Geografiya az ibtido ba omuzish va tavsifi hududhoi alohida, tahlilu tadqiqi khususiyathoi tabii, takhassusi khojagi va aholii hududu mintaqaho saru kor dorad. Har yak qitai olam khususiyati geografii khudro dorad. Gunogunii inkishofi iqtisodi, farhangi, tarikhi va geografii mam- lakatho in tafovuthoro boz ham vasetar mekunand.
Zaminai asosii taqsim kardani kurai Zamin ba mintaqahoi buzurg dar chist? Az chi sabab mintaqahoro ba mintaqahoi farhangiyu tarikhi va tarikhi-geografi judo kardaand?
Baroi ifoda namudani vohidi yagonayu hamajonibai geografi mafhumi «mintaqa» (region), ki aslan hududi vasero dar bar megirad, istifoda meshavad. Gayr az in mafhumi «nohiya» vujud dorad, ki aslan hangomi taqsimoti mamuri-siyosi, nohiyabandii iqtisodi va tabii istifoda meshavadu masohati kamtarro dar bar megirad.
Az mafhumi «mintaqa» istilohi «Geografiyai mintaqavi» paydo shudaast va on tamomi gunogunihoi jahoni imruzaro inikos mekunad va meomuzad.
Dar guzashtai na on qadar dur jahonro ba Dunyoi nav va Dunyoi qadim judo mekardand. Zeri mafhumi Dunyoi qadim se qitai olam – Avrupo, Osiyo va Afriqo, ki az qadim malum budand, fahmida meshud. Dunyoi nav qitai chorumi olam ast, ki to asri XVI hanuz malum nabud. Badi kashf kardan onro Amriko nomidand. Hamin tavr jahon az ruyi yak qator khususiyathoi farqkunandai geografi mintaqabandi karda meshavad.
Zeri mafhumi mintaqahoi makhsus – mintaqahoi tabii-geografi (Himoloy, Sahroi Kabir, Pomir va gayra), nohiyahoi iqtisodi, nohiyahoi alohida, ki millatu khalqiyathoi on khususiyathoi yagonai etnikiyu dini dorand, kishvarhoi alohida va gayra fahmida meshavad.
Ba mintaqaho judo kardani hududho az ruyi khususiyati har yaki onho amali meshavad.
Mo aksar vaqt ba mafhumhoi mintaqai Avrupoi Garbi, SHarqi Nazdik, Vest-Indiya, Afriqoi Tropiki va gayra vomekhurem. In mintaqaho az ruyi tarikhi maskunshavii aholi, sharoiti tabii, khususiyathoi etnikiyu dini, baze umumiyathoi takhassusi khojagidori va digar nishondihandaho az yakdigar farq mekunand. Inro ba inobat girifta, jahonro ba mintaqahoi judogona taqsim kardaand. Har kadomi in mintaqaho dar navbati khud boz tafovuthoi dokhilii khudro dorand. Masalan qitai Avrupo ba Avrupoi Garbi, SHarqi, Markazi judo meshavad va Afriqo ba Afriqoi SHimoli, Tropiki va gayra.
Hangomi ba mintaqaho judo kardani jahon pesh az hama khusu- siyathoi farhangii onho ba inobat girifta meshavad, zero nisbat ba khususiyathoi ideologi, siyosi va monandi in kamtar tagyir meyoband.
Sayyorai mo az nazari geografi khele gunogunrang va jolib ast. Har yak mintaqai on doroi sharoiti gunoguni tabiiyu iqtisodi, tarkibi etniki, joygirshavi va baze khususiyathoi umumii aholi meboshad. Mintaqahoro az ruyi nishondihandaho va meyorhoi gunogun tasnifot mekunand. Az ruyi meyor va nazariyai tarikhi-geografi jahonro ba mintaqahoi tarikhiyu geografi judo mekunand, ki onho baroi mo kayho boz hamchun qitahoi olam malumand. Baroi mintaqabandi yake az nishondihandahoi asosi in khususiyathoi tashakkuli tarikhii on meboshad.
