabdil yoftani tabiati gayrizinda, hamchunin, evolyutsiyai moddahoe- ro, ki ba paydoishi hayot musoidat kardaand, muqarrar kardan mumkin ast.
TASAVVUROTI FAYLASUFONI DUNYOI QADIM VA ASRHOI MIYONA OID BA PAYDOISHI HAYOT
Saviyai donish dar dunyoi qadim chandon baland nabud, aksar malumot khususiyati afsonavi doshtand, makhsusan, dar bobati af- zoish. Masalan, faylasufi yunoni Empedokl (asri V to milod) aqida dosht, ki darakhtho qobiliyati tukhmguzori dorand. Nafah- midani usuli afzoishi bisyor rustaniyu hayvonot ehtimol sababi on shuda bud, ki on odamon bovar doshtand, ki az boqimondai or- ganizmhoi favtida yo az moddahoi gayriorganiki organizmi zin- da ba vujud meoyad. Masalan, ba guftai Arastu shabushk az gusht, gandanafasakho az shirai badani hayvon, kirmi loykhurak az loy- qai zeri havzho paydo meshavand.
Dar asrhoi miyona ham dar masalai paydoishi hayot chunin aqidahoi nodurust joy doshtand. Aqidahoe niz budand, ki jihati paydoishi hayot khususiyati musbat doshtand, vale az sababi dar na- zdi kaliso obrui ziyod doshtani Arastu goyai be hej asos paydo shudani hayot dar aqlu zehni mardum muddati tuloni boqi mond. Hatto kimiyogarhoi asrhoi miyona ba on safarbar shuda budand, ki rohu vositahoi bo rohi suni ba organizmi zinda tabdil dodani moddai gayrizindaro yoband.
Masalan, ba vujud ovardani mushho az gandum bo yorii «fer- menti» az kurtahoi iflos hosilshuda; ehyoi inson az mahsuli jism – peshob, khun va gayra.
Ikhtiro shudani mikroskop donishi odamonro dar bobati murakkabii sokhti organizmho, az jumla, hasharot (to kashfi mikroskop onro organizmi soda mehisobidand) ziyod kard. Az jonibi digar, farziyai az materiyai gayrizinda paydo shudani organizmho zeri shubha mond.
Tajribai nakhustin dar in bobat ba olimi itoliyoi (miyonai asri XVII) F. Redi mansub ast. U gushtro bo dokai havoguzar pu- shonida, pas az chand vaqt muayyan kard, ki dar gushti vayronshu- da kirminai pashsha paydo nashud, zero pashsha imkoniyati dar gusht tukhm guzoshtan nadosht. Hamin tavr, u isbot kard, ki «hamai mavjudoti zinda az zinda» paydo meshavand.
Dar bobati muayyan kardani rohhoi paydoishi organizmhoi zinda aqidai olimi anglis V. Garvey niz jolib ast. U dar asosi tajriba qonuni «hamai mavjudoti zinda az tukhm»-ro peshnihod kard. Bo vujudi in, Garvey niz ba tasavvuroti zamoni khud takya karda, ba farziyai khud az khud paydo shudani baze hayvonot, az jumla, hasharot, bovar dosht.
Tavassuti mikroskop muayyan gasht, ki dar tabiat mavjudo- ti zindai darajai tashakkulashon nisbat ba hasharot va kirmho sodatar vujud dorand. Ba in, hamchunin, mikroorganizmhoro, ki dar mahlulhoi moddahoi organiki sukunat dorand, ilova kardan mumkin ast.
Dar borai paydoishi hayot korhoi olimi ruhonii irlandi D.Nidgem (1748) niz jolibi diqqat meboshand. U dar zarfe obi khurokro andokhta, dahoni onro rust kard va ruyi otashi past gu- zosht. Ba aqidai u, garmi boyad hamai on mikroorganizmhoero, ki az berun ba khurok dokhil meshudand, nobud mekard, vale badi chand ruz dar zarf mikroorganizmhoi ziyod paydo shudand. In holat ba- roi olim daleli radnashavandae bud bahri on, ki organizmhoi zinda az materiyai gayrizinda paydo shudaand. Goyahoi D.Nidgem dar bayni olimoni zamoni khud tarafdoroni ziyod paydo karda, muddati muayyan asosi nazariyai khud az khud paydo shudani hayot gasht. Bisyor olimon korhoi ruhonii irlandiro takmil dodand, ammo natijahoi gunogun ba dast meomadand.
Tadqiqoti mikrobiologi faronsavi L.Paster, ki solhoi 70-umi asri XIX guzaronida bud, ba goyai khud az khud paydo shu- dani organizmhoi zinda zarbai qati zad. Paster bo sharofati tajribai daqiq khulosai khele bovaribakhsh barovard. Korhoi u na faqat durustii aqidai khud, balki khatohoi raqibonashro niz so- bit kard.
Paster dar zarfi gardanaash 8-shakl mahluli gizoi girift. Dar natijai jushonidan havoe, ki az zarf qafo megasht, khorij karda meshud. Dar in vaqt mikroorganizmho az havo dar gardani zarf takshon meshudand va gizo muddati daroz betagyir (sterili) memond. Badi buridani gardanai zarf, pas az chand ruz, dar tar- kibi gizo bakteriyaho paydo meshudand. CHunin holat dar vaqti kham kardani zarf va «shustan»-i mikroorganizmhoi tahshinshuda niz ba nazar merasid.
Korhoi Paster dar tarikhi omuzishi paydoishi hayot ahamiya- ti bagoyat kalon doshtand. Masalai khud az khud paydo shudani hayot dar on shakle, ki qabul shuda bud, dastgiri nayoft, fikri «hama mavjudoti zinda az zinda» asosi ilmi paydo kard.
Boyad guft, ki tadqiqoti L.Paster masalai paydoishi hayotro komilan hal nakardand. U in masalaro faqat dar asosi ilmi guzosht. Daleli in, afzudani malumot oid ba hayot, makhsu- san, nazariya dar borai hujayra bud.
Hujayra chun asosi hayot muqarrar shud, ilmhoi fizika va khi- miya ru ba taraqqi nihodand. Bad az Paster to imruz yagon olimi digare kushish nakardaast, ki az mikroorganizmho yo organizmhoi nisbatan soda paydo shudan yo nashudani mavjudoti murakkabtar- ro isbot kunad. Tadqiqot aknun ba masalai paydoishi hujayra, ki tarkib va sokhtori murakkabi khimiyavi dorad, nigaronida shu- daand. In muammo manoi mushakhkhas kasb mekunad, zero masala na faqat dar paydoishi hujayrai soda, balki bo rohi suni az moddahoi gayriorganiki ba vujud ovardani hujayra meboshad. Holo olimon dar asosi dastovardhoi navtarini biologiya, astro- nomiya va fizika aqidahoi asrhoi guzashtaro dar borai abadi bu- dani hayot az nav zinda karda istodaand.
Savolho baroi sanjish:
- Kadom olim aqida dosht, ki darakhtho qobiliyati tukhmgu- zory dorand?
- Arastu paydoishi shabushk, gandanafasakho va kirmi loykhurakro az chi medonist?
- Hamai mavjudoti zinda az zinda paydo meshavad ba kadom olim taalluq dorad?
- Qonuni “hamai mavjudoti zinda az tukhm”-ro kadom olim peshnihod kard?
- Ikhtiroi mikroskop chi ahamiyat dosht?
- Ikhtiroi kadom olim ba goyai khud az khud paydo shudani orga- nizmhoi zinda zarbai qati zad?