UBAYDI ZOKONI (1270 – 1370)

Nizomiddin Ubaydi Zokoni yake az simohoi barjastai adabiyoti tojiku fors ast. U az tarafi muhaqqiqon va khovarshinoson dar tarikhi adabiyoti hazorsolai tojiku fors buzurgtarin adibi hajvnigor etirof shudaast. CHun sukhan az hajvu mutoiba ravad, hamono peshi nazar simoi in adibi fozilu oqil, hamabinu hamadon peshi nazar meoyad. Ubaydi Zokoni soli 1270 dar dehai Zoko- ni viloyati Qazvin (dar qismati shimoli Eron) dida ba jahon bikshud. Nome, ki volidaynash ba u guzoshta budand, Ubaydulloh bud.

SHoir chun ba kamol rasid, nomashro andak ikhtisor (Ubayd) namuda, onro takhallusi khesh qaror dod va bo nomi Ubaydi Zokoni marufu mashhur gardid:

HuDoy DonaDu man Donamu tu ham Doni,

Ki yak fulus naDoraD UbayDi Zokoni.

Ubaydi Zokoni az avlodi davlatmandon va sohibmansabon ba dunyo omad. Guzashtagonash sohibi vazorat budand va dar darbori podshohon hamchun vaziru dabir khizmat karda budand, ki padari navisanda ham az in fayz andak barkhurdor gardi- da budaast. Binobar in Ubayd dar in khonadoni bofazlu khi- rad rushdu kamol yoft, zinahoi talimro nakhust dar zodgoh va pason dar Qazvin tay kard. U ilmhoi mamuli zamonaash- ro dar nazdi ulamoi buzurg omukht va sohibmarifat gardid. Bad ba sayru sayohat baromad. Nakhust ba shahri Bagdod raft va bo ahli adab va donishmandoni maruf vokhurd, suhbat orost va boz qalbashro az ilmu irfon furuzontar gardond. Ubayd dar jamomadu nishastho bo ahli adab sherhoyashro qiroat mekard. Va shuhratash bolo girift. Ubaydi Zokoni ba vatan bargasht, uro ba darbor davat kardand va loiqi va- zifai voloe gardonidand. Dar in davra ruzgorash khush budu tabi bolidae dosht va az zindagiash qanoatmand bud. Ba hamin khotir dar sheri zerin hayoti purnishotashro yod kar- da chunin meguyad:

Pesh az in az mulk har sole maro

Hurdae az har kanore omadi.

Gah-gahe ham boda hozir meshudi,

Gah nadime yo nigore omadi.

Vale chunin ruzgori bosaodat der davom nakard. Dasisabozi- hoi darbory ruzgorashro boz nokhush namudand, ki dar baythoi pa- sini hamin qita meguyad:

Nest dar dastam kunun az khushku tar,

Z-on chi vahte dar kanore omadi.

Gayri man dar khonaam chize namonD,

Ham namondi, gar ba kore omadi.

Ubaydi Zokoni dar yak ruboii digarash ba nodory va qashshoqii khesh ishorat karda, bo sad suzu gudoz vazi ruzgorashro chunin ba qalam dodaast:

Dar khonai man zi neku bad chize nest.

Juz lungiyu porai namaD chize nest.

Az har chi pazand, nest gayr az savdo

V-az har chi khurand, juz lagad chize nest.

Ubaydi Zokoni ba hamai in sakhtiyu badbakhtihoi ruzgor toqat karda, peshi ahli joh va sarvatmandon sar kham nakard, nafsi khesh- ro kusht. Dar in lahzahoi dushvori zindagi u ba yagona hamdami roz – dilash murojiat namuda tasalliyat medihad, ki gam makhur, jon bidehu az nokason tama majuy va noni tamaoluda makhur, ki on qadri insonro past mekunad:

Ey dil, pas az in anduhi behuda makhur,

Z-in besh gami budavu nobuda makhur.

Jon medehu dodi tamau hirs madeh,

Gam mekhuru noni minnatoluda makhur.

