USLUBI BADEI

Matni uslubi badeiro begalat qiroat kuned va bigued, ki dar intikhob va mavqei istemoli kalima, unsurhoi kalimayu shakl- sozi, qolabhoi jumlabandi va oroishi sukhan kadom khususiyathoi on uslub mushohida meshavand.

In andeshaho va mulohizaho khirmani sabr va shikeboii Bibioisharo ba bod medod(4). Bad az soate, ki Odina az khona dur shud, Bibioisha khost ba hoy-hoy girista nola va faryod ba- rovarad, lekin, az on joe ki in guna faryodi bemahal sababi fosh gardidani rozi Odina va boisi giriftoriash meshud, nochor ohi sarde az dili purdard kashida, lab furu bast(4). Ammo chunon lab furu bastane, ki darunash az otashi judoi(1) va firoq chun kurai angishtgaron(2) alanga mezad. Ore(3), az du chashmi khunborash(2) sirishk ravon shuda, kushish mekard, ki in otashro ba qadre furu nishonad(1) (S.A.).

• Kadom payvandaki khilofi vazifai jumlabandiro va kadome vazifai matnsoziro ba jo ovardaast?
• Payvandaki az on joe ki dar zaboni adabii imruzai tojiki ba kor burda meshavad?

^g!’ Matn ba shokhai nasri uslubi adabiyoti badei taalluq L • j dorad. Navisanda dar on holati ruhii qahramoni asar- ro tasvir namudaast, binobar in bayoni fikr dar chorchubai za- boni meyori surat megirad. Muallif barobari kalimahoi umumiistemoli soat, dil, lab, chashm, bemahal, purdard, da- run, nochor, dur shud, girista va gayra kalimahoi adabii kito- bii roz, giriftori, sirishk, khunbor, furu nishondan, kali- mayu istilohoti kasbi, ki doirai istemolashon khele mahdud ast: kura, angishtgar, vohidi frazeologii guftuguyii hoy- hoy giristan, oh kashidan va adabii kitobii lab furu bastanro ba kor burdaast. Murodifhoi lugavii giristan, nola va faryod kardan bo tobishhoi mano az hamdigar farq mekunand. S.Ayni onhoro dar yak jo ovarda, mafhumi holatro purra ifoda kardaast. Murodifhoi judoi va firoq niz bo to- bishi nozuki mano az hamdigar farq mekunand, binobar in dar matn payiham omada, manoro purratar mekunand. Murodifhoi sabab // bois bo maqsadi gurez az takrori kali- ma kor farmuda shudaand.

Dar in matn bo maqsadi muassir tasvir namudani hola- ti ruhii qahramoni asar az majoz: ohi sard, otashi judoi va firoq, sirishk… kushish mekarD, ki otashro furu nishonaD, kinoya: chashmi khunbor, tashbeh: monandi kurai angishtgaron, saj: ohi sard az dili purdard kashida istifoda shudaast.

Navisanda holati ruhii Bibioisharo bo jumlahoi mu- rakkab batafsil bayon mekunad. Bo payvandaki az on joe ki ba sarjumla aloqamand namudani jumlai payravi sabab niz unsuri grammatikii zaboni adabii kitobist, ki dar zaboni imruza doirai istemoli on mahdud gardidaast. Jumlaero bo sukhane ba poyon rasonida, jumlai digarro bo ayni hamon sukhanon ogoz namudan yake az on vositahoi muassiri nahvi – takrori silsilaband (annodoplozis) ba shumor meravad: … lab furu bast, ammo chunon lab furu bastane… Bo hissachai ore taqviyat bakhshidan ba tasdiqi fikri qablan ifodayofta niz bayoni matlab va tasviri holatro tasirbakhsh megardo- nad: Ore, az du chashmi khunborash…

156. Matni zerinro bo matni bolo muqoisa kuned va khatti sharh dihed, ki Ahmadi Donish libos, asbobi zebu oroish va husnu ja- moli zanro chi tarz tasvir kardaast. Dar matn matlab ba tariqi hikoyat, tasvir va yo muhokima ifoda yoftaast?

