ZABONI ADABII TOJIKI

Manoi istilohi zaboni tojiki az zaboni adabii tojiki vasetar ast. Vaqte ki zaboni mardumi tojik zaboni tojiki meguem, ham zaboni adabiro, ham tamomi lahjahoi tojiki- ro, ham zaboni guruhhoi etnikiro (zaboni yahudiyon, arabho va jugiyoni Osiyoi Miyonaro) dar nazar dorem (nigoh kuned ba «Sokhtori zaboni tojiki…»). Pas, zaboni adabii tojiki chu- nin hissai muhimtarini on zabon ast, ki az qari asrho dar osori ilmiyu adabi sabt gardida, dar rivoyathoi mardumi az dahon ba dahon guzashta, tahriru takmil yofta, suftavu ravon gardida, to ba zamoni mo omada rasidaast.

Zabonhoi muosiri forsii Eron, dari yo tojikii Afgo- niston va tojikii Tojikiston bunyodi yagona – zakhirai lugavi va sokhtori grammatikii (dasturii) umumi dorand, vale bo sababi yakmarom nabudani munosibathoi siyosivu ijtimoi, iqtisodiyu farhangii in mardumoni se sarzamin zamone bo ham nazdik, zamone az ham dur aftoda, haddhoi bumi ba miyon omada, chunon ki bayni guyishhoi yak zabon rukh medihad, dar lahni guftor yo tarkibi ovoi, zakhirai lugavi, baze unsurhoi shakli (grammatiki) tafovuti kamu besh ba miyon omada, on digarguni pas az sadahoi shonzdahu habdahum ayontar gardida- ast. YAk sababi az hamdigar dur shudani in se tanai yak darakh- ti azimi zaboni qadimai porsi, yo dari, yo tojiki tasiri za- bonhoi begona dar marhalahoi gunoguni inkishofi tarikhii onho budaast.

Guzashtagoni mo, ki dar avvali hazorai duyum va okhirhoi hazorai yakumi to solshumorii melod dar sarzamini bekano- ri Pors, az SHimoli nimjazirai Hind to Qafqozu sohilhoi Bahri Siyoh sukunat doshtand, khudro oriyoi va zabonashonro porsi nomidaand. Zaboni tojiki ba guruhi eronii oilai za- bonhoi hindu avrupoi mutaalliq buda, yake az zabonhoi qa- dimai dunyo ba shumor meravad. Ba namunai osori khattii za- boni forsii dari (tojiki), ki to zamoni mo omada rasidaast (nigared ba zermanzari muqova), besh az dunim hazor sol pur meshavad. Zaboni tojiki az jumlai zabonhoi qadimai sohibkhat ast. Dar in rohi tulonii taykarda vay chand maro- tiba khati khudro ivaz namudaast. YAke az namunahoi osori az hama qadimai khati mekhi (zaboni katibahoi davrai podshoho- ni hakhomanishi, zaboni «Avasto» – zaboni matnhoi dini zar- dushti) navishtajoti tarikhi hukmronii shoh Dorob (522-486 to melod) dar takhtasangi kuhi Besutuni Eron ast, ki to ba imruz harfe az on oseb nadidaast.

Tarikhi zaboni forsiro (dari, tojikiro) ba se davra judo kardaand:

• Zaboni eronii qadim – takhminan az ibtidoi hazorso- lai duyumi to melod to sadahoi chorumu seyumi to melod;
• Zaboni eronii miyona – az sadahoi seyumu chorumi to melod to sadahoi hashtumu nuhumi melodi;
• Zaboni eronii nav – az sadahoi hashtumu nuhum to ba imruz.

Sad soli hukmronii sulolai Somoniyonro zamoni tashak- kuli bunyodi zaboni adabii muosiri darii tojiki shumori- dan mumkin ast. Osori ilmiyu adabii olimonu shoironi in davra: Rudaki, Firdavsi, Ibni Sino va digaron namunai behtarini zaboni nobi uslubhoi badeiyu ilmii davrai navi zaboni darii tojiki hisob meyobad.

