Илмхона Комрон.инфо
Talimu tarbiya masalai baso murakkab buda, fao- liyati dastjamonaro taqozo dorad. Talimu tarbiyai far- zand vazifai padaru modar, omuzgor, davlat va jomea, yane vazifai dastjamona meboshad. Padaru modar vazifado- rand, ki baroi sihatii jismoni va ruhii kudak payvasta gamkhori kunand, onhoro ba maktab omoda namoyand va baroi inkishofi qobiliyati kudak sharoiti zaruri muhayyo sozand, huquq va shanu sharafi farzandonro himoya namoyand, farzandonro dar ruhiyai bashardusti, mehnatdusti, nakukori, hissi rahmdili, ehtiromi ahli oila, zaboni modari, ada- biyotu tarikh va ananahoi farhangii khalqi khud, ehtiromi arzishhoi milli, tarikhi va farhangii digar khalqho tar- biya namoyand, ba farzandon baroi giriftani tahsilot dar muassisahoi talimi musoidat namuda, dar khona sharoiti musoid muhayyo sozand, farzandonro dar ruhiyai ehtiromi qonun, huquq, ozodii inson, ramzhoi davlatii Tojikiston va rioyai tarzi hayoti solim tarbiya namoyand.
Tibqi talaboti qonuni mazkur davlatu jomea niz az kori talimu tarbiya dar kanor nabuda, khudro boyad masul donand. Davlat baroi talimu tarbiyai nasli navras tamomi zaminahoro muhayyo menamoyad. Ijroi in uhdadorihoi khudro bo rohi tasisi nizomi talim va muhayyo sokhtani sharoiti dakhldori ijtimoiyu iqtisodi baroi tahsilot ta- min mekunad. Hamzamon bo in, davlat kafolati konstitut- sionii dastras va roygon budani tahsiloti miyonai umumi, ibtidoii kasbi, miyonai kasbi va olii kasbiro dar muassi- sahoi talimii davlati muqarrar namudaast.
Naqshi jomea dar tasir rasonidan ba shuuru ravoni kudak muassir buda, ba bisyor jihathoi akhloqi, ravoni va manavii kudakon tasiri bagoyat kalon merasonad. In ast, ki kudak hangomi payvastan ba jomea kushish menamoyad, ki khudro ahli jomea nishon doda, raftoru guftor va hatto kirdori khudro ba ahli jomea monand namoyad, ki in holatho metavonand ham musbat boshand va ham manfi. Tibqi muqar- raroti qonuni mazkur faroham ovardani sharoiti moddi, moliyavi, manavi va ravoni niz baroi farzand vazifai padaru modar meboshad. Dar zeri mafhumi sharoiti mod- diyu moliyavi ba vujud ovardani sharoiti zaruri va tamin namudani farzand bo mavoddi gizoi, vositahoi sanitariyu gigieni, libos, poyafzol va digar ashyovu lavozimoti baroi rushdi hamatarafai farzand va giriftani talimu tarbiya zaruri dar nazar doshta shudaast. SHaroiti manavi – ta- sir rasonidan ba dunyoi manavii farzand, tarbiya kardani marifati baland, faoliyati pursamaru khislathoi najibi insoni, rostqavli, halolkori, adlu insof, sakhovatmandi va amsoli onho meboshad.
Tibqi qismi 3-i moddai 5-i davlat boyad baroi talimu tarbiya va hifzi kudakoni yatim va mayub gamkhori namuda, ba onho sharoiti musoid faroham ovarad. Az jonibi davlat ba dush giriftani masuliyati faroham ovardani sharoiti musoid baroi talimu tarbiyai guruhi niyozmandi jomea, yane kudakoni yatim va mayub manoi onro dorad, ki dav- lat siyosati insondustonaro pesh girifta, baroi ba vujud ovardani sharoiti arzandai zindagi baroi hama, bakhusus, guruhhoi niyozmandi jomea chorajuyi mekunad.
Tarbiyai farzand ba guruhi huquq va uhdadorii konsti- tutsionii har yak padaru modar mansub ast, zero padaru mo- dar baroi tarbiyai farzandon masuland (qismi 2-i moddai 34-i Konstitutsiya). Binobar in, padar va modar dar ta- limu tarbiya va ba voya rasonidani kudak, novobasta az on, ki yakjoya yo judo zindagi menamoyand, huquq va uhdadorihoi barobar dorand (m.6 qonun).
Tibqi bandi 1-i moddai 18-i Konvensiyai Sozmoni Mi- lali Muttahid oid ba huquqi kudak talimu tarbiyai far- zand vazifai mushtaraki padaru modar meboshad. Padaru modar baroi tarbiya va rushdu kamoli farzandonashon masuliyat doshta, vazifadorand, ki baroi salomati, tako- muli jismoni, ruhi, manaviyu akhloqi va talimu kasbomu- zii farzandonashon gamkhori namoyand.