Mo dar hayoti harruza ba mafhumi mintaqa (siyosati mintaqavi, problemahoi mintaqavi, iqtisodiyoti mintaqavi, mintaqahoi turisti-rekreatsioni va gayra) ru ba ru meshavem, onro dar kharita mebinem va tahlil mekunem. Binobar in hangomi tavsifi mintaqaho mo unsurhoi geografii onhoro, ki pesh az hama ba khususiyati imruzai mintaqa tasir merasonad, mavridi tahlil qaror medihem. Ba in nishondihandaho pesh az hama «tamaddun» va «taraqqiyot» mansub meboshand.
YAk shokhai ilmi geografiyaro «Geografiyai tamaddunho» tashkil medihad, ki on ba omuzishi farhangi moddi va manavii khalqu millatho nigaronida shudaast.
Tavsifi har yak mintaqa dar asosi muayyan kardani khususiyathoi geografii on, masalan davrahoi gunoguni tarikhi ba nazar girifta meshavad. CHunonchi dar Osiyo joygirshavii aholi muntazam amali shud, ammo dar Afriqo, bakhusus dar Amriko va Avstraliya tarzi zisti aholi va faoliyati khojagidorii on yakchand sadsola pesh, dar zamoni mustamlikadorii avrupoiho surat giriftaast.
Tafovuti sharoiti tabii va khususiyathoi iqtisodiyu farhangi boisi ba vujud omadani mintaqahoi makhsusgardonidashudai dokhili megardad. In khususiyat dar mintaqahoi Osiyo va Avrupo ba tavri ravshan ba nazar merasad. Har yak mintaqa sharoit va sarvathoi tabiii khosi khudro dorad (hajm, majmu, mavqei joygirshavi). Iqtidori zakhiravii sarvathoi tabii imkoniyati rushdi khojagii mintaqa va sharoiti tabii, khususiyati zindagii aholiro muayyan mekunad.
Aksari mintaqahoi buzurgi jahon tarkibi murakkab va serzina dorand, ki inro mo dar misoli Avrupoi Garbi ba tavri vozeh mushohida karda metavonem. In mintaqaro ba Avrupoi Janubi, Markazi, SHimoli va jazirahoi Britaniya judo mekunand. Dar dokhili onho boz mintaqahoi khurdtar judo shudaand. Masalan kishvarhoi Skandinaviya yo in ki Benilyuks. Dar barobari in dar dokhili davlatho niz tafovuthoi khurdi farhangiyu tarikhi dida meshavad. Masalan dar Britaniyai Kabir – Angliya, SHotlandiya, Uels; dar Faronsa – Lotaringiya, Elzas, Bretan, Korsika, Burgundiya, Provans, Langedok va gayra; dar Olmon – Bavariya, Saksoniyayu Ankhalt, Tyuringiya; dar Ispaniya – kishvari Baskho, Andalusiya, Kastiliya, Kataloniya va gayra.
Qitai Osiyo ba chunin mintaqaho judo karda shudaast: Osiyoi Janubu Garbi, Janubi, SHarqi, Janubu SHarqi. Posh khurdani Ittihodi SHuravi boisi ba vujud omadani zermintaqai Osiyoi Markazi shud, ki ba hayati on Tojikiston, Qazoqiston, Qirgiziston, Uzbekiston va Turkmaniston dokhil meshavand. Az tarafi digar dar doirai har yake az in zermintaqaho boz mintaqahoi khurdtar, ki doroi khususiyathoi farhangiyu geografii khud meboshand, judo karda meshavand.
Davlathoi mintaqai Amriko az ruyi khususiyathoi zaboni ba mamlakathoi Amrikoi angliszabon (Iyoloti Muttahidai Amriko – IMA, Kanada) va Amrikoi Lotini (dar hayati on mintaqahoi khurdtar – Meksika, Amrikoi Markazi va Vest-Indiya, mamlakathoi And, kishvarhoi havzai Amazonka va pastii La-Plata) judo karda meshavand.