Vale marhalahoi minbadai inkishofi in zabon hamesha sozgor va takhtu hamvor nabudaast. Ba in munosibat kishvar- shinosi rus N. G. Pavlov dar asarash «Tarikhi Turkiston» na- vishta bud:

«Mo dar arafai ehyoi navi in millati boistedod va jon- sakht – tojikon meboshem. To dami in ehyo onho zindagi ne, bal- ki haqirona ruzguzaroni mekardand va in faqru ajz oqibati se zarbae bud, ki CHingizkhon, Temur va khonhoi mangit ba onho rasonda budand… Az ruyi insof boyad guft, ki tojikon to ku- nun khalqi az hama jonsakhttarinand. Kam andar kam millate misli tojikon ba in zarbahoi sakht duchor omadaast. Ammo qadre fursati nafasrostkuni kifoya bud, ki onho boz az sari nav jon bigirand».

Istemoli farovoni kalimayu istilohoti az zaboni ara- bi guzashta, maylhoi mushkilbayoni dar nazmu nasri badei va ilmi, badi sadahoi shonzdahu habdah mayli bargashtan ba asolati khud, ruy ovardan ba zaboni mardumi ba jarayoni tak- milu inkishofi zaboni adabi betasir namondaast.

Dar okhirhoi sadai nuzdah va ibtidoi sadai bistum bo ku- shishi yak zumra munavvarfikron – Ahmadi Donish, Sadrid- din Ayni, Fitrat, Saidrizo Alizoda va digaron dar meyori istemoli kalima va istifodai unsurhoi grammatikii zabo- ni adabii tojiki digarguni vorid karda shud, zaboni adabii navishtor ba zaboni zindai mardumi nazdiktar gardid.

Soli 1924 Jumhurii Mukhtori Tojikiston (dar hayati Uzbekiston) tashkil yoft. Dar mardumi tojik umedi tozae pay- do shud, ki pas az hazor sol tojikon istiqloliyat ba dast ovar- da, boz sohibi davlat megardand va zaboni tojiki ba sifati zaboni yak jumhurii sohibikhtiyor tadrijan inkishof meyobad. Mutaassifona, az okhiri solhoi bistumi sadai guzashta dar siyosati zabonhoi milli yak tamoyuli nomatlub ba vujud omad: dar muddati dah soli okhir khati rasmi du marotiba tabdil doda shud: avval khati besh az hazorsolai arabiasosi forsii tojiki ba lotini va az on ba kirilli ivaz karda shud.

Bar khilofi qonunu qoidahoi inkishofi tabiii har za- boni milli kalimayu istilohoti ziyode bo tarzi talaffuz va navishti begona iqtibos shudand. Zaboni rusi mavqei zaboni tojikiro dar hamai sohahoi hayoti jomea: dar idora va umu- ri dokhilayu khorijai davlati, dar matbuotu nashriyot, radioyu televizion, dar maktabu maorif, dar sohai tadqiqoti ilmi va talimu tadrisi on dar maktabhoi oli, dar sohai san- at—khullas, dar hama janbaho tangtar menamud. Havfi on pesh omad, ki zaboni tojiki hamchun zaboni rasmii davlati mavqei khudro ba zaboni rusi voguzoshta, ba zaboni guftuguyi muhiti oilavi va ba zaboni faqat kuchavu bozor yak muddat boqi monad.

Az nimahoi duyumi solhoi hashtodumi sadai guzashta na- simaki bozsozihoi hayoti ijtimoii ju mhurihoi sobiq Itti- hodi SHuravi ba kishvari Tojikiston niz vazid. Bo maqsadi peshgiri namudani khavfi tadrijan az bayn raftani zaboni tojiki dar yak konferensiyai ilmii AI Tojikiston masa- lai maqomi davlati dodan ba zaboni tojiki qoteona ba miyon guzoshta shud. Dar natija 22 iyuli soli 1989 dar Tojikiston Qonuni zabon qabul gardid. Dar moddai yakumi bobi avvali on omadaast: «Zaboni davlatii Jumhurii Tojikiston zaboni tojiki meboshad».