Az on jo ki libosi zanoni on diyor to kamar tang ast va az kamar to doman farokh, to ba hadde ki, agar az dari khona darun shavand, doman az dahlez berun buvad(4,7). Va az tahti kamar- bandi(2) khud az rishtai harir miyonbande(2) digar dorand… Va bar gush ovezai(2) almos va durr(1) va bulur va tilloi tuloni. Va safhai banogush, ki az goyati safo rag va harakati khun az tahti jiloi on dida meshavad, chun shuoi oveza bad-on(1) zam gardad, shame dar muqobili oina ast(4). Bad-on zebu zin- nat(1) chun barkhezand(2), aql az kokhi dimog ba parvoz oyad va chun binishinand, jon dar hujrai dil khomush gardad(4).

L u g a t:

Tuloni – daroz.

Safo – ravshani.

Safha – sahifa, ruyi varaqi kitob, daftar; ruyi (sathi) har chiz. Dar in jo ba manoi ruyi pusti safed va shaffofi zeri banogushi zani sohibjamol omadaast.

• CHaro chand jumlai matn bo payvandaki va ogoz yoftaast?
• I 2) Dar ifodahoi aql az kokhi dimog ba parvoz oyad, jon dar hujrai dil khomush gardad kadome az kalimaho ba manoi asli va kadome ba manoi majozi omadaast?
• Payvandakhoi az on jo ki va to ba hadde ki kadom kheli jum- lahoi payravro bo sarjumla aloqamand kardaand?

157. SHerro faseh qiroat namuda, mazmunashro naql kuned. Sipas sharh dihed, ki bayni in du tarzi ifodai yak mazmun chi tafovut ba vujud omad.

Dilbari mohpaykari khudro

Didam andar(3) chaman, ki gul mechid(4).

Hori gul dasti on pariruro

Karda majruhu u mekhandid(4).

Guftamash(4): «Handa chist?» Gufto: «Gul Behtar az khud nametavonad did» (Adib Farohi).

• Kadom kalimaho khosi zaboni nazm (poetizm) ast?
• Vojai Dilbar dar in jo bo kalimai gul chi guna munosibati manoi paydo kardaast?
• Tavsifi pariruro shoir bo chi maqsad kor farmudaast?
• Payvandaki payvasti payihami -u chi tobishi mano zohir kardaast?
• Mazmuni jumlai «Gul behtar az khud nametavonad did»-ro ba tarzi digar ifoda kuned.

158. Mazmuni jumlai zerin chist? Bo sukhanoni khud ba daftar navi- sed va sharh dihed, ki hamon mazmunro adib bo kadom unsurhoi muassiri zabon va sanathoi sukhan ifoda kardaast? CHunin sabki nigorish khosi nazm, nasri rivoyati yo nasri badeii muo- sir ast?

On lolauzor beikhtiyor chun abri bahor sirishki khunini mo- nandi durri shohvor bar safhai rukhsor furu rekht.

• Manoi kalimai lolauzor va iborahoi sirishki khunin, Durri shohvor, safhai rukhsor chist?
• Iborai abri bahor bo sirishk, durr bo rukhsor chi tanosubi manoi dorad?
• Bo chunin sanati lafzi tasvir yoftani holati shakhsro kadom navi nasr menomand?

159. Matnhoi zerin ba kadom uslubi bayon taalluq dorand va dar onho chi guna unsurhoi lugaviyu manoi va grammatikii khosi ha- mon uslub mushohida meshavand?
160. Harchand dar khona pinhon memonam, okhir meboyad, ki yak ruz ba yoru diyor khayrbod gufta, az visoli Gulbibi dil kanda ba viloyathoi gurbat biravam, lekin baroi man jon kandan na- zar ba dil kandan az Gulbibi osontar ast (S.A.);
161. CHun khurshed sipari zarrin barafrosht va jahon ravshan gasht, Suhrob zireh bar tan pushida, aspi kuhpaykarashro sa- vor shud,… tegi hindi bar miyon bast va bar farozi tale baro- mada, ba lashkargohi Kovus nazar andokht (Dostonhoi “SHohno- ma”);
162. Bod gulbez shudu bar sari gul jola chakid, Ob dar juyu zi perohani ju sabza damid. Gul zi rukh pardayu nargis ba chaman chashm kushod, Sarvu shamshod qadu murgi chaman nola kashid. Hurram on dil, ki bahoron payi tartibi dimog Bongi murgi chamanu buyi guli toza shamid (Kamol).

?! 1) Tabirhoi dil kandan va jon kandan chi guna vohidi zabo- nand? Navisanda onhoro bo kadom maqsad ba tarzi qiyos kor far- mudaast?