Afriqo ba du mintaqai mushakhkhas – Afriqoi SHimoli (bo mintaqai Osiyoi Janubu Garbi, ki tamadduni islomi dorad) va Afriqoi Tropiki (ba hayati on zermintaqahoi Afriqoi Garbi, SHarqi, Janubi va Markazi dokhil meshavand) judo karda meshavad. Hamin tavr dar dokhili har yak mintaqa mamlakathoi ziyode joygirand (gayr az Avstraliya va Uqyonusiya), ki az yakdigar kullan farq mekunand.
Az kharitai siyosii jahon ba shumo mavqei joygirshavi, masohat, mamlakathoi hamsarhad, poytakht, shahrhoi kalontarini davlathoi jahon malum ast. In imkon medihad, ki kharitai har yak hududro baroi davrahoi gunoguni tarikhi muqoisa va natijagiri kuned.
Dar in kitobi darsi mo mafhumhoi «mamlakat», «davlat» va “kishvar”-ro hamchun sinonim istifoda mebarem, garchande ki in mafhumho gohe mano va tobishhoi khosi khudro dorand.
Mamlakat – hudude meboshad, ki sarhadi muayyan doshta, az ruyi nishondihandahoi gunoguni geografi – mavqei geografi, sharoiti khosi tabii va gayra farq namuda, yagonagii in qalamravro tavsif mekunad.
Davlat – sistemai siyosii hokimiyat meboshad, ki dar hududi muayyan voqe shudaast. Ba iborai digar, davlat in mamlakati sohibistiqlol va mustaqil ast.
Kishvar – niz sinonimi mamlakat buda, beshtar dar mavridi hududi muayyani geografi istifoda meshavad.
Inro boyad dar khotir dosht!
Istilohoti muhim: mintaqa, nohiya, geografiyai mintaqavi, mintaqahoi tarikhi-geografi, mintaqahoi farhangi-tarikhi, prinsiphoi mintaqabandi, davlat, kishvar, mamlakat.
Savol va suporish.
- Az kharita mamlakathoi: a) mintaqai bahri Miyonazamin,
b) mamlakathoi nimjazirai Balkan, v) mintaqai bahri Karib,
g) mamlakathoi Amrikoi Lotiniro nishon dihed.
Inro man medonam.
- Kadom mintaqahoi jahonro medoned?
- Mintaqahoi tarikhi-geografi va tarikhi-farhangiro az ruyi kadom khususiyat va meyorho farq mekunand?
- Geografiyai mintaqavi chiro meomuzad?
- Tojikistonro ba kadom zermintaqai tarikhi-farhangi vorid kardan mumkin ast?
Inro man metavonam.
- Az ruyi naqsha tavsifi tarikhi-geografii mintaqahoro tartib dihed.
- Kurai Zaminro az ruyi nishondihandahoi gunogun ba mintaqaho judo mekunand. Dar daftaraton az ruyi tasnifoti ba shumo malum taqsimi jahonro ba mintaqaho navised. SHumo chi guna tasnifotro peshnihod karda metavoned? Kadom farqiyatro shumo ba asos megired?
Hulosa. Dar asosi khususiyathoi tashakkuli tarikhi va farhangi mo metavonem, ki jahonro ba mintaqaho judo kunem. Hususiyathoi hududi va mavqei joygirshavii geografii mamlakatho, ki khosi in mintaqa meboshand, ba joygirshavii aholi va rushdi khojagi beshtar tasir merasonand. Hususiyathoi har yak mintaqa va mamlakat takrornashavanda ast. Mintaqa va mamlakathoi jahonro tanho dar asosi tasnifoti purra va mukammal bo nazardoshti meyorhoi geografi durust omukhta metavonem.