Az nimahoi asri guzashta ba masalai husni bayon, poki- za nigoh doshtani zaboni adabi etibori beshtar doda mesha- vad. YAk miqdor kalimayu istilohoti siyosiyu ijtimoi va far- hangi, ki be zarurat az zabonhoi digar iqtibos shuda budand, bo vojahoi mamuli zaboni tojiki ivaz gardidand. S.Ayni dar maktubhoi kushodaash baze unsurhoi noshoistai zabo- ni adabii tojiki, alalkhusus zaboni asarhoi badeiro khotir- rason namud. Jarayoni barqaror namudani istilohoti asili rishtahoi mukhtalifi ilm idoma dorad.

Dar inkishofi minbadai zaboni adabii tojiki mat- buot, ba khusus vositahoi elektronii ittiloot, etibori besh az pesh paydo mekunad. Mutaassifona, dar zaboni vositahoi akhbori omma nuqsonhoi ziyod dida meshavand. Akademik M. SHakuri dar yak silsila asaru maqolahoi ilmi on nuqsonhoro zikr namuda, rohhoi islohi onhoro nishon dodaast.

Zabon yake az nishonahoi hastii millat ast, binobar in onro omukhtan, az sarvathoi lugaviyu kalimasozi, az imkonoti uslubii sarfiyu nahvii on mohirona foida burda tavonis- tan, onro az tasiri zabonhoi begona, lahjayu shevaho, alfozi omiyona va durusht emin doshtan, ba husni on husn zam namu- dan baroi har yak fardi jomea, khususan, khonandagoni maktab- hoi tahsiloti umumi va oli vojib ast.

Du mulohizai olimoni zabonshinosro dar borai zaboni tojiki va munosibati on bo zaboni forsi bodiqqat mutolia namuda, andeshahoi khudro dar in khusus bayon kuned.

Said Nafisi: “In khittai (sarzamini) dilangez buzurg- tarin shuaroi Eronro parvaridaast. Rudaki peshravi in sil- sila va Jomi okhirin mardi buzurgi in khonavoda ast…

SHahrhoi buzurg va obodi in nohiya, ki az qadimtarin shahrhoi Eron shumorida meshavand, misli Samarqandu Bukho- ro va Balkh… hamesha dorulilmi Eron budand. Buzurgoni Eron aglab az in sarzamin barkhostaand.

Har kitobi forsiro ki mekhonem, hamesha moro ba yodi in vodii niyogon meandozad.

To avositi (miyonai) qarni duvozdahum satre az tarikhi Eron nest, ki yak bor ismi Bukhoro yo Samarqand va Balkh dar on ba zabon burda nashuda boshad.

Orzui man in ast, ki in sarzamini poki niyogoni khudro ziyorat kunam va yak bor dar umri khesh in zaboni shirini por- siro az dahoni samarqandiyonu bukhoriyon bishnavam”.

Said Halimov: “Zaboni tojikii mo ham yake az zabonhoi mardumoni eroninajod (oriyoi) ba shumor meravad. Heshu ta- borhoi nazdiktarini zaboni mo forsi (dar Eron), dari (za- boni tojikoni Afgoniston), zaboni kurdi, zaboni tolishi, baluji va gayra meboshand. Zaboni imruzai tojiki, forsi, dari zodai yak modarand, ki dar asri H shakli khatti-kitobi girifta bud.

Nomi zaboni mo dar on vaqt «porsi», «dari» yo «porsii dari» gufta meshud. Tuli asrho zabon tahavvuloti ziyodero pasi sar kardaast. Vale lozim ba yodovarist, ki dar asrhoi XIX va HH lugathoi adabiyoti klassiki az istemoli zaboni matbuoti Eron baromadand va joyi onhoro unsurhoi lugavii arabi, turki va avrupoi pur kardand. Zaboni tojiki boshad, baraks, lugathoi aslii adabiro zinda nigoh dosht.