• Kalimai gurbat ba kadom mani omadaast va az lafzi guftu- guyii gurbat nakun chi tafovuti manoi dorad?
• Dar matni 2 kalimahoi sipar, zireh, tegi hindi, lashkargoh chi khususiyati uslubi va bo nomhoi Suhrob va Kovus chi nisbat dorand?
• “…khurshed sipari zarrin barafrosht” chi mano dorad va charo adib chunin guftaast?
• Dar matni 3 amali felhoi chakid, damid, kushod, kashid va shamid ba chiho nisbat doda shudaast?
• “pirohani ju” chist?
• Bongi murgi chaman az nolai on chi tafovuti tobishi mano dorad?

Aknun pushaymoni sud nadosht va afsusu dareg foida na- mebakhshid, chunki tir az kamon bar khato jasta va murgi mat- lab az dom rasta bud (S.A.).

• Kalimahoi suD va foiDa chi guna vojaand, pushaymoni suD na- Dosht va afsusu Dareg foiDa namebakhshiD ba hamdigar chi muno- sibati manoi dorand va navisanda onhoro bo kadom maqsad ba kor burdaast?
• Tir az kamon jasta va murgi matlab az dom rasta kadom vohidi zabonand va bo hamdigar chi munosibati manoi dorand?
• Kalimai nazdiktalaffuzi rastan az rustan chi tafovuti manoi dorad?
• Dar matnhoi zerin navisandagon az kadom imkonoti muassiri lugaviyu manoii ifodai fikr istifoda kardaand?

Tobut monandi shuturi purbor bisyor ba ohistagi roh meraft. Ore, in tobut purbor bud, lekin borash na on bore bud, ki bo quvvai shutur, asp va inson naql yobad, balki in bor bori anduh va alam, gam, hasrat, hijron va hirmon bud, ki quhpaykaroni dunyoro kamar meshikast (S.A.).

• Feli naql yobaD ba kadom mani omadaast va bo istilohi za- bonshinosii nutqi aynan va mazmunan naqlshuDa chi aloqa do- rad?
• Kalimahoi bor, purbor bo chi maqsad takroran kor farmuda shudaand?
• Hissachai ore chi vazifai uslubiro ado kardaast?

Nihoyat goratgaron az nazdi mo dur shudand. Bori mo khele sabuk shuda mond. Bori sabuki ashyoro ba khar va bori garoni gamro ba dil nihoda ravon shudem (S.U.).

• Dar in jumla kalimai bor ba manoi asli omadaast yo majozi?
• Kalimai khar az markab, nihoDan az guzoshtan va monDan chi tafovuti manoi yo uslubi dorad?
• Dar iborahoi bori sabuki ashyo va bori garoni gam sifathoi sabuk va garon chi guna munosibati manoi dorand va bo kadom khususiyati uslubi az hamdigar farq mekunand?
• Sifati garoni matni bolo az lihozi mano az sifati garoni tarkibi arzonu garon chi tafovut dorad?

! Uslubi badei yake az uslubhoi qadimai zabon buda, ba vasilai on osori bobarakati nazmu nasri hazorsola va muosir sabt gardidaast. Dar on az tamomi sarvathoi zabon va imkonoti uslubii onho mukammal foida burda meshavad. Dar asari badei vobasta ba zamoni voqeavu hodisaho (guzashta yo imruza) unsurhoi lugaviyu frazeologi, qolabhoi ifodai fikr intikhob megardand. CHunonchi, dostoni «Odina» ba hayoti guzashta, vale «Palatai kunjaki» ba zindagii imruzai odamoni gunogunkasbu kor bakhshida shudaast. Dar asari S. Ayni yak miqdor kalimahoi kuhnashuda, vale dar asari F. Muhammadiev kalimayu istilohoti sohahoi gunoguni zinda- gii imruzai mo ba kor burda shudaand.

161. Matnro khoned va bigued, ki dar mukolama kadom kalimaho isti- foda shudaand, ki dar zaboni imruza istemol nameshavand va onhoro navisanda bo kadom maqsad kor farmudaast.

