Tarikhi tashakkuli jamoai organizmhoi zinda

Tamomi khushki ba viloyathoi azim, yane qitaho, taqsim meshavad: Avrupo, Osiyo, Afriqo, Amrikoi SHimoli va Janubi, Avstraliya va Antarktida. Olami hayvonot va nabototi in qitaho ba kulli farq mekunad. Sababi in farq dar chist? CHand sababi mamul boisi az ham tafovut paydo kardani olami zinda dar in yo on mintaqai kurai Zamin gardidaast.

Sababi avval tarikhi inkishofi geologii qita meboshad (rasmi 9.1). Millionho sol muqaddam qitaho vujud nadoshtand va khushki jismi yaklukhti buzurgro tashkil mekard, ki bo nomi Pangey malum ast. Qarib 200 mln. sol muqaddam dar davrai Triasi erai Mezozoy qitai khushkii Zamin ba du qismi kalon – Lav- rosiyo va Gondvana – judo shud. Gondvana ba samti janub harakat karda, Antarktida, Avstraliya, Hinduston, Afriqo va Amrikoi Janubii hoziraro dar bar megirift.

Minbad har yaki on dar natijai davom kardani porashavi (taqsimshavi) va harakati qishri Zamin ba qitahoi alohida judo shudand. Lekin Avrupo va Amrikoi SHimoli muddati tuloni chun qitai yagona vujud doshtand. CHunin joygirshavii qitaho dar avvali erai Kaynozoy, yane 65 mln. sol muqaddam ba amal omadaast. Judoshavii qitaho ba evolyutsiyai hayvonotu nabotot betasir monda nametavonist. Misol, Avstraliya to paydo shudani hayvonoti shirkhuri hamrohakdor hamchun qita vujud dosht. Binobar in, dar on jo holo ham hayvonhoi tukhmguzor va khaltador, ki dar digar qitaho az tarafi darrandahoi purquvvat nest shuda budand, boqi mondand. Dar Zelandiyai Nav to hol namoyandai otryadi kaltakaloshoi avvalin – gatteriya, ki dar digar mintaqahoi ruyi Zamin nobud shudaast, vujud dorad.

Amrikoi Janubi dar davrahoi nachandon dur ba gardanai shimolii Panama payvast shudaast. Olami hayvonoti on az

Rasmi 9.1. Tarikhi geologii sitaho.

zirehdoron, murchakhurho, kohilakho, tapirho va digar hayvonot, ki dar Amrikoi SHimoli va Avrosiyo vujud nadorand, iborat meboshad. Flora va faunai Avrosiyo va Amrikoi SHimoli ba ham monand meboshand. Sababash dar on ast, ki gulugohi Bering dar davrai tashakkuli jamoai organizmhoi zamoni hozira paydo shudaast.

Omili duyum in mahdudiyat ast. Misoli on populyatsiyai organizmhoi zindai jaziraho meboshad. Dar jaziraho tanho hayvonote pahn shudaand, ki qobiliyati guzashtani bahrhoro nadoshtand. Az in sabab dar jaziraho nisbat ba qitahoi dar nazdiki onho joygirifta hayvonot kamtarand. Mahdudiyat ba tashakkuli jamoai organizmhoi zindai qitaho niz tasir merasonad. Dar in jo ba sifati mahdudkunanda daryoho, kuhho, biyobonho, botloq va g. amal mekunand.

Omili seyum sharoiti gunoguni iqlim meboshad. Az kutb to ekvator (khati istivo) garmii Oftob meafzoyad. Vobasta ba in jamoai ba on khosi nabotot va hayvonot tashakkul meyobad.