Man yak chizro khush nadoram, ki bazeho bo bahonai naz- dik shudan ba zaboni forsii Eron kalimahoi ba nom forsii Eronro, ki aslan forsi nestand, dar matbuot, televizion, ra- dio va guftuguhoyashon ba kor burda istodaand: ba joyi gap – harf, ba joyi be – biDuni, ba joyi az ruyi – tibqi, ba joyi bo – tavassuti, ba joyi yori – kumak, ba joyi hujra – utoq va gayra ba kor mebarand. Onho bo in korashon tarkibi lugavii zaboni moro bo unsurhoi grammatikii zabonhoi gayr oluda mesozand”.

126. Matni zerinro, ki az nomai sarkushodai S.Ayni ba navisanda Tolis ikhtisoran ovarda shudaast, mutolia kuned va mazmuni onro gued.

«…Zaboni adabi dar har millat az zaboni umumi – zin- da farq dorad. Dar zaboni rusi ham, ki behtarin, olitarini zabonhoi madani ast, in farqro mushohida kardan mumkin ast. Ammo, az on jo ki madaniyat va maorif dar bayni khalqi rus bisyor vaqtho boz davom dorad, zaboni adabii vay zaboni guftuguyii ahli marifat va ahli savod ham shuda omada- ast. Bo vujudi in zaboni mahalli bo lahjahoi gunoguni on to vaqthoi okhir dar viloyathoyu rayonhoi judogona dar bayni ommai kamsavod yo navsavod davom dorad.

Farqi zaboni adabii tojiki az zaboni guftugu az had ziyod bisyor ast. Hatto onhoe ham, ki dar maktabu madrasahoi kuh- na nisbat ba zamoni khud bomuvaffaqiyat khondaand, dar bayni khud bo hamon zaboni omma guftugu mekunand. Az in balo sho- ironu navisandagoni on zamon ham bo vujudi zaboni adabiro az khud kardanashon berun namondaand. Sababi asosii in holat dar in ast, ki hej goh va dar hej asru zamon (to Revolutsiyai Kabiri Uktabir) zabon dar maktabu madrasahoi tojik ba si- fati yak dars khonda nashudaast. Har kas zaboni modariro avval az modar va pas az on az dehayu rayoni khud omukhta, ba hamon omukhta shuda (odat karda) mondaast va harchand shoir, navisan- dashudaho dar kalonsoli az kitob va az taftishhoi shakhsii zindagi zaboni adabiashonro nisbat ba zaboni khud behtar va mukammaltar karda boshand ham, azbaski onho zaboni adabiro dar kalonsoli omukhtaand, in zabon – zaboni guftuguyi i az bachagi odat karda omadaashonro digar karda natavonistand.

Ammo dar maktabhoi rusho va digar khalqhoi madani dar- si zaboni modari az hamai darshoi digar muhimtar shumurda shuda, tamomkunandagoni on maktabho, harchand ba darajai mi- yona yo ibtidoi boshad ham, bo zaboni adabi guftugu kardanro omukhta va odat karda omadaand.

Man dar khususi tasiri zaboni maktabi ba zaboni guftu- gu yak yoddoshti khudro naql khoham kard.

Dar mohi sentobiri soli 1934 man ba yake az madanitarin shahrhoi Tojikistoni saveti – ba Leninobod rafta budam. Dar on jo zaboni guftuguyi i omma va savodnokhoi kuhnaro gush dodam. Dar on jo dar qatori «gusel» barin lugathoi ada- bii klassiki «Jured», «Qachan meravem?», «Kim omad?» ba- rin lugathoi khandaovarro ham shunidam. Dar on miyon maro ba majlisi kamsamolho davat kardand. Aksariyati ahli majlis talabahoi maktabhoi miyona va muallimon budand. Hushbakhto- na, didam, ki talabahoi maktabhoi miyona va muallimon, ki az maktabhoi ibtidoi sar karda dar maktabhoi saveti khonda ba- romadaand, bo zaboni adabii sofi ommafahm gap mezadand va yagon jumlai az qoida berunro kor namefarmudand. Lugathoi mahallii mahdudro ham dar guftuguyi khud hamroh namekar- dand. Ammo muallimoni kuhnasavod va rohbaroni kalonsol boshand, bo hamon «jured» va «kim»-ho gap mezadand.