Mullokhokiroh sukhani muysafedro burida:

• FoiDa naguy, tanzil bigup… FoiDa, yane ribo ast, ribo dar shariat, beshak, harom ast, binobar in har goh sud- khuroni taqvodori Bukhoroi SHarif baroi «hojatbarorii mar- dum» foida khurdani shavand, nomashro «tanzil» menomand.
• Hudat, – guft mupsafed, – sudkhuri kardani shavi, «tan- zil» gufta khurdan gir. Arbob misli mardumi Bukhoro taqvo- dor nashudaast va az foida gufta khurdan ham rup namegardo- nad (S.A.).
• Dar matn fikr chi tarz (hikoyat, tasvir, muhokima) ifoda yof- taast?
• Kalimai SHarif charo ba shahri Bukhoro nisbat doda shudaast?
• CHaro muallif iborai hojatbarorii mardumro ba nokhunak gi- riftaast?
• Tabiri az chize ruy gardondan chi guna vohidi zabon ast?
• Bapni ifodahoi foida khurdan va sudkhuri kardan chi munosi- bati manoi vujud dorad?

162. Matnro se nafar (muallif, Qamar, Ibrohimjon) qiroat kunand. Sipas az sinf pursida shavad, ki dar in mukolima chi guna kali- mayu istilohho kor farmuda shudaand, ki hayoti imruzaamonro inikos mekunand.

Bore Qamar uro hamrohash ba charogohi(2) durdaste(2) burd. On vaqtho Ibrohimjon muallimi(2) mekard, ammo dav- rai tatili tobistona(2) bud.

• Havoi toza mekhuri(4). Ba man assistent meshavi, yane ki yordamchi(2). Ba yak yigit chil hunar kam.
• Universiteta tamom karda, ba tu assistent meshavam?
• Obbo, digar tamomkunandahoi(3) universitet man avliyo nameguyand-ku!
• Avliyo naguyand ham, az nav shogird nameshavand(4).
• Ba tanbal kor farmo, pand bishnav(4). Man gami in no- shukra mekhuramu vay ba man maruza mekhonad. Hoy kalla, guf- tam-ku: havoi toza mekhuri. SHiru qaymoqi gusfand, noni ba- mazai chuponi(4). Ehtimol, gushti barra ham shavad.

Hulosa, Qamar uro rozi kard (F.M.).

• Dar matn kadom unsurhoi zaboni guftugu istifoda shudaand?
• Kadom kalimahoi iqtibosi (begona) holo bo kalimahoi khudi ivaz shudaand?
• Dar jumlai «Man gami in noshukra mekhuramu vay ba man ma- ruza mekhonad» payvandaki -u chi guna tobishi manoi zohir na- muda, bo kadom payvandakho hamvazifa shudaast?
• Feli maruza mekhonad chi guna oburangi uslubi paydo kar- daast?
• Kalimai kalla az sar chi farq dorad va dar matn chi tobishi mano paydo kardaast?

163. Matni zerinro ba daftar navishta, sharh dihed, ki sukhani tas- virii muallif va guftuguyi qahramonhoi asar bo yorii chi guna jumlaho ifoda yoftaast.

Oftob nishastu Qamar korashro qat namud(4).

• Tamom shud(4)?
• Ne holo(4).
• Boz chi mond? Du kasseta(1) navor(3) girifti-ku!
• Har kassetai pur ba ekran baromadan namegirad. Az sad-sadu panjoh metr navor(3) goho faqat choryakash(3) ba kor meravadu bas. Digarash – ba khokruba(2).
• Puli davlata barbod mediham, guy(4)?
• Hayriyat tu bukhgalter(1) nabudai. Holo sabr kun, – bo narmi guft Qamar, – ba tu nishon mediham, ki puli davlat ba chi sarf shudaast(4).

Ruzi digar az sahar boz davodav sar shud (F.M.).

I Dar uslubi badei hama guna unsurhoi lugavi: kali- mahoi umumiistemol va oburangi uslubiyu hissi dosh- ta, tabiru vojahoi maleh (orifona) va qabeh (omiyona), un- surhoi lugavii adabiyu gayriadabi (lahjagi, kuhnashuda, begona), vohidhoi frazeologi, ifodahoi majozi, tashbehoti mardumi, sukhanoni kinoyavu muboligaomez, tabirhoi pan- domuz va gayra ba kor burda meshavand.

Dar in uslub, khususan dar zaboni nazm, az imkonoti uslu- bii manohoi asliyu majozi, sermanoi, kalimahoi hamguna (omonim), nazdiktalaffuz (paronim va paronimaziya), zidma- no (antonim), bakhusus murodifhoi lugavi, frazeologi ba tav- ri vase istifoda meshavand. Adibon ba fasohatu salosati sukhan (ravshanii mano va suftavu ravoni) na tanho dar nazm, balki dar nasri badei ham etibor medihand.

