Jismi organizmhoi zinda yak nav sistemai «kushoda» buda, ba on energiya dokhil meshavad. Mafhumi «kushoda» az fizika girifta shudaast. Zeri mafhumi «kushoda» organizmi dar holati faoliyat qarordoshta fahmida meshavad. CHunin organizm to vaqte poydor ast, ki ba on az muhiti beru- na beist energiya vorid shavad. Hamin tariq, organizmhoi zinda
to zamone vujud doshta metavonand, ki az muhiti berun energiya va moddaro dar shakli gizo girand. Boyad guft, ki organizmhoi zinda baraksi mavjudoti tabiati gayrizinda az muhiti beruna tavassuti parda (dar yakhujayraho pardai berunii hujayra, dar serhujayraho boftai pushish) judo shudaand. Parda mubodilai moddahoro bayni organizm va muhiti zist mushkil megardonad, talafi moddaro kam karda, fazoi yagonaro nigoh medorad.
Hamin tariq, organizmhoi zinda az mavjudoti tabiati gay- rizinda bo murakkabi, sokhtor va faoliyat farq dorand. CHunin farq ba hayot khosiyathoi sifatan nav medihad. Hayot zinai makhsusi inkishofi materiya ast.
Dar borai mohiyati hayot bisyor olimon aqida bayon kardaand. YAk guruh olimon bar on fikrand, ki hayotro muhit – barandai khosiyathoi on, masalan, safeda muayyan mekunad. Guruhi digar
mohiyati hayotro az majmui makhsusi ravandhoi fizikaviyu khimi- yavi iborat medonand. Tarifi malumi F.Engels «hayot tarzi mavjudiyati jismi safeda meboshad, jihati muhimmi in tarif mubodilai doimii modda bo muhiti beruna meboshad. Az qat shudani in mubodila hayot ham qat shuda, safedaho vayron mesha- vand». In tarifro faqat zohiran ba guruhi avval dokhil kardan mumkin ast, chunki F.Engels na safedai asli, balki strukturahoe, ki safeda dorand, onhoro dar nazar dosht. Az tarafi digar, mubo- dilai modda meyori yagonai hayot shuda nametavonad.
Dar shakli umumi mohiyati hayotro chunin muayyan kardan mum- kin ast: sokhtori faoli makhsus, ki baroi boqi mondan va takro- ran hosil shudan, energiyai az muhiti beruna giriftaro sarf me- kunad, hayot nom dorad yo ba iborai digar makhluqi faoli makhsuse, ki baroi boqi mondan va takroran hosil shudani khud, az muhiti beruna energiya girifta, onro sarf mekunad, hayot nom dorad.
- Hususiyathoi umumii hayotro sharh dihed.
- Hususiyathoi mukhtalifi hayot dar zinahoi gunoguni tashakkul chi
guna zohir meshavand?
- Barangekhtan – vokunishi organizm ba tasiri barangezan- dai muhiti dokhili yo beruni.
- Gomeostaz – holat va ravandhoi doimi ustuvor nigoh doshta- ni muhiti dokhilii organizm.
- Nastiya – harakati in yo on uzvi rustani ba yagon tarafi mu- ayyan.
- Taksis – mavqei joygirshavi yo joyivazkunii organizm nisbat ba in yo on obekt.
- Tropizm – samti harakat ba yagon manba.
- Filogenez – inkishofi durudarozi (tarikhi) organizmhoi zinda.
Savolhoi testy:
- Meyorhoi mavjudoti zinda chun khosiyathoe muayyan karda shudaand, ki onho:
A) yak guruhi organizmhoro az guruhi digar judo mekunand; V) tanho ba rustaniho khossand; S) ogranizmhoi zindaro az namoyandagoni tabiati 36
gayrizinda dar tafovut guzoshtaand; ^) faqat ba organizmhoi hayvon khos meboshand.
- Qobiliyati ba hama guna tasiroti muhiti beruna intikhoban ja- vob gardonidani organizmhoi zindaro:
A) yagonagii sokhtori tashakkul menomand; V) khudidora; S) sabzish va inkishof menomand; ^) angezish menomand.
- Doshtani sokhti hujayravii organizmhoi zinda hamchun meyori:
A) mustaqiliyat muayyan karda shudaast; V) irsiyat muayyan karda shu- daast; S) tagyirpaziri muayyan karda shudaast; ^) yagonagii sokhtori ta- shakkul muayyan karda shudaast;
- Qobiliyati ba vuchud ovardani naslhoi ba khud monandi orga- nizmhoi zindaro meyori:
A) khudidora menomand; V) tagyirpaziri menomand; S) tachdid meno- mand; ^) mubodilai modda dar organizm menomand.
- Qobiliyati az nasl ba nasl guzaronidani khosiyatho, alomatho va khususiyathoro dar organizmhoi zinda hamchun meyori:
A) tarkibi makhsusi khimiyavi donista shudaast; V) tagyirpaziri mu- ayyan karda shudaast; S) khudidora muayyan karda shudaast; ^) irsiyat mu- ayyan karda shudaast.
- On khosiyati hayot, ki az chonibi sistemahoi zinda zohir gardida, ba «namiranda» budani materiyai zinda asos guzoshtaast:
A) muntazami nom dorad; V) tagyirpaziri nom dorad; S) sabzish va inkishofyobi nomida meshavad; ^) angezish nomida meshavad.
- Qobiliyati organizmhoi zinda, ki dar sharoiti muntazam tagyiryo- bandai muhit umr ba sar burda, tarkibi khimiyavi va ravandhoi fizio- logii kheshro doimi nigoh medorand, hamchun meyori:
A) vobastagi ba energiya muayyan karda shudaast; V) khudidora muayyan karda shudaast; S) sabzish va inkishofyobi muayyan karda shudaast; ^) ir- siyat muayyan karda shudaast.
- Qobiliyati nigoh doshtan va az nasl ba nasl ba meros guzaronidani alomathoi organizm ba kadom meyori asosii hayot mansub ast?
A) tagyirpaziri; V) khudidora; S) sabzish va inkishofyobi; ^) irsiyat.
- Ba tagyiroti muhiti artof tasiri mutaqobila doshta, zohir na- mudani qobiliyati digargunsozii alomatho dar organizm ba kadom me- yori asosii hayot nisbat doda meshavad?
A) tagyirpaziri; V) khudidora; S) sabzish va inkishofyobi; ^) irsiyat