Ana dar hamin guna zamon va sharoit SHumo, rafiq Tolis, zaboni vayroni ba murdan mahkumshudaro dar hikoyai mazkur («Ustudentshavandaho») «zinda kardan» khostaed. Qahramononi hikoyai mazkur Maruf va Sokina, ki tahsili miyonai saveti dida, chandin sol muallimi ham kardaand va Sanavbar, ki ta- labai maktabi miyona ast, tamoman ba zaboni vayron gap me- zanand. SHumo dar in hikoya na tanho bar khilofi talimoti ustod Gurki zaboni adabiro ba zaboni vayron tobe karda, az pushti guyandagoni on zabon raftaed, balki zaboni mual- limoni tahsili miyonai saveti didaro ham (zero, agar Ma- ruf va Sokina tahsili miyonai saveti didagi namebudand, haq nadoshtand, ki ba universitet ravand) va zaboni talabai boistedodi rasofikri maktabi miyonai savetiro ham vayron karda nishon dodaed».

• CHaro S. Ayni unsurhoi lahjaro «zaboni tamoman vayron», «zaboni ba murdan mahkumshuda», «zaboni khandaovar» meshumo- rad?
• CHaro sababi bo lahja gap zadani kalonsolonro dar on mebi- nad, ki onho tahsili maktab nadidaand?
• Ba nazari shumo, vazi zabonomuzii imruzai maktabiyon ja- vobguyi pindori ustod Ayni ast?
• CHaro navisanda ba joyi «soveti» – «saveti», ba joyi «Ok- tyabr» – «Uktobir», ba joyi «Gorkiy» -«Gurki» menavisad?
• Muvofiqi qoidahoi imloi imruza chunin kalimahoi iqti- bosi chi tarz navishta meshavand?

Dar nomai sarkushodai ustod Ayni feli gap zadan chand marotiba, vale murodifi on harf zadan bore ham istifoda nashudaast. In khub ast? SHoyad javob dihed, kiharf zadan dar zaboni tojiki (hatto dar zaboni adabii mo) mamul nest. Tojikon hamesha gap zadan meguyand. Voqean chunin ast. Ammo charo adiboni guzashtaamon in felro kor nafarmuda- and va yo dar asarhoi onho khele kam vomekhurad? Agar on dar suhbati ozodi gayrirasmi kor farmuda shavad, joiz ast, vale dar maktubi rasmi chandon joiz nest. Dar in mavrid na kali- mai khosi guftuguyi omiyona va na sukhani orifona, balki ka- lima yo tabire lozim ast, ki na oburangi zaboni guftugu doshta boshad, na oburangi uslubi az had balandi bayoni fikr. CHunin fel, ba nazari man, sukhan rondan ast. CHunin pahluhoi nozuki istifodai unsurhoi gunoguni zabon mavzui bahsi us- lubshinosi ast.

127. Sukhanoni shoironi guzashtaro, ki dar tavsifi zaboni for- si-tojiki guftaand, botaammul mutolia namuda, sharh dihed, ki chi nuktahoi muhimro dar bar giriftaand.
128. Hamon ganju dinoru kokhi baland Nakhohad budan mar turo sudmand(2). Sukhan monad az tu hame(3) yodgor, Sukhanro chunin khormoya mador (Firdavsi).
129. Sukhan gavhar shudu guyanda(3) – gavvos,

Ba sakhti(2) dar kaf oyad gavhari khos. Zi gavhar suftan ustodon harosand, Ki qimatmandii(2) gavhar shinosand

(Nizomii Ganjavi).