Bo yorii sanathoi gunoguni lafziyu manavi obraznok va pushida bayon kardani matlab dar nazmu nasri sunnatii forsu tojik khele rivoj yofta bud.

164. Dar matni zerini «Anvori Suhayli» tasviri badeii manzarai tabiat ba vasilai kadom sanathoi sukhan surat giriftaast?

Bozandaro on manzili khush va sohati dilkash(2) pisand aftod va, chun okhiri ruz bud, hamon jo bori safar bikushod(4). Hanuz az ranji roh barnayosuda(3) va dame ba rohatu osoish nazada ki, ba yak nogoh(2) farroshi sabuksayri(2) bod soyabo-
ni(2) abr dar fazoi havo barafrokht va jahoni oramidaro(3) ba khurushi radi diloshub(2) va nihebi barqi sinasuz(2) namudo- ri(2) gavgoi qiyomat sokht(4,7). Ba otashi soiqa az yak jonibi ji- gari lolai dogdor(2) mesukht va paykoni jola az tarafi digar didai nargisi bedor bar hadafi zamin medukht.

L u g a t:

Sohat – sahn, ruyi dasht.

Niheb – haybat, tarsu bim.

Soiqa – barq.

Paykon – nugi tezi nayza.

• Tabirhoi dame nazada, paykoni jola didai nargis bar ha- dafi zamin medukht ba chi mano omadaand?
• Iborahoi farroshi sabuksayri bod, soyaboni abr, radi dilo- shub, barqi sinasuz, gavgoi qiyomat, jigari lolai dogdor, payko- ni jola, didai nargisi bedor chi guna vohidi zabonand va dar tasviri badei chi ahamiyat dorand?

^g! ’

I frazeologi vase istifoda mebarand:

Arbob dar botin ba sababi andeshahoe, ki dar bolo navishta shud, bagoyat dar tars va haros aftid; Lekin az in mulohizaho, ki ba dilash meguzasht, chizero ba Arbob izhor nakard; Gayr az shavvos zadani boron sadoe ba in khomushi khalal namerasond; Bibioisha to yak hafta, be on ki ovoze baland kunad, chun muyi otashdida ba khud mepechid (S.A.).

Dar in jumlaho kalimahoi botin va dil, andesha va mu- lohiza, sado va ovoz murodifand. Jufti avval hamdigarro ivaz mekunand, vale kalimahoi andesha va mulohiza, sado va ovoz yakdigarro ivaz karda nametavonand, zero in murodifho bo tobishhoi nozuki mano farq mekunand: andesha tobishi manoi tars va mulohiza tobishi manoi masalaero harjo- niba sanjidan dorad; kalimai ovoz khosi jonzod ast, sado az barkhurdani jismho hosil meshavad.

Murodifhoi lugavi, frazeologi, kalimasozi, shaklsozi (sarfi), iborayu jumlaho (nahvi) bo maqsadi khuddori az tak- rori bemavqe ba kor burda meshavand:

Ahmadi Kalla dar guzari Jafarkhoja yak havli dosht, ki dar on jozinDagi mekarD va dar madrasai Miri Arab yak hujra ham dosht, ki dar vay domodash istiqomat mekarD; Harchand man az Bukhoro rafta, tahsil kardanam umedi khudro kanda bo- sham ham, dar on miyon voqeae ruy dod, ki baroi Bukhoro rafta, khondanam imkon paydo shud (S.A.); Ammo man az ranju ofati piri bokhabaram az zafu ofati u khabar doram (Qobusnoma); Moro niz lozim ast, ki mashguli kor boshem; Munosib on ast, ki mo niz ba kor mashgul boshem (Vosifi).

Dar misolhoi bolo felhoi zindagi mekard // istiqomat mekard, tahsil kardan // khondan, khabari nomii bokhabaram bo khabari felii khabar doram, tarkibhoi khabar: mashguli kor boshem // ba kor mashgul boshem munosibati hammanoi doshta, mahz baroi gurez az takror ba kor burda shudaand.

165. Voqei va tasavvurshavanda tasvir namudani hodisavu voqeahoi zindagi, manzarahoi tabiat yake az khususiyathoi muhimi uslubi zaboni asari badei ba shumor meravad. Varianthoi gunoguni matnhoi zerinro ba daftar navishta, bo ham muqoisa namuda, khatti sharh dihed, ki muallif to chi andoza ba in hadaf komyob gardidaast: hangomi tahrir kadom unsurhoi lugaviyu gramma- tiki tagyir yoftaand, chiho ikhtisor, chiho ilova gardidaand.