Dar Kodeksi oilai Jumhurii Tojikiston gufta me- shavad, ki padaru modar nisbat ba farzandonashon huququ uhdadorihoi barobar dorand (q. 1. m. 61 KO). Vazifai muhimtarini onho muhayyo namudani sharoiti musoid baroi inkishofi mutadil, bo talim faro giriftan va tarbiyai hamajonibai kudak meboshad. Dar talimu tarbiyai farzan- doni khud nisbat ba hamai shakhsoni digar huquqi afzaliyat- nok doshtani padaru modarro qonun peshbini namudaast.
Oila asosi jomea ba shumor meravad. Binobar in, mu- nosibati durust dar oila ba peshravii jomea tasir mera- sonad va zanu shavhar vazifadorand, ki munosibathoi khud- ro dar oila dar asosi ehtiromu kumaki yakdigari ba roh monand, ba tahkimi oila musoidat namoyand, ba nekuahvoli va rushdu kamoli farzandonashon gamkhori namuda (q. 3. m. 32 KO), dar tarbiyai farzand ishtirok namoyand (q. 2. m. 32, q. 1. m. 62 KO). Moddai 7-i qonun ba padaru modar yak qa- tor huquqhoro medihad. YAke az huquqhoe, ki moddai mazkur peshbini menamoyad, huquq va manfiathoi farzandro himoya namudani padaru modar meboshad. CHunin huquq dar moddai 57 Kodeksi oila niz peshbini shudaast. Azbaski kudak qo- biliyati purrai amalkunii grajdani nadorad (kudaki noboligi to shashsola umuman qobiliyati amalkuni nadorad), huququ manfiathoi khudro mustaqilona himoya karda nameta- vonad, az hamin lihoz, qonun ba zimmai padaru modar himo- yai manfiathoi qonunii farzandro voguzor namuda, ba onho imkoniyat medihad, ki dar alohidagi yo yakjoya dar maqomoti sud namoyandai qonunii kudak boshand. Qonun ba padaru mo- dar huquq medihad, ki shakl, namud va usuli talim, muas- sisahoi talimiro, novobasta az shakli tashkiliyu huquqii onho, intikhob namoyand, agar in shakl, nav va usul ba vazi salomati va rushdi manavii farzand tasiri manfi nara- sonad. Az in ru, padaru modar imkoniyat dorand, ki shak- li tahsilro, ki tibqi qonunguzorii jori tahsili ruzona, shabona, goibona, oilavi, fosilavi va eksternatro dar bar megirad, intikhob namoyand (m. 1-i Qonuni JT «Dar borai maorif»).
Dar zeri mafhumi usuli (metodi) talim boshad, tarzu vositahoi faoliyati omuzgoru khonandagon oid ba roh, tarz va vositahoi omukhtani majmui muayyani donishho, hosil namudani mahoratu malaka, tashakkuli jahonbini, vusati qobiliyat va fikri khonandagon fahmida meshavad.
Inchunin, moddai mazkur ba padaru modar huquq medihad, ki dar ravandi talimu tarbiya, az jumla nazorati sathu sifati talim va donishanduzii farzand dar muassisahoi tomaktabi va tahsiloti miyonai umumi ishtirok karda, ba behtar gardidani sathu sifati talimu tarbiya musoidat namoyand. Padaru modar hangomi past budani sathu sifati talimu tarbiyai farzandonashon dar muassisahoi tomakta- bi va tahsiloti hamagoni huquq dorand jihati behtar namu- dani faoliyati in muassisaho ba maqomoti dakhldori khudi muassisahoi mazkur, shubahoi maorifi nohiya va shahrho, rayosati maorif dar viloyatho, shahri Dushanbe va Vazora- ti maorif va ilmi Jumhurii Tojikiston bo peshnihodi mushakhkhas murojiat namoyand. Bo sababi on, ki farzand ba sinnu soli muqarrarnamudai qonunguzori (sinni 18-sola- gi) narasidaast va qobiliyati purrai amalkuni nadorad, na- metavonad, ki az nomi khud mustaqilona dar munosibathoi huquqi baromad namoyad. Padaru modar huquq dorand dar munosibathoi huquqi namoyandai qonunii farzand boshand. Azbaski padaru modar namoyandai qonunii farzand mebo- shand va ba dushi onho ham huquq va ham uhdadorii himoyai huququ manfiathoi qonunii farzandon voguzor karda shu- daast, ba onho huquqi talab namudani rioyai huquqi far- zand dar ravandi talim dar asosi standarthoi davlatii tahsilotro dodaast.
Padaru modar huquqi musoidat namudan ba faoliyati muassisahoi talimiero, ki farzandashon dar on tahsil mekunad, dorand. CHunin musoidat metavonad dar shakli hamaruza tamin namudani ishtiroki farzand dar darsho, tamini farzand bo asbobi khonish va mavodi ayoni, ta- mini saru libosi maktabi, nazorat va musoidat namudan ba donishomuzii farzand dar khona, judo namudani khonai alohida va mizi darstayyorkuni baroi farzand, ishtirok dar majlishoi padaru modaron, vokhuri bo ustodon va digar amalho ifoda yobad. Inchunin, padaru modar huquq dorand bo ravandi talimu tarbiya, mazmuni tahsilot, darajai sa- vodomuzi, davomot va sathu sifati donishanduzii farzand shinos shavand.