3. Zabon dar dahon, ey khiradmand(2), chist?

Kalidi dari ganji sohibhunar (2).

CHu dar basta(3) boshad, chi donad kase,

Ki javharfurush(2) ast yo pilavar? (Sadii SHerozi).

4. Sukhan moyai sehru afsun buvad,

Batakhsis, vaqte ki mavzun buvad (Abdurahmoni Jomi).

5. Nabishtan zi guftan(3) muhimtar shinos,

Ba gohi nabishtan ba jo or hush.

Ba guftan turo gar khatoe fitad(1), Zi zarbash fuzuntar(3) moland gush. Va, gar dar nabishtan khatoe kuni(7), Sarat chun qalam dur monad zi dush

(Masudi Sadi Salmon).

Manoi kalimahoi zerinro dar khotir nigoh dored: khormoya –badasl, kamarzish.

gavhar –javhar (muarrab), marvorid, ki zeri bahr yo uqyonus dar daruni sadaf pinhon ast.

gavvos – fururavanda ba zeri bahr baroi justujuyi marvorid, gavhar.

pilavar – maydafurush, furushandai molhoi kamarzish. batakhsis – bakhusus, bajihat, bamavqe budan.

gg Zabonshinoson zabonro iborat az du sistemai ba ham • vobasta donistaand: zaboni meyori yo zaboni ba maromi muayyan daromada, zaboni doroi ananai ustuvor va zaboni guftuguyi ozodi gayrirasmi. Dar sistemai zaboni meyori hamai unsurhoi zabon ba chorchubai muayyan va ustuvor joygir shudaand: sarvathoi lugavi dar lugatnomaho va qonunu qoidahoi sokhtani iborayu jumlaho va ba vositai onho ifoda kardani fikr dar dasturhoi talim darj gardidaand. Zaboni meyoriro dar asosi on kitobhoi darsi va lugatnomaho dar maktabho ba shogirdon meomuzonand. Zaboni meyori ba tariqi khatti va shifohi istifoda meshavad. Doroi uslubhoi jorii korguzorii rasmi, ilmi, badei, ruznomanigori va muoshirati rasmist. Dar poydori va inkishofi zaboni meyori khidmati
ahli qalam: adibon, olimon, ruznomanigoron, inchunin muallimon buzurg ast. Zaboni meyori hamesha ba osori usto- doni kalomi bade takya mekunad. Zaboni meyori az tarafi ustodoni sukhan suftavu sayqalyofta ba shumor meravad. Zabo- ni adabi zabonest namunavi va ba marom daromada, ki me- yorhoi on bebahs buda, rioyai onho baroi hamagon hatmist.

Zaboni guftugu dar muhiti gayrirasmi ozodona va tanho ba tarzi shifohi ba kor burda meshavad. Unsurhoi lugaviyu grammatikii on ba misli zaboni meyori mahdud karda name- shavad. Zaboni guftugu zaboni zinda va muassirtar ast.

128. Jumlahoro khonda, unsurhoi lugavii gayriadabiro yobed va sharh dihed, ki charo onho ba sifati meyori zaboni adabii imruzai mo etirof nameshavand.
129. Vaqt meyoftamu az malofaho ba pisarchaamon har khel kurtachaho medukhtam; 2. YAk ruz pas Firuza dukhtaramro za- da-zada to labi ariqi az havli berun burdaast; 3. SHohqosim ruyi qolinchai mo yonbosh karda bud; 4. Vujudamro tars pakhsh namud, lahzae kunda shudam; 5. Agar kasro bozdosht kunandu registratsiya ham doshta boshad, bo har bahona azob medihand;
130. Hud in hama sifathoyashro rahini khidmati mardumonash namudaast; Vay khele logar va pajmurda gashta, chashmonash giryaolud va qavoqhoyash dam kardagi budand (Az ruznoma va asarhoi badei).