• Obi didaho bemalol ruyhoi parchini kholaro shustan gi- riftand;
• Ashkon rukhsori pur az ojingashro shusta, ba ruyi sina- ash shorida meraftand;
• Ashkho rukhsori pur az ojangashro shusta, ba monandi donahoi marvorid ba ruyi sinaash shorida meraftand.
• Hamon vujude, ki chand daqiqa az in pesh javlon mezad, yakbora az asp ba pusht aftoda raft;
• Hamon vujude, ki chand daqiqa az in pesh changi javlon- gohro mebarovard, yakbora az asp ba pusht aftoda raft;
• Hamon vujude, ki chand daqiqa pesh az in changi javlon- gohro mebarovard, tayyor bud, ki tamomi lashkari dush- manro zabun, dustro shod kunad, nokhost monandi yakhpo- rae, ki az kuh kuchida, ba qar meravad, az asp ba zamin sarnagun aftod (H.K.).

166. Qasidai bahoriyaro qiroat kuned va manoi har baytro gued. SHarh dihed, ki Rudaki chi guna kalimahoro ba kor burdaast: manoi kadom kalimahoro medoned, sharhi kadom lugatho ba- royaton mushkil ast. SHoir az kadom imkonoti uslubii vohidhoi zabon va sanathoi sukhan foida burda matlabro bayon karda- ast?

Omad bahori khurram bo rangu buyi tib*,

Bo sad hazor nuzhatu* oroishi ajib.

SHoyad ki mardi pir bad-in gah shavad javon, Geti ba dil yoft shabob* az payi mashib*.

CHarkhi buzurgvor yake lashkare bikard, Lashkar-sh abri tiravu bodi sabo naqib*…

On abr bin, ki giryad chun mardi sugvor* V-on rad bin, ki nolad chun oshiqi kaib*.

Hurshedro zi abr damad ruy goh-goh, CHun on hisorie*, ki guzar dorad az raqib.

YAkchand ruzgor jahon dardmand bud,

Beh shud, yoft buyi sumanro davo tabib.

Boroni mushkbuy biborid nav ba nav

V-az barf barkashid yake hullai hasib*.

Kunje, ki barf pesh hamedosht, gul girift, Har juyake, ki khushk hamebud, shud ratib*…

Lola miyoni kisht bikhandad hame zi dur, CHun panjai arus, ki ba hino shuda hazib*.

Bulbul hame bikhonad dar shokhsori bed, Sor* az darakhti sarv mar uro shuda mujib…

Aknun khured bodavu aknun zied shod, K-aknun barad nasib habib az bari habib…

Kaib – zoru nizor

Hisori – ba band aftoda Hullai hasib – libosi rangin

Ratib – shodob

Hazib – rangin

Sor – murgi khushovoz

?! 1) CHaro shoir dar bayti avval «Bahor bo sad hazor husnu zeboi omad» guftaast? Magar zebu zinatro shumurdan mumkin ast?

• Oyo pay burded, ki shoir charo dar yak misra du kalimai ara- bii mushkilfahm – shabob va mashibro kor farmudaast va onho bo hamdigar chi munosibati manoi dorand?
• Magar iborahoi bahori khurram, mardi pir, abri tira, bodi sabo, panjai arus, juyaki khushk, shokhi gul va ifodahoi bahor omad, mardi pir javon shavad, dardmand bud, beh shud, aknun boda khured va gayra baroi khonandai imruza begonaand?
• Panja az kadom jihat ba barq va lola shabohat doshtaast?
• Dar misrai «Lola miyoni kisht bikhandad hame zi dur» kadom sanati sukhan istifoda shudaast?
• Kadom kalimaho hammano va muqobilmanoand va onho dar sher chi vazifai uslubiro ado mekunand?
• Kadom kalimaho bisyor takror shudaand va sababi on chist?

GG On chand kalima, ki imruz ehtiyoj ba sharhu tafsir do- •J rad, ba qavle, shoyad «qofiya tang omada» shoir az ruyi zarurat onhoro (az qabili mashib, kaib, hasib, ratib, hazib) kor farmuda boshad. Inchunin shaklhoi felii hamedosht, khushk hamebud, bikhandad hame sarfi nazar karda shavad, dar in tasviri rangini tabiat, ki besh az hazor sol qabl az in surat giriftaast, chize nest, ki imruz ba mardumi mo nomafhum bo- shad.