Ubaydi Zokoni bo umedi beh shudani ruzgor boz ozimi shahri Bagdod megardad, ki dar in ruzgor Abusaidi Elkhoni ( 1316-1335), yake az avlodoni CHingizkhon saltanat dosht. Vaziri Abusaid Alo- vuddini Muhammad mardi fozil bud va binobar in Ubayd ham mahz umed ba dastgirii u dosht. Binobar in Ubaydi Zokoni asa- ri nigoshtai khesh «Navodir-ul-amsol» – ro ba hamin vazir hamchu tuhfa peshkash menamoyad. Vale ba qadri sukhani u na vazir rasi- du na shoh. Ruzgorash toraft ru ba inqiroz ovard va baroi guza- ronidani zindagiash majbur shud, ki ba ahli sarvat ru biyorad va qarz bigirad. Navisanda qarzhoi kheshro dar sari vaqt doda na- tavonist, balki boz majbur shud, ki az onon qarzi digar bigi- rad. Ubayd mahz hamin holati ruzgorashro khele bo dard dar yak gazalash ba qalam dodaast:

MarDum ba ayshu shoDiyu man Dar baloi qarz,

Har yak ba koru boreyu man mubtaloi qarz.

Farzi HuDovu qarzi khaloiq ba garDanam,

Oyo aDoi farz kunam yo aDoi qarz?

SHoyad khonanda suol dihad, ki sabab chi bud, ki Ubaydi Zokoni in qadar muflisu qashshoq shud va ba qarzi beshumor giriftor gardid? Ba in suol posukh dodan chandon oson nest. Zero dar yagon sarchashma ba in masalahoi ruzgori u kase ishorat nakardaast. Vale sari in masala chand andesharo metavon takhmin kard.

CHunonki az asarhoi Ubaydi Zokoni barmeoyad, u ba ahli johu mansab, namoyandagoni hukumati zamonash, misli qoziyu raisu mufti va hatto nadimu vaziru amir beshtar nazari manfi dosht va ononro oshkor, beparda mazammatu nakuhish mekard. Hajvhoi sakhti u qalbi ononro ba dard ovard va kosai sabrashonro labrez namud va onho nazdi shohu vazir va digar sohibmansabon arzu shikoyat namudand.

Ubaydi Zokoniro, az yak taraf, qarzkhohon va az tarafi di- gar, tanayu malomathoi ahli darbor, sukhanoni neshdori ahli joh, shaykhonu ulamoi mutaassib ba jon rasonda budand. Ohi sard az dili purdard mekashid. U kheshro garibu musofir medonist, az yoru diyor khudro mahrumu benasib hisob mekard. Tavajjuh namoed ba guftori shoir:

Manam asiri pareshon, zi yori khuD maqrum,

Garibi shaqri kason v-az Diyori khuD makhrum.

Ba DarDu ranj furu monDa v-az Davo navmeD,

Nishasta Dar gamu az gamgusori khuD mahrum.

Zi ohi sina bisuzam, agar kasham nafase

Zi seli in mijai selbori khuD makhrum.

Ubaydi Zokoni chu ittilo meyobad, ki SHoh SHujo (1359­1384) dar Fors ba sari qudrat omadaast, boz az Bagdod ba SHe- roz omad. CHand sol dar darbori u khizmat namud. Soli 1366 SHoh Mahmud ba SHeroz hujum namuda, SHoh SHujoro shikast dod va SHoh SHujo ba Kirmon firor namud va Ubaydi Zokoni ham ba Kirmon raft. Vale pas az chand moh SHoh SHujo lashkari ga- ron orosta, ba SHeroz omad va SHoh Mahmudro shikast dod va boz Ubayd ba SHeroz hamrohi SHoh SHujo bargasht va to poyo- ni umrash dar SHeroz mond. Meguyand, ki Ubaydi Zokoni mardi suhbatoro va bazlagu budaast. Dar in guftor nametavon shubha kard, zero ejodiyoti u va bakhusus latifa va mutoiboti adib ba in guvohand. Naql ast, ki Ubayd pesh az margash ba farzandon vasi- yat namudaast, ki ganjinae dorad va pas az marg onro bikshoyand va dar marosimash sarf kunand va baqiyaashro bayni khud qismat na- moyand. CHun Ubayd vafot kard, farzandon khazinaro kushodand va dar on khazina tanho hamin baytro yoftand:

HuDoy donadu man Donamu tu uam Doni,

Ki yak fulus naDoraD UbayDi Zokoni.

Hamin tavr, Ubaydi Zokoni dar pironsoli dar SHeroz soli 1370 az dunyo guzasht. Sad sol umr did. Ubayd umri kheshro roygon naguzaronid va az khesh merosi garonbahoe ba naslhoi oyanda gu- zosht.