Boisi iftikhori har farzandi sarzamini Ajam ast, ki misli Rudakivu Firdavsiyu Sinoyu Hofizu Kamolu Sa- diyu Jomiyu Donishu Ayni adibonu olimon dorad. Mo, nasli imruza, boyad ba qadri on merosi garonbahoi manavi bira- sem, ki ba vasilai on zaboni nobi porsi, dari, tojikiro ham zinda nigoh doshtaast.

Azbaski dar sher takhayyuloti rangini shoir qaboi bade- iyat dar bar namuda, matlab pushida ifoda meyobad, gohe pay burdani asli maqsadi shoir mushkil megardad. CHunonchi, dar in bayti Hofiz:

Gireh ba bod mazan, garchi bar murod vazad, Ki in sukhan ba masal mur bo Sulaymon guft.

Mundarijai baytro sukhanoni mur, ki ba Sulaymon gufta- ast, pinhon medorad. Tafsiloti on chunin ast:

CHun bisoti Sulaymon ibni Dovud ba vodii Naml (murcha- gon) rasid, amiri muron farmon dod(4):

• Ey muron, dar masokini(3) khud dokhil shaved, to shumoro Sulaymon va lashkariyonash darham nashikanand, ki eshon na- donand(4). (Az oyai nuzdahumi surai «Nahl»).

Guyand, chun bod in sukhan ba gushi Sulaymon rasonid, bozistodu guft mar on muronro(4):

• SHumoro az mo charo bim buvad, ki mo dar havoem va shumo dar zamin(4)?

Amiri muron dar javob guft:

• Ore, tu dar havoi, lekin mulki in jahonro baqo nest(4). Mo emin naem, ki az nafas to nafas mulki turo zavol oyad va bar zamin afti va mo kufta gardem(4).

Pas Sulaymon pursid amiri muronro:

• CHi guyi dar in bod, ki dar farmoni man ast(4)?

Guft:

• Bod ast, ki ba dasti tu bod ast(4).

Pas Sulaymon murro guft:

• Maro pande deh.

Guft:

• Doni, ki charo bodro dar farmoni tu kardand(4)?

Guft:

• Bigu.

Guft:

• Baroi on ki bidoni, ki binoi dunyo hama bar bod ast(4). Va, onro ki bino bar bod boshad, poydor naboshad.

Sipas pursid: – Ey Sulaymon, in mulku toju takhtu joh az kujo ba tu rasidaast?

Sulaymon guft:

• Az padaram.

Mur guft:

– Pas hamin nasihat turo kofist, to bidoni, ki az tu ham ba digare rasad va onro baqo nest(4).

Pas, mazmuni bayti bolo in ast: Harchand bod (nerui nous- tuvor) bar murodi tu bivazad, ba on etimod nakun, chunon ki asrori inro mur ba Sulaymon gufta bud.

• Dar matn mazmun chi tariqa (hikoyat, tasvir, muhokima) ifoda yoftaast?
• Kadom kalimaho takror shuda dar sokhtori matn sahm guzoshta- and?
• Vojai bod dar jumlai «Bod ast, ki ba dasti tu bod ast» ba chi mano omadaast?
• Ifodai gireh bar bod zadan kadom vohidi zabon ast va chi mano dorad?
• Baythoi zerinro bodiqqat khoned va mazmuni onhoro khatti sharh dihed:

1. Har shab nigaronam ba YAman, to tu baroi, Zero ki Suhayliyu Suhayl az YAman oyad.
2. Nazar chi guna biduzam, ki bahri didani dust Zi khoki man hama nargis damad ba joyi giyoh.
3. Umri man kutoh gasht az ishqi on zulfi daroz,

K-u gahe bo gul ba sayr astu gahe bo mul ba roz (Rudaki).

4. Osoishi du geti tafsiri in du harf ast:

Bo duston muruvvat, bo dushmanon madoro (Hofiz).

168. SHarhi mazmuni baytro az tahlili zerin yod gired:

Biyo, to gul barafshonemu may dar sogar andozem, Falakro saqf bishkofemu tarhi nav darandozem.

SHoir zohiran ba mahbuba murojiat karda, dar ayyomi bahor uro ba sahro davat menamoyad, to yakjoya gul chinandu gul af- shonandu may nushand (may dar sogar andozand). Ammo shoir ba shakhsi muayyan murojiat nakardaast. Az in khotir mumkin ast, ki sukhani shoir ba chand guruhi odamon (oshiqon, duston va digaron) dakhl doshta boshad. Dar holati khushivu masti bomi (saqfi) falakro bishkanemu ba shakli digare bisozem. Hoja daqiq naguftaast, ki tarhi navi saqfi falak chi son boyad boshad. Az tobishi sukhani u pay burdan mumkin ast, ki manzuri shoir sokhtani yak olami pur az shodivu farah va neki- vu nekukorist.

Agar gam lashkar angezad, ki khuni oshiqon rezad, Manu soqi ba ham sozemu bunyodash barandozem.

Dar in bayt gam ba sipahsolor va yo shohanshohi gosibu jal- lod monand karda shudaast, ki lashkari farovon dorad. Agar hamin gam baroi rekhtani khuni oshiqon lashkar kashad, man (yane shoir) bo soqi ittifoq basta, ba u hujum meoremu nobu- dash mekunem, bunyodi gamro az bayn mebarem. Hamin manii odiro shoir ba chi zeboivu hunarmandi jomai nazm pushonida- ast! SHoyad mujizai shoir niz dar hamin boshad?!

• Du bayti minbadai gazalro ba adabiyotshinos Muhammad An- sor payravi namuda (SHarhi 42 gazali Hofiz. – Dushanbe, 1994. – s. 81-83) khud manidod kuned.
• CHaro shoir may dar (na ba) andozem guftaast; charo bar-af- shonem, bar-andozem, dar-andozem guftaast, na afshonem va an- dozem?
• «falakro saqf» va «saqfi falak» kadom vohidi zabonand va bo hamdigar chi guna munosibati manoi dorand?
• Dar tarkibhoi lashkar angekhtan va lashkar kashidan felhoi angekhtan va kashidan chi munosibati manoi paydo kardaand?
• Dar matni zerin alomathoi kitobati bayon, nokhunak, nuqta, se- nuqta va sekhitob chi manoyu vazifa dorand? Kadom alomatho ilova bar vazifai nahvi sarborii uslubi ham dorand va on sarborii uslubi chist?

Hini vido gufti: «Hayr».

Hudo guftam, ki «Hayr…» boshad, na «Hayr!!!» (H.A.).

• Gazali Rudakiro, ki bo matlai zerin ogoz meyobad, az jiha- ti mavzu, mundarija, goya, badeiyot va khususiyathoi lugaviyu grammatiki tahlil kuned:

Har bod, ki az suyi Bukhoro ba man oyad, Bo buyi gulu mushku nasimi suman oyad.

• In misrahoi shoir shumoro ba chi mulohiza vodor mesozand? Andeshahoyatonro navised, tahrir namuda, du-se marotiba bo lahni shevo qiroat kuned, ki dar khotir nishinad. Sipas fur- sati munosibe yofta, dar bayni hamsabaqon sukhanroni kuned:

1. Sarmanzili kudakii sahroii man, Rohi tu, rahi bireshimi loyii man. Dar kundai har darakhti tu pinhon ast YAk kuzacha kudakii tilloii man.
2. Hamkhandai man guli siyahgushi tu bud, Hamgiryai man chashmai khaspushi tu bud. Ey gumshuda qishloqaki tilloii man,

Dorui man obi shuraki jushi tu bud (Bozor Sobir).

• Bayti zerinro tojiki az Vatan dur aftoda ba tarzi zayl taf- sir namudaast, tu ki dar Vatan hayot ba sar mebari, chi tarz sharh khohi dod?

Bevatan nest garibe, ki kunad yodi vatan, Dar vatan budai be yodi vatan bevatan ast.

Dar yodi vatan budan chi mani dorad? Hamesha dar fikri obodii on budan, ehtirom guzoshtan ba millat, az guzashtai on iftikhor doshtan, tarikhi onro omukhtanu omuzondan va vorisi haqiqii on meros budan, ba bunyodi jovidonii mil- lat – manaviyot, khudshinosi, ehyoi sunnatu oinhoi ajdodon, ki dar taqviyati nerui ruhonii millat naqshi buzurg dorad, hissaguzor budan, ehtiromu sadoqat ba zamin, obu khoki diyor, zodgoh, sarvathoi moddiyu manavi va amsoli inhost dur az vatan dar yodi vatan budan. Insone, ki dar botini khesh in khis- lathoro parvarish medihad, bo yodi hameshagii obodii diyor va rafohiyati hammillatoni khesh meziyad, harchand dar vatanash nest, gamkhoru vafodori